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PubMed1991

Changes in size and number of spinal motoneurons in relation to growth of the musculature in the eel, Anguilla.

Estimates of the numbers of spinal motoneurones in relation to growth in the eel, Anguilla, were made by counting the axons contained within the ventral roots. Motoneuronal size was determined as the surface area of cell somata labelled retrogradely from applications of tracer (horseradish peroxidase, cobalt lysine) to the musculature or spinal nerves. The sizes and numbers of muscle fibres from red and white portions of the myotomal musculature were determined from frozen sections. Measurements of motoneurone size and number in relation to the size and number of the muscle fibres were obtained from the same body region for eels of body lengths ranging from 65 to 930 mm and for 3 different stages of the eel's life history (glass, yellow and silver eels). The mean sizes and the numbers of red and white muscle fibres, and motoneuron size, increase substantially in relation to body length; the numbers of axons in the ventral roots of fish of different body lengths, however, are very similar (approx. 130 per half segment). Silver eels are indistinguishable from yellow eels of a similar size with respect to the size and number of motoneurone somata and axons and to the number of muscle fibres. In silver eels red muscle fibres are similar in size to those of yellow eels, but the white fibres are larger.

Anguilla↗
PubMed2002

C-fos induction in rat superficial dorsal horn following cutaneous application of noxious chemical or mechanical stimuli.

The method of c-fos immunodetection was used to map the distributions of neurons in the lumbar spinal dorsal horn that were activated following intracutaneous (i.c.) microinjection, or iontophoretic application, of different irritant chemicals to the lateral hindpaw of rats. Microinjections (1 microl) of histamine, serotonin (5-HT), nicotine, capsaicin, or formalin each elicited similar distributions of Fos-like immunoreactivity (FLI) in laminae I-II of the ipsilateral superficial dorsal horn, with little or no FLI in deeper laminae or contralaterally. In laminae I and II, FLI cell counts were significantly higher following i.c. histamine, 5-HT, capsaicin, formalin, and noxious pinch, compared to i.c. saline controls. Capsaicin-evoked FLI was dose-dependent. Multivariate analysis of variance revealed no significant difference in spatial distributions of FLI induced by any of the chemical or pinch stimuli. Iontophoretic application of histamine, 5-HT, or nicotine also elicited similar distributions of FLI in the superficial dorsal horn, and cell counts of FLI were significantly higher compared to controls receiving iontophoretic vehicle (methyl cellulose). These results indicate either that individual laminae I-II neurons are activated by each of the irritant chemicals, or that neurons selectively responsive to a given irritant are comingled without any apparent laminar segregation.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed2006

MalariaCount: an image analysis-based program for the accurate determination of parasitemia.

Malaria is a serious global health problem and rapid, precise determination of parasitemia is necessary for malaria research and in clinical settings. Manual counting by light microscopy is the most widely used technique for parasitemia determination but it is a time-consuming and laborious process. The aim of our study was to develop an automated image analysis-based system for the rapid and accurate determination of parasitemia. We have developed, for the first time, a software, MalariaCount, that automatically generates parasitemias from images of Giemsa-stained blood smears. The potential application and robustness of MalariaCount was tested in normal and drug-treated in vitro cultures of Plasmodium falciparum. The results showed a tight correlation between MalariaCount and manual count parasitemia values. These findings suggest that MalariaCount can potentially be used as a tool to provide rapid and accurate determination of parasitemia in research laboratories where frequent, large-scale, efficient determination of parasitemia is required.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Alterations in the volume of the intercellular space between epithelial cells of the hamster cheek-pouch: quantitative studies of normal and carcinogen-treated tissues.

The present report investigated the extent of the epithelial dysplastic feature known as "loss of cellular adherence" at the ultrastructural level by quantifying the volume of the intercellular space during hamster cheek-pouch carcinogenesis. Following topical application of DMBA to cheek-pouches, lesions were classified as hyperplasia, dysplasia and carcinoma, with untreated pouches serving as a control. Stereological point counting procedures were used to determine the volume density of intercellular space in defined basal, spinous and granular layers for each group. In general, progressive increases in volume density were detected within each stratum during carcinogenesis. These results indicate that increasing separation of epithelial cells occurs during carcinogenesis, although it is not yet known whether this results from loss of cohesion between specialised (i.e., desmosomal) or nonspecialised membrane areas. In addition, a simple indicator of pathological alteration, the Pathological Alteration Ratio (PAR), is described and was used to evaluate existing published data for intercellular spaces in various oral mucosal conditions. Values of the PAR were found to be substantially higher in carcinogen-treated epithelia than in reports describing changes in wound healing, lichen planus and leukoplakia simplex. These objective techniques are of value for investigating the pathogenesis of diseased epithelium and may find applications in the diagnosis of oral premalignant lesions.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗
PubMed2006

On the generalized poisson regression mixture model for mapping quantitative trait loci with count data.

