Results for “Reference Books” — Page 98

PubMed2005

Oral medicine--update for the dental practitioner: red and pigmented lesions.

This series provides an overview of current thinking in the more relevant areas of oral medicine for primary care practitioners, written by the authors while they were holding the Presidencies of the European Association for Oral Medicine and the British Society for Oral Medicine, respectively. A book containing additional material will be published. The series gives the detail necessary to assist the primary dental clinical team caring for patients with oral complaints that may be seen in general dental practice. Space precludes inclusion of illustrations of uncommon or rare disorders, or discussion of disorders affecting the hard tissues. Approaching the subject mainly by the symptomatic approach--as it largely relates to the presenting complaint--was considered to be a more helpful approach for GDPs rather than taking a diagnostic category approach. The clinical aspects of the relevant disorders are discussed, including a brief overview of the aetiology, detail on the clinical features and how the diagnosis is made. Guidance on management and when to refer is also provided, along with relevant websites which offer further detail.

Erythroplasia↗

PubMed2005

Oral medicine--update for the dental practitioner lumps and swellings.

This series provides an overview of current thinking in the more relevant areas of oral medicine for primary care practitioners, written by the authors while they were holding the Presidencies of the European Association for Oral Medicine and the British Society for Oral Medicine, respectively. A book containing additional material will be published. The series gives the detail necessary to assist the primary dental clinical team caring for patients with oral complaints that may be seen in general dental practice. Space precludes inclusion of illustrations of uncommon or rare disorders, or discussion of disorders affecting the hard tissues. Approaching the subject mainly by the symptomatic approach--as it largely relates to the presenting complaint--was considered to be a more helpful approach for GDPs rather than taking a diagnostic category approach. The clinical aspects of the relevant disorders are discussed, including a brief overview of the aetiology, detail on the clinical features and how the diagnosis is made. Guidance on management and when to refer is also provided, along with relevant websites which offer further detail.

Crohn Disease↗

PubMed2006

Oral medicine--update for the dental practitioner oral cancer.

This series provides an overview of current thinking in the more relevant areas of oral medicine for primary care practitioners, written by the authors while they were holding the Presidencies of the European Association for Oral Medicine and the British Society for Oral Medicine, respectively. A book containing additional material will be published. The series gives the detail necessary to assist the primary dental clinical team caring for patients with oral complaints that may be seen in general dental practice. Space precludes inclusion of illustrations of uncommon or rare disorders, or discussion of disorders affecting the hard tissues. Approaching the subject mainly by the symptomatic approach--as it largely relates to the presenting complaint--was considered to be a more helpful approach for GDPs rather than taking a diagnostic category approach. The clinical aspects of the relevant disorders are discussed, including a brief overview of the aetiology, detail on the clinical features and how the diagnosis is made. Guidance on management and when to refer is also provided, along with relevant websites which offer further detail.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗

PubMed2006

Oral medicine--update for the dental practitioner orofacial pain.

This series provides an overview of current thinking in the more relevant areas of oral medicine for primary care practitioners, written by the authors while they were holding the Presidencies of the European Association for Oral Medicine and the British Society for Oral Medicine, respectively. A book containing additional material will be published. The series gives the detail necessary to assist the primary dental clinical team caring for patients with oral complaints that may be seen in general dental practice. Space precludes inclusion of illustrations of uncommon or rare disorders, or discussion of disorders affecting the hard tissues. Approaching the subject mainly by the symptomatic approach--as it largely relates to the presenting complaint--was considered to be a more helpful approach for GDPs rather than taking a diagnostic category approach. The clinical aspects of the relevant disorders are discussed, including a brief overview of the aetiology, detail on the clinical features and how the diagnosis is made. Guidance on management and when to refer is also provided, along with relevant websites which offer further detail.

Adult↗

PubMed1980

Cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analysis in health care. Growth and composition of the literature.

Concern about the escalating costs of health services is reflected in the rapid growth of the literature on cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analysis (CBA and CEA, respectively) in health care. A search of that literature for 1966--78 produced a bibliography of more than 500 relevant references, growing from half a dozen per year at the beginning of the period to close to 100 each of the most recent 2 years. The literature growth has been more rapid in medical than nonmedical journals and a preference for CEA over CBA appears to be emerging. Studies related to diagnosis and treatment have gained in popularity, while the early prominence of studies with a substantive prevention theme has diminished. Consistent with the increasing medical focus of the literature, numbers of articles oriented toward individual practitioner decision making have grown more rapidly than those oriented toward organizational or societal decision making. In addition to documenting these trends, this article identifies published reviews of health care CBA/CEA and books and articles attempting to convey the principles of CBA/CEA to the health care community. The article concludes with speculation on likely near-future trends in the literature and consideration of the quality implications of the rapid growth.

Bibliographies as Topic↗

PubMed2003

The cytology of soft tissue tumours.

In the last few years, the primary diagnosis of soft tissue tumours has emerged as an important new target for fine needle aspiration (FNA). The purpose of this book is to facilitate the cytological evaluation of FNA smears from soft tissue tumours and to suggest cytological criteria for histotype diagnoses. Its primary aim is to describe and illustrate not only the most common types but also those rare tumours where cytological features have been largely described in case reports and in small series. The diagnostic use of ancillary methods is discussed and illustrated, and, in order to facilitate the diagnostic work-up in FNA samples, smears are also classified according to their principal microscopic patterns. The selection of entities presented, their diagnostic features and differential diagnostic considerations are mainly based on the experience with FNA in the primary diagnosis of soft tissue tumours in patients referred to the Musculoskeletal Tumour Centre at the University Hospital in Lund, