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At least 1,765 records · Page 98Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

[Piroplasmosis transmission in mammals. Epidemiological and prophylactic consequences].

The author analyses the nosological complex "piroplasmosis" and emphasizes the differences between the two sub-orders and families of "piroplasms". He studies the life-cycle of these parasites in mammals and in their vectors, acari belonging to the super-family Ixodoidea. He lays out the mechanisms of piroplasmosis transmission to animals and, sometimes, to man and draws from these data the epidemiological features and means of control.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

The inactivated Cowdria ruminantium vaccine for heartwater protects against heterologous strains and against laboratory and field tick challenge.

We previously described that an inactivated vaccine against heartwater prepared from Cowdria ruminantium (Crystal Springs strain) organisms and administered in complete Freund's adjuvant (cFA) protected sheep against homologous needle challenge. Further studies, described herein, demonstrated that this vaccine protected 100% of sheep against death on challenge with laboratory-infected ticks and with field ticks in a heartwater endemic farm, whereas a mortality rate of 44% and 62%, respectively, was recorded in the control sheep. Subsequently, the Mbizi strain of C. ruminantium was incorporated into the vaccine because of its wider cross-protective capacity, and trial data suggested that protection may be achieved against challenge with diverse geographical strains using this strain. The efficacy of five adjuvants with acceptable safety was compared with that of cFA. Against a homologous intravenous challenge, highest survival rates were observed in sheep vaccinated with inactivated C. ruminantium in either cFA, Montanide ISA 50 or Quil A. The vaccine prepared in Montanide ISA 50 protected six of seven sheep against natural challenge from field ticks on a farm in Zimbabwe where heartwater is endemic, whereas six of seven control sheep died (P = 0.029). These data support optimization of the vaccine prepared in Montanide ISA 50, followed by evaluation of its efficacy in all target domestic ruminant species and in other geographical regions where heartwater constrains livestock production.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Humoral immunity against tick-borne encephalitis virus following manifest disease and active immunization.

Humoral immunity against tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) in patients with a well-documented history of naturally acquired tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) was compared with immunity resulting from vaccination in a carefully controlled immunization programme. The vaccination study was performed with a highly purified, inactivated virus particle vaccine and the immune response was followed by tracing the course of IgG antibody formation in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and a neutralization assay. It was shown that this TBE vaccine induced a strong immune response. TBE IgG antibody titres measured after three vaccinations were of the same order of magnitude as those determined in patients recovered from manifest TBE.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Attempted transmission to cattle of Anaplasma marginale from overwintered Dermacentor andersoni ticks.

Since the 1983 summer outbreak of anaplasmosis in southern Saskatchewan, the role of the tick, Dermacentor andersoni as an overwintering reservoir for Anaplasma marginale has been questioned. The purpose of this study was to determine if spring-collected ticks carried virulent A. marginale. Sixteen splenectomized calves were assigned randomly to two groups of 14 principals and two controls. Adult D. andersoni, collected in April from areas having high transmission rates of A. marginale, were confined to the ears of the principals by special bags and allowed to feed for eight days. The two control calves were subsequently challenged intravenously with blood from a calf infected with the Virginia strain of A. marginale. Principals and controls were monitored for 60 and 50 days postexposure respectively for signs of infection by clinical, hematological and serological procedures. None of the principals developed anaplasmosis but both control calves developed signs of disease.

Anaplasmosis↗
PubMed1998

Eradication and pest management.

Eradication is the elimination of every single individual of a species from an area to which recolonization is unlikely to occur. Cost-benefit analyses of eradication programs involve biases that tend to underestimate the costs and overestimate the benefits. In this review, we (a) highlight limitations of current cost-benefit analyses, (b) assess eradication strategies from biological and sociological perspectives by discussing particular cases of successful and failed eradication efforts, and (c) briefly contrast eradication and ongoing area-wide control as pest management strategies. Two successful eradication programs involve the screwworm and cattle ticks. Gypsy moth and medfly eradication programs have not been successful, and subsequent captures of insects recur in eradication areas. In situations where heterogeneity of land use patterns make it difficult to prevent reinvasion of the pest, education and area-wide suppression are probably more realistic goals than eradication.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

The seasonal tick populations on traditional and commercial cattle grazed at four altitudes in Natal.

