Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Syringa”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

1,755 records · Page 98Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Evolutionary potential of an RNA virus.

RNA viruses are remarkably adaptable to changing environments. This is medically important because it enables pathogenic viruses to escape the immune response and chemotherapy and is of considerable theoretical interest since it allows the investigation of evolutionary processes within convenient time scales. A number of earlier studies have addressed the dynamics of adapting RNA virus populations. However, it has been difficult to monitor the trajectory of molecular changes in RNA genomes in response to selective pressures. To address the problem, we developed a novel in vitro evolution system based on a recombinant double-stranded RNA bacteriophage, phi 6, containing a beta-lactamase (bla) gene marker. Carrier-state bacterial cells are resistant to ampicillin, and after several passages, they become resistant to high concentrations of another beta-lactam antibiotic, cefotaxime, due to mutations in the virus-borne bla gene. We monitored the changes in bla cDNAs induced by cefotaxime selection and observed an initial explosion in sequence variants with multiple mutations throughout the gene. After four passages, a stable, homogeneous population of bla sequences containing three specific nonsynonymous mutations was established. Of these, two mutations (E104K and G238S) have been previously reported for beta-lactamases from cefotaxime-resistant bacterial isolates. These results extend our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of viral adaptation and also demonstrate the possibility of using an RNA virus as a vehicle for directed evolution of heterologous proteins.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2003

Influence of peanut oil on microbial degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Peanut oil amendment (0.1%-0.2% (v/v)) increased the biodegradation of various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by 15%-80% with a mixed bacterial culture and a pure culture of Comamonas testosteroni in aqueous media and in PAH-contaminated weathered soil slurry systems. The stimulatory effect on biodegradation was more pronounced with the high molecular weight PAHs (e.g., >3 rings). The presence of peanut oil also accelerated the biodegradation of PAHs sorbed onto activated carbon, indicating its potential application in the bioregeneration of activated carbon.

Anthracenes↗
PubMed2004

Identification of three clones which commonly interact with the kinase domains of highly homologous two receptor-like kinases, RLK902 and RKL1.

We have previously reported the characterization of highly homologous two leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-receptor-like kinase (RLK) genes, RLK902 and RKL1, which showed 75% identity at the amino acid sequence level. To investigate the RLK902 and RKL1 mediated signal transduction pathways, we performed yeast two-hybrid screening using the kinase domains of RLK902 and RKL1 as baits. Three clones, Y-1, 2 and 3, were found to interact commonly with the kinase domain of RLK902 and RKL1 and not to interact with the kinase domain of BRI1, a member of LRR-RLKs. This result suggests that RLK902 and RKL1 may have common biochemical functions, especially in their downstream signal transduction. Furthermore, the detail analysis of their responsiveness to various conditions suggests their involvement in such stress conditions as mechanical wounding, treatment with salicylic acid, and pathogen infection.

Arabidopsis↗
PubMed2007

Whole-genome analysis to identify type III-secreted effectors.

Many Gram-negative plant and animal pathogens share a common virulence strategy that relies on the specialized type III secretion system. This apparatus is used to secrete virulence factors, called effectors, into the extracellular host environment and directly into the cytoplasm of host cells. Effectors interfere with host signaling and host metabolism to create an optimal environment for pathogen replication. The identification of effectors in plant pathogens was limited for many years to those effectors that elicit strong plant defenses on some hosts. The members of this subset, called avirulence proteins, can be readily identified because they dominantly confer strong defense-inducing properties to a heterologous virulent strain. This chapter describes two methods to identify type III-secreted effectors in plant pathogens independently of their phenotype. The first method consists of an in vivo molecular genetic screen that uses the activity of an avirulence protein to identify effectors without avirulence activity. It should be possible to apply this method to most Gram-negative plant pathogens. The second method consists of a bioinformatic approach applicable to those pathogens for which at least a draft genome sequence is available.

Arabidopsis↗
PubMed2004

Epistasis and its relationship to canalization in the RNA virus phi 6.

