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PubMed2001

Emotional outcome of adolescents and young adults with early and continuously treated phenylketonuria.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the emotional functioning of adolescents and young adults with early and consistently treated phenylketonuria (PKU). METHODS: Twenty PKU-affected participants, ages 14-25, were compared with age-matched chronically ill (n = 17) and peer (n = 16) controls on a structured clinical interview, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, and the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale-2. Affected participants and nonparticipants were assessed using a multidomain assessment of functioning interview. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between groups for observable psychiatric disorders or emotional and functional symptoms. No significant differences were found in self-concept. Although there were no differences between groups for IQ or treatment variables, PKU-affected participants were more likely than nonparticipants to have sought help for psychological concerns. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that early-treated PKU-affected adolescents and young adults do not show a higher risk for psychological disturbance than appropriate controls.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1987

School-based, short-term group treatment for behaviorally disturbed young adolescent males: a pilot intervention.

Behaviorally maladjusted students represent a serious problem for schools. A short-term group counseling program was initiated as an alternative to out-of-school suspensions for male students in a middle school (grades six-eight). Thirteen adolescents were identified for group treatment. All received a standard psychiatric interview, and standard measures of self-concept, anxiety, cognitive complexity, and sexual maturity. Eleven students referred to the program had conduct disorders supported by Devereux Behavior profiles. Compared to 48 males of similar age (m = 12.5 years) without behavior problems, no significant differences were noted in self-concept or anxiety. Boys with behavior problems were less cognitively mature (p = .02) and were significantly (p = .001) more advanced in Tanner sexual maturity rating than the comparison group. A behavior management system using group rewards and consequences for individual behavior was utilized. Disciplinary problems decreased in the classroom during treatment but no long-term changes were noted following cessation of treatment. The data raises the question whether early sexual maturation modifies an adolescent's risk for psychological problems. Short-term group treatment may be effective in improving classroom behavior of behaviorally disturbed adolescent males.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Compounded problem: chronic low back pain and overweight in adult females.

Overweight adult females may have negative self-concepts and body images compounded by chronic low back pain and obesity. This subgroup of clients need special attention and nursing interventions to adjust to chronic low back pain and to achieve permanent weight control. Interventions designed to improve female clients' self-concepts and body images also support their efforts toward weight control, and, in turn, improve their negative perceptions of chronic pain. Orthopaedic nurses are in an excellent position to explore the relationships among body image, overweight, and chronic low back pain.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: does cognitive behavioral therapy improve home behavior?

This study evaluates the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in improving the home behavior of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Twenty-five boys (age 7 to 13) with a diagnosis of ADHD were randomized to a CBT or supportive therapy control group. Outcome measures included parent and teacher ratings of the child on the Behavior Problem Checklist-Attention Problem Subscale (BPC-AP), and the Self-Control Rating Scale (SCRS), parent ratings on the Modified Werry Weiss Activity Scale, and child ratings on the Piers Harris Self-Concept Scale and Matching Familiar Figures Task. Data were analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance for main effects. A significant improvement favoring CBT was found on the Werry Weiss Scale, which measures the parent's perception of the child's hyperactivity in the home, and the child's rating of his/her self-esteem on the Piers Harris Self-Concept Scale. Other outcome measures did not demonstrate statistical differences. This research provides support for the use of CBT in children with ADHD. CBT was found to improve the parent's perception of the child's hyperactivity in the home as well as the child's self-esteem.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Self-reported concepts about oral rehydration solution, drug prescribing and reasons for prescribing antidiarrhoeals for acute watery diarrhea in children.

Sixty-seven general practitioners (GPs) and 27 paediatricians practising in Karachi were interviewed to evaluate their knowledge and attitude towards use of oral rehydration solution (ORS) and management of acute watery diarrhoea (AWD) in children and to define factors for their self-reported prescribing of antidiarrhoeals. Whilst nearly 50% of them reported ORS to be palatable and acceptable by children, 80% reported that ORS was not accepted by parents as sole treatment. Eighty per cent of GPs and 37% of paediatricians reported prescribing antidiarrhoeals for AWD in children, and 'parental pressure' and 'use as placebo' were the commonest reasons. In addition 45% of GPs believed in the efficacy of antidiarrhoeals and thought these drugs necessary for the control of diarrhoea.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Adolescent reactions to sibling death: perceptions of mothers, fathers, and teenagers.