Statistical methods for mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) have been extensively studied. While most existing methods assume normal distribution of the phenotype, the normality assumption could be easily violated when phenotypes are measured in counts. One natural choice to deal with count traits is to apply the classical Poisson regression model. However, conditional on covariates, the Poisson assumption of mean-variance equality may not be valid when data are potentially under- or overdispersed. In this article, we propose an interval-mapping approach for phenotypes measured in counts. We model the effects of QTL through a generalized Poisson regression model and develop efficient likelihood-based inference procedures. This approach, implemented with the EM algorithm, allows for a genomewide scan for the existence of QTL throughout the entire genome. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated through extensive simulation studies along with comparisons with existing approaches such as the Poisson regression and the generalized estimating equation approach. An application to a rice tiller number data set is given. Our approach provides a standard procedure for mapping QTL involved in the genetic control of complex traits measured in counts.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1997

Subchronic toxicity studies of 3-methyl-1-butanol and 2-methyl-1-propanol in rats.

1. 90-day subchronic toxicity studies with 3-methyl-1-butanol (MEB) and 2-methyl-1-propanol (MEP) were performed on rats to evaluate the toxicological profile of the compounds under conditions of drinking water studies, to identify the potential target organs, and to determine no-observable-adverse-effect-levels (NOAELs) respective of the substances. The test substances were administered to groups of 10 male and 10 female Wistar rats in drinking water at concentrations of 0, 1000 p.p.m. (about 80 mg/kg/d), 4000 p.p.m. (about 340 mg/kg/d) and 16,000 p.p.m. (about 1250 and 1450 mg/kg/d of MEB and MEP respectively). 2. 16,000 p.p.m. was found to be the maximal concentration for both alcohols applicable to rats in drinking water. Higher concentrations had an influence on palatability and could thus not be tested in drinking water studies. 3. At 16,000 p.p.m. MEB a marginal increase in the red blood cell count as well as a slight decrease in the mean corpuscular volume and the mean corpuscular hemoglobin content was observed in males only. These changes are considered to be treatment-related, although the toxicological significance of these findings is unclear. No other substance-related effects were found on body weight (b.w.), mortality, various parameters of clinical chemistry, organ weights, gross pathology and histopathology. 4000 p.p.m. MEB did not cause any substance-induced changes. Therefore, the NOAEL of MEB was defined as 4000 p.p.m. for male and 16,000 p.p.m. for female rats under conditions of oral application via drinking water. 4. MEP concentrations up to and including 16,000 p.p.m. did not induce any signs of toxicity and were therefore defined as the NOAEL respective of this substance for rats under conditions of drinking water application.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

The use of multiple indices of physiological activity to access viability in chlorine disinfected Escherichia coli O157:H7.

A suite of fluorescent intracellular stains and probes was used, in conjunction with viable plate counts, to assess the effect of chlorine disinfection on membrane potential (rhodamine 123; Rh123 and bis-(1,3-dibutylbarbituric acid) trimethine oxonol; DiBAC4(3)), membrane integrity (LIVE/DEAD BacLight kit), respiratory activity (5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride; CTC) and substrate responsiveness (direct viable counts; DVC) in the commensal pathogen Escherichia coli O157:H7. After a 5 min exposure to the disinfectant, physiological indices were affected in the following order: viable plate counts > substrate responsiveness > membrane potential > respiratory activity > membrane integrity. In situ assessment of physiological activity by examining multiple targets, as demonstrated in this study, permits a more comprehensive determination of the site and extent of injury in bacterial cells following sublethal disinfection with chlorine. This approach to assessing altered bacterial physiology has application in various fields where detection of stressed bacteria is of interest.

Chlorine↗
PubMed2004

Mycobacterium tuberculosis from chronic murine infections that grows in liquid but not on solid medium.

BACKGROUND: Old, stationary cultures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis contain a majority of bacteria that can grow in broth cultures but cannot grow on solid medium plates. These may be in a non-replicating, dormant growth phase. We hypothesised that a similar population might be present in chronic, murine tuberculosis. METHODS: Estimates of the numbers of viable M. tuberculosis, strain H37Rv, in the spleens and lungs of mice in a 7-day acute infection and in a 10-month chronic infection were made by conventional plate counts and, as broth counts, by noting presence or absence of growth in serial replicate dilutions in liquid medium. RESULTS: Plate and broth counts in 6 mice gave similar mean values in the acute infection, 7 days after infection. However, the broth counts were much higher in 36 mice with a chronic infection at 10 months. Broth counts averaged 5.290 log10 cfu /organ from spleens and 5.523 log10 cfu/organ from lungs, while plate counts were 3.858 log10 cfu/organ from spleens and 3.662 log10 cfu/organ from lungs, indicating that the total bacterial population contained only 3.7% bacilli in spleens and 1.4% bacilli in lungs, capable of growth on plates. CONCLUSION: The proportion growing on plates might be a measure of the "dormancy" of the bacilli equally applicable to cultural and animal models.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1981

[Granulocyte turnover in advanced Hodgkin's disease].