Although deleterious mutations are believed to play a critical role in evolution, assessing their realized effect has been difficult. A key parameter governing the effect of deleterious mutations is the nature of epistasis, the interaction between the mutations. RNA viruses should provide one of the best systems for investigating the nature of epistasis because the high mutation rate allows a thorough investigation of mutational effects and interactions. Nonetheless, previous investigations of RNA viruses by S. Crotty and co-workers and by S. F. Elena have been unable to detect a significant effect of epistasis. Here we provide evidence that positive epistasis is characteristic of deleterious mutations in the RNA bacteriophage phi 6. We estimated the effects of deleterious mutations by performing mutation-accumulation experiments on five viral genotypes of decreasing fitness. We inferred positive epistasis because viral genotypes with low fitness were found to be less sensitive to deleterious mutations. We further examined environmental sensitivity in these genotypes and found that low-fitness genotypes were also less sensitive to environmental perturbations. Our results suggest that even random mutations impact the degree of canalization, the buffering of a phenotype against genetic and environmental perturbations. In addition, our results suggest that genetic and environmental canalization have the same developmental basis and finally that an understanding of the nature of epistasis may first require an understanding of the nature of canalization.

Bacteriophage phi 6↗
PubMed2005

Pleiotropic costs of niche expansion in the RNA bacteriophage phi 6.

Natural and experimental systems have failed to universally demonstrate a trade-off between generalism and specialism. When a trade-off does occur it is difficult to attribute its cause to antagonistic pleiotropy without dissecting the genetic basis of adaptation, and few previous experiments provide these genetic data. Here we investigate the evolution of expanded host range (generalism) in the RNA virus phi6, an experimental model system allowing adaptive mutations to be readily identified. We isolated 10 spontaneous host range mutants on each of three novel Pseudomonas hosts and determined whether these mutations imposed fitness costs on the standard laboratory host. Sequencing revealed that each mutant had one of nine nonsynonymous mutations in the phi6 gene P3, important in host attachment. Seven of these nine mutations were costly on the original host, confirming the existence of antagonistic pleiotropy. In addition to this genetically imposed cost, we identified an epigenetic cost of generalism that occurs when phage transition between host types. Our results confirm the existence in phi6 of two costs of generalism, genetic and environmental, but they also indicate that the cost is not always large. The possibility for cost-free niche expansion implies that varied ecological conditions may favor host shifts in RNA viruses.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2004

Drift increases the advantage of sex in RNA bacteriophage Phi6.

The pervasiveness of sex and recombination remains one of the most enigmatic problems in evolutionary biology. According to many theoretical models, recombination can increase the rate of adaptation by restoring genetic variation. However, the potential for genetic drift to generate conditions that produce this outcome has yet to be studied experimentally. We have designed and performed an experiment that reveals the effects of drift on existing genetic variation by minimizing the influence of variation on beneficial mutation rate. Our experiment was conducted in populations of RNA bacteriophage Phi6 initiated from a common source population at varying bottleneck sizes. The segmented genome of this virus results in genetic exchange between viruses that co-infect the same host cell. In response to selection for growth in a high-temperature environment, sexual lines outperformed their asexual counterparts on average. The advantage of sex attenuated with increasing effective population size, implying that the rate of adaptation was limited by clonal interference among segments caused by drift. This is the first empirical evidence that the advantage of sex during adaptation increases with the intensity of drift.

Bacteriophage phi 6↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Lilac.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Homeopathy↗
PubMed2005

[Review on hrp genes of plant pathogenic bacteria].

The hrp genes exist in 4 kinds of Gram-negative plant pathogenic bacteria and are responsible for the pathogenicity of bacteria. They can induce hypersensitive response on non-host and resistant plants. In the present paper, we summarized the hrp genes clusters, the relationship between hrp and avr genes, harpin proteins encoded by hrp genes, modulation and function of hrp genes, and plant-bacteria interactions mediated by hrp genes in more details. Moreover, trends in future research of plant pathogenic bacteria hrp genes have also been analyzed.

Bacteria↗