The number of ticks collected over a period of one year from cattle at 4 altitude levels in Natal, Republic of South Africa, are plotted against meteorological and seasonal data. Collections were made from both traditional and commercial cattle at each altitude. Most of the economically important tick species show clear seasonal patterns of activity. This suggests that strategic dipping could be used as a means of control.

Altitude↗
PubMed2001

[Acoustic brain stem evoked potentials in patients in patients with different forms of acute tick-borne encephalitis].

Acoustic brain stem evoked potentials (ABSEP) have been investigated in 90 patients with different types of tick-borne encephalitis, in acute and remote stages. In all types of tick-borne encephalitis structural alterations mainly concerned II, III, IV and V complexes; changes of peak III, V latencies and interpeak I-III, I-V intervals have been detected as well. Focal type with multilevel CNS affection was distinguished by interpeak interval (III-V) elongation, higher per cent of abnormal III, V complexes and changes in wave amplitude V/I ratio. Stabilization of the peak latency and interpeak intervals in fever type occurred in 1-2 months, in meningeal type--in 2-3 months, in focal type--in 6-12 months. In several cases the ABSEP appearance preceded a focal type development, positive ABSEP dynamics was behind local neurological symptom regress. ABSEP method in acute tick-borne encephalitis allows predicting disease dynamics and outcome, conducting timely treatment correction and adequate rehabilitation, and substantiating optimal terms of out-patient clinical control in different types of the disease.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1985

The use of tissue culture attenuated live vaccine for Theileria hirci.

Malignant sheep theileriosis which is a tick-borne disease is caused by the protozoan parasite Theileria hirci. The pathogenic form of the parasite, schizonts, inhabits the lymphoid cells of the mammalian host, and if an immunity is engendered against them animals can resist the infection. Theileria hirci infected lymphoid cells were cultivated in vitro, using Eagle's MEM supplemented with 10% ovine serum, yeast extract and lactalbumine hydrolysate (YL), respectively 250 and 1250 mg/L. Schizonts of the parasite which propagated synchroneously with the lymphoid host cells, and had been attenuated in the course of time, were used as an immunizing live vaccine at a passage level (100) that did not produce the erythrocytic forms of the parasite and was harmless to the recipient animals. The vaccinal dose contained 5 X 10(5) infected cells. The vaccine was preserved at -70 degrees C and dispatched to the field under the 4 degrees C condition with a shelf-life of 5 days. Experimental and mass field vaccination have been carried out. The first and second challenge tests, performed on experimentally vaccinated animals, were carried out respectively two and six months post-vaccination. Ticks infected with a heterologous strain of T. hirci were used in the challenge tests. All controls died of acute theileriosis whereas the vaccinated animals resisted the challenge tests. Further mass vaccination is planned.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Delivery of ivermectin by injectable microspheres.

A bioabsorbable, injectable microsphere formulation containing ivermectin in poly-(lactide-co-glycolide) copolymer (PLA/PGA) was developed to provide long-lasting delivery of the drug for control of livestock pests. A solvent-evaporation technique was used to produce the spherical beads containing approximately 30% ivermectin and ranging in size from 25-250 microns. The pattern of delivery of the drug into the blood stream of Spanish goats was characterized for a 50:50 PLA/PGA, a 90:10 PLA/PGA copolymer formulation, and a PLA monomer formulation. When the 50:50 PLA/PGA formulation was used in cattle at the rate of 2 mg (AI)/kg body weight, 2 peaks of 45-50 ppb of ivermectin in serum were observed. The 1st peak was at approximately 1 wk after injection and the 2nd peak, which was broader than the 1st, occurred at approximately 6-7 wk after injection. Percentage of inhibition of estimated larvae for the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.), placed on treated cattle was 100% for the first 8 wk after injection and was 75, 57, 46 and 44% for wk 9, 10, 11, and 12, respectively. The treatment provided 98-100% control of larval horn flies, Haematobia irritans (L.), in the manure of treated cattle for 10 wk. The bioassay results against lone star ticks and larval horn flies were in agreement with the serum concentration data. The injectable microsphere formulation of ivermectin should be useful in a variety of other applications ranging from the control of Boophilus spp. ticks in south Texas to heartworms in pets.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Immune capture and detection of Borrelia burgdorferi antigens in urine, blood, or tissues from infected ticks, mice, dogs, and humans.