Fourteen families in which a child had died participated in this study; the mother, father, and one teenager from each family were interviewed. All participants completed a sibling bereavement inventory consisting of 109 scaled items that measured self-concept perceptions and grief reactions. The teenagers completed the inventory in terms of their own reactions; the mothers and fathers were instructed to complete the inventory as they anticipated their teenager would answer it. Mothers held significantly different views of their teenagers' self-concept and grief than did the fathers or the teenagers. Fathers' responses resembled those of their teenagers. In addition to accenting the need to study more fully the family dynamics involved when a child dies, the results call into serious question commonly held views regarding the accuracy and reliability of mothers' perceptions of bereaved children. The results suggest that more credence be given to fathers' observations about the phenomena of bereavement engaging their teenage children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Correlations between hormones, physical, and affective parameters in aging urologic outpatients.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between sex hormones, physical complaints, depression, sexuality, and life satisfaction in aging men. METHODS: 263 outpatients aged 40 years and above (M=56.2; 40-84 years) were recruited from 6 andrological outpatient departments in Germany to evaluate "aging male" symptoms. Subjects were assessed by standardised self-report questionnaires, physical, and endocrinological examination. RESULTS: Total and free testosterone as well as DHEA-S (dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate) levels decreased significantly with age. SHBG (sex hormone binding globulin) and LH (luteinizing hormone) increased; estradiol remained unchanged. Inactivity, lower urinary tract symptoms, erectile and orgasmic dysfunction also increased significantly with age. A low testosterone level was significantly associated with a reduced motivation and a lack of sexual desire. In addition to reduced testosterone levels, a reduced motivation was also predicted by depression and an impaired physical self-concept. Reduced activity, erectile dysfunction, and low testosterone levels contributed significantly to the lack of sexual desire. CONCLUSIONS: Aging men are frequently afflicted with a wide range of physical complaints (e.g. fatigue, prostate symptoms), erectile and orgasmic dysfunction, reflected in a reduced physical self-concept. Assessment and treatment of age-related physical and affective alterations must consider their close interplay with hormonal and lifestyle variables.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Testing of the PHS-ES: a measure of Perimenopausal Health Self-Efficacy.

This article summarizes the development and psychometric analysis of the Perimenopausal Health Self-Efficacy Scale (PHS-ES) designed to assess women's health promotion self-efficacy related to mid-life changes in health. Items were generated from a qualitative study of HRT decision-making and recommended health promotion activities. The PHS-ES was administered 2 weeks apart to 98 university-based women ages 45 to 64 along with the measures of functional health status, stress, and the self-concept. Internal consistency (alpha = .88 and .90) and test-retest reliabilities (.86) were acceptable. Four factors emerged during factor analysis with 21 of the items explaining 50% of the variance and which were consistent with the conceptual basis of the PHS-ES. The PHS-ES was significantly correlated with functional health status, self-concept, stress, age and body mass index (BMI). In conjunction with stress and BMI, the PHS-ES predicted 50% of the variance of functional health. Further reliability and validity assessments are recommended with more racially and socioeconomically heterogeneous groups of perimenopausal women. It was concluded that the PHS-ES adequately demonstrated reliability and validity in this study.

Climacteric↗
PubMed1999

Anorexic eating attitudes and behaviors of male and female college students.

This study examined gender differences in eating attitudes and behaviors in a sample of 471 undergraduate college students. The prevalence of symptomatology indicative of anorexia was determined using the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26). In addition, the family climate, parent-child dynamics, and self-concept of students with and without maladaptive eating attitudes and behaviors were compared, and the relationship between eating attitudes/behaviors and current psychological distress was examined. Anorexic symptomatology was found for 20% of the females and 10% of the males. In general, students without symptomatic attitudes and behaviors had a more positive self-concept and reported less psychological distress than did those with eating disturbances. The findings suggest that eating problems may be more prevalent among males than previously estimated.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Self-efficacy and remission in schizophrenia].