In 30 adult patients with III and IV Hodgkin's disease the studies of granulocytic turnover were performed. Bone marrow storage pool was measured by hydrocortisone test. Total blood granulocyte pool was judged by the estimation of muramidase activity and serum unsaturated vitamin B12 binding capacity. The epinephrine test was used for the marginated granulocyte pool determination. The circulating granulocyte pool was calculated from the count of granulocytes in the samples of venous blood. The tissue mobilization of granulocytes was measured by Senn's et al. method. After hydrocortisone application the releasing of the mature granulocytes from the bone-marrow was significantly lower in patients with Hodgkin's disease than in controls. The circulating and marginated pools of granulocytes in Hodgkin's disease did not differ from the normal persons. The tissue migration of granulocytes was decreased in patients with Hodgkin's disease. It is concluded that these abnormalities of granulocytic turnover in advanced Hodgkin's disease may be considered to be an additional cause of the defence mechanism in this disease.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

The application of computerized content analysis of natural language in psychotherapy research now and in the future.

For many years the author and his colleagues have been involved in studying the roots and processes of the conveyance of semantic messages via spoken language and verbal texts. After establishing that reliable and valid measurements of highly relevant neuropsychiatric categories, such as anxiety, depression, and cognitive impairment, can be made by identifying and counting the occurrence per grammatical clause of language content and form categories typifying specific content-analysis scales, the research focus has turned towards computerizing this process of content analysis. This report summarizes the achievements and applications of the current empirical status of this method of computerized content analysis of natural language to psychotherapy research, and it speculates on possible future applications in the millennium.

Computing Methodologies↗
PubMed2003

The effect of application of cold natural smoke on the ripening of Cheddar cheese.

The present study was undertaken to study the effects of application of natural wood smoke on ripening of Cheddar cheese, and to determine the effects of smoking before or after ripening on cheese quality. A 20-kg block of Cheddar cheese obtained immediately after pressing was divided into six approximately 3-kg blocks and ripened at 8 degrees C for up to 270 d. One 3-kg block was taken after 1 d, 1, 3, 6, or 9 mo and smoked for 20 min, then returned to the ripening room for further ripening. Cheeses were sampled at intervals for lactobacilli counts, moisture, pH, and proteolysis. Sensory analysis was conducted on 6 and 9-mo-old cheeses by a trained sensory panel (n = 7). Results show that application of natural wood smoke did not significantly affect cheese pH or primary proteolysis during ripening. However, secondary proteolysis as assessed by the concentrations of free amino acids was generally higher in smoked cheeses than in control cheeses after 6 mo of ripening. Cheese smoked after 6 mo of ripening had better smoked flavor than that smoked after 9 mo of ripening. Cheese smoked after 3 mo of age and further ripened for 6 mo had the highest smoked flavor intensity. It is concluded that it is best to smoke cheese after ripening for at least 3 mo.

Cheese↗
PubMed2004

[Evaluation of a pharmaceutical care program to improve adherence to antiretroviral therapy].

OBJECTIVE: To establish the impact of a pharmaceutical care program on the improvement of adherence to antiretroviral therapy, and on patient immunologic and virologic outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A multicenter, observational, prospective study in a HIV-infected patient cohort under treatment with antiretrovirals selected by random sampling in 19 Spanish hospitals. The study lasted 12 months, in which the program was applied through a baseline preprocedural visit and 4 quarterly visits. Adherence estimation was based on pill counting. An adherence > or = 90, or > or = 95% was considered adequate (in two time points). RESULTS: 541 patients were included, most of them were males (68.8%) between 20 and 78 years of age. Major risk groups included injecting drug users (43.4%) and heterosexuals (29.4%). Sixty percent had already received treatment for more than 3 years. Mean baseline viral load and CD4 count values were 32,866 copies/ml and 485 cells/mm3, respectively. Throughout the study a slight increase in the percentage of adherent patients was seen; however, statistical significance was not reached (64.3 and 79.2% of patients showed an adherence > 95 and > 90%, respectively, during the fourth quarter, versus 59.8 and 75.5% at baseline). A statistically significant decrease in viral load and increase in CD4 cells was seen following program application. The percentage of patients with a viral load < 200 copies/ml was 72.2, 76.7, and 75.0% at the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th quarters, respectively, versus 64.2% at baseline. CD4 cell counts increased by 50 cells/mm3 on average from the start to the end of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Patients included in the program had a good immunologic and virologic outcome, and a trend towards an increased percentage of patients with good adherence was also seen. These results confirm the need to implement follow-up programs for patients receiving antiretrovirals in order to ensure maximum therapeutic benefits.

Adult↗