Current biological and serological techniques for demonstrating infections by Borrelia burgdorferi can be inconclusive. In order to monitor Lyme borreliosis, we developed a rapid and sensitive assay for B. burgdorferi antigens in infected hosts. Polyclonal rabbit antisera were raised against membrane vesicles and an 83-kDa vesicle-associated protein band that was purified from in vitro B. burgdorferi cultures. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies were recovered from these sera and tested for a species-specific reaction with several geographically diverse Borrelia isolates by immunoblot analysis. Parlodion-coated electron microscope grids were activated with anti-vesicle F(ab')2 fragments and then incubated with confirmed or experimental sources of spirochetal antigens. Such sources included cultured spirochetes; spirochete culture supernatants; samples of urine, blood, or serum from mice, dogs, and humans; triturates of Ixodes ticks; and bladder, spleen, liver, kidney, heart, or brain tissues from infected or control mice. Captured antigens were assayed by immune electron microscopy by using anti-83-kDa IgG antibodies and protein A-colloidal gold conjugates. The results indicated that B. burgdorferi appears to shed surface antigens which are readily detectable in urine, blood, and several organs from infected hosts. Such antigens were detectable in mouse urine at dilutions exceeding 10(-6). Intact spirochetes were frequently observed on grids incubated with blood, spleen, or bladder preparations, and B. burgdorferi was reisolated from the urinary bladders of all experimentally infected mice. These results indicated that B. burgdorferi antigens arise in a variety of host materials. Such antigens can be captured and identified with specific polyclonal antibodies, providing a sensitive assay for monitoring and studying Lyme borreliosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

EEG findings in tick-borne encephalitis.

EEG findings of epidemiologically and serologically confirmed tick-borne encephalitis patients were compared with findings of patients having acute encephalitis of viral or undetermined origins. Tick-borne encephalitis patients had more bilaterally synchronous bursts of slow waves and more focal abnormalities than did controls. Moreover, their EEGs remained mildly pathological, with increased slow and beta activity and intermittent focal abnormalities in some patients, whereas, EEGs in the controls became normal or borderline, usually within two months. EEG can thus reveal differences between individuals' responses to encephalitis and between different types of encephalitis, even though the clinical pictures are rather similar. Finally, the study shows that tick-borne encephalitis causes changes in the EEG that persist long after the clinical disease appears to have resolved.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Immunity against Boophilus annulatus induced by the Bm86 (Tick-GARD) vaccine.

Friesian cattle were immunized with two inoculations of anti-tick Bm86 (Tick-GARD) vaccine and were challenged 30 or 90 d later with Boophilus annulatus larvae derived from 1.2 g of eggs. No nymphs or adult ticks were found on the immunized cattle during four weeks after challenge. Repeated infestations (2 to 4) with larvae on three other calves during a period of 160 and 390 d after the immunization did not result in development of nymphal and adult stages. In control, non-immunized cattle infested with corresponding batches of larvae 1380 to 4653 replete adult female ticks were collected. Larvae issued from Babesia bovis-infected female ticks transmitted the infection to Bm86-immunized cattle, but the progeny of B. bigemina-infected females did not. Since B. bigemina is transmitted exclusively by nymphal stages of Bo. annulatus these results support the observation that immunity induced by Bm86 affects the larval stage of this tick.

Animals↗