Self-efficacy is an important variable modifying ability to behavioral change, according to cognitive approach to mental disorders. It is a conviction of possessing psychobiological and cognitive abilities to establish desirable behavior. Self-efficacy determines efforts that are displayed in attempting to perform. The paper resolves self-efficacy of schizophrenic patients treated in hospital because of acute psychotic symptoms. Patients were examined twice: in the very beginning of hospitalization and after 4 weeks of neuroleptic treatment. Results reveal self-efficacy relation to negative, positive symptoms and global psychopathology in schizophrenia. If the therapy is based on neuroleptics, social self-efficacy predicts clinical improvement. The necessity of psychotherapy and rehabilitation focused on self concept aspects connected with competence to deal with social and life tasks is underlined.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

First-time mothers and child care when the child is 8 months old.

The aim of the present study was to examine those resources and strengths that mothers find helpful for coping with child care when the child was 8 months old. This study is part of a more extensive longitudinal study project in which the growth into motherhood of first-time mothers was followed for 8 months postpartum. Data were collected by using structured questionnaires between August 1995 and March 1996. The sample comprised 254 first-time mothers and 248 mothers returned the questionnaires by mail. The multivariate method used was a stepwise regression analysis. Predictors included in the multivariate method to explain coping with child care were as follows: the mother's competence, mother's attachment to the child, mother's self-concept, relation to the spouse, breastfeeding, decision-making support from the public health nurse and activity of the child. The strongest predictor was competence as a mother. The more competent the mother felt and the more attached the mother was to her child, the better her coping. The better the mother's self-concept and relationship with the spouse were, the better she succeeded in taking care of the child. If the mother still breastfed her child and received decision-making support from public health nurses, she coped better in child care. Finally the more active the child was, the more the risk for unsuccessful child care increased. The results indicate that the first-time mother's successful coping with child care when the child is 8 months old is associated with her own resources and attachment to the child as well as activity of the child and breastfeeding. A good relationship between the spouses and support for decision making from the public health nurse also contribute to coping with child care.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

Age and gender differences in the self-esteem of Chinese children.

A Chinese version of the Self-Description Questionnaire 1 (SDQ-1; Marsh, 1988) was used to investigate age and gender differences in a sample of 303 male and 296 female 10-year-old children and 116 male and 116 female 13-year-old children attending typical Beijing public schools. Significant Age x Gender interaction effects were found on all 8 SDQ-1 scales. Main effects for age were found on the Physical Abilities, Reading, and School subscales and for gender on the same three subscales plus Peer Relations. Further analysis indicated that the older girls tended to report significantly lower self-esteem than both the younger girls and older boys in the areas of physical abilities, reading, mathematics, and general self-concept. The boys reported more positive self-perceptions on most nonacademic self-scales, but both the older boys and older girls reported less favorable self-esteem than their younger peers on the scales for reading and school in general.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

The Duke-UNC Health Profile: an adult health status instrument for primary care.

The Duke--UNC Health Profile (DUHP) was developed as a brief 63-item instrument designed to measure adult health status in the primary care setting along four dimensions: symptom status, physical function, emotional function and social function. Reliability and validity were tested on a group of 395 ambulatory patients in a family medicine center. Temporal stability Spearman correlations ranged from 0.52 to 0.82 for the four dimensions. Cronbach's alpha for internal consistency was 0.85 for emotional function. Guttman's reproducibility coefficients were 0.98 for physical function and 0.93 for social function, and the scalability coefficients were 0.89 for physical and 0.71 for social. Observed relationships between DUHP scores and demographic characteristics of the respondents correlated well with those predicted by the investigators (overall Spearman correlation 0.79). Convergent and discriminant validity was supported by strong associations between components of DUHP and those on the Sickness Impact Profile (SIP), the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (Tennessee), and the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (Zung). DUHP with SIP monocomponent-heteromethod Spearman correlations ranged from 0.34 to 0.45, and those for DUHP with Tennessee ranged from 0.68 to 0.81. DUHP with Zung monoitem--heteromethod correlations ranged from 0.54 to 0.57. It is concluded that this evidence supports the reliability and validity of the DUHP as an instrument suitable for studying the impact of primary health care on the health outcomes of patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Physical, psychological, social, and lifestyle differences among adolescents classified according to cigarette smoking intention status.

This study was conducted to determine the extent to which multiple physical, psychological, social, and lifestyle measures differ among high school males classified according to cigarette smoking intention status including nonintenders, mild intenders, and strong intenders. The Physical Performance Test for California, to measure six traits of physical fitness and Cattell's 16PF Questionnaire to assess manifold dimensions of personality were administered to 386 high school males. Self-concept was measured by Rosenberg's Self-esteem Scale and body build was assessed using Tucker's Perceived Somatotype Scale and the Body Mass Index. Data relative to marital status of parents, exercise experience, church attendance, participation in athletics, alcohol drinking habits, television viewing behavior, intention to attend college, dating behavior, as well as general demographic information and intention to smoke cigarettes were assessed by a written questionnaire. Results indicated that nonintenders were significantly more self-confident, intelligent, emotionally stable, moralistic, conservative, group oriented, self-controlled, relaxed, and more likely to respond in a socially desirable manner than were strong intenders. Nonintenders reported less dating, less television viewing, less alcohol consumption, and perceived themselves as and were determined to be less obese than strong intenders. Nonintenders also reported greater intentions to attend college, greater varsity athletic participation, were more likely to be residing with their natural mothers, and were more physically fit than were strong intenders. Possible health education and youth smoking prevention strategies are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The effect of proxy voice intervention on couple softening in the context of enactments.

In this study we evaluated the effectiveness of proxy voice (therapist acting as client's "voice") intervention, embedded within couple enactments, on client-perceived softening. The primary research question was whether use of proxy voice would be more likely to bring about softening, or if its use was counterintuitive to enactment conceptualization and would elicit struggle behavior (e.g., withdrawal or negativity). Results indicate that proxy voice has a significant, positive association with softening and is inversely related to withdrawal or negativity. Preliminary findings suggest that proxy voice intervention embedded within a fluid, carefully delineated, and discriminating model of enactments effectively facilitates essential elements of couple interaction (expression of primary affect and articulation of self-concept and attachment threats) while promoting self-reliant couple interaction and increased softening.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

[Power, status and valency in relationship to affective psychoses, schizoaffective and neurotic depression of patients].

The interrelationships of patients with affective psychoses and depressive neuroses were analysed by means of the Giessentest. They were categorised using Beckmanns approach to power, status and valency. The different frequency of these scores in the depressive subgroups underlined the interactional dimension of depression and the influence of gender variables as well. In particular neurotic depressive male patients tended to have asymmetric structures of relationships. The couple relationships of female patients suffering from depression or physical illness were characterised by a negative valency in the self-concept and a positive valency in the self as perceived by others.

Affective Disorders, Psychotic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Professional concept of physicians in child and adolescent psychiatry in former East Germany (1990)].

For this study the authors prepared a questionnaire for 662 child and youth psychiatrists with a return quota of 45%. Careerwise most medical doctors--working as psychiatrists and psychotherapists with an equal distribution in hospitals and offices--acquired further special training and education, particularly in Pediatrics, Psychotherapy and Autogenous Training. Work performance meets general agreement: a noticeable lack of corresponding doctors offices, mainly due to the economic situation. Unequivocal agreement exists concerning the necessity of diagnosis, the necessity of out-patient and in-patient therapy, as well the necessity of interdisciplinary cooperation. The views, however, on the quality of cooperation and the hierarchy within the team show differences. Views on self-concept almost equally determined an identification as doctor and as psychotherapist. The main professional motivations were enjoyment, success and ability. The professional concept was unvocally agreed upon. The survey revealed a poor reputation of child and adolescent psychiatrists. Professional basics include preserving the complexity in the field of child and adolescent psychiatry including medical assignments onesidedness rejected. Conflicts arise concerning the "professional self concept", resulting from the thin line between the required separation of child and adolescent psychiatry and associated professions and the required cooperation with associated professions.

Adolescent Psychiatry↗
PubMed1993

Cognitive remediation in traumatic brain injury: update and issues.

Cognitive Remediation (CR) is a relatively new treatment technique for alleviating residual cognitive deficits following traumatic brain injury. This is a promising yet still changing technique. The future of CR as a rational and systematic endeavor requires the incorporation of important new ideas that have been emerging in allied fields. For example, the emerging field of instructional psychology has contributed relevant concepts such as scaffolding, metacognition, and generalization. It is furthermore argued that the issues of awareness, self-concept, and self-efficacy are vital to the process of CR intervention, and an integrative (holistic) approach to the remedial endeavor is thus indicated.

Activities of Daily Living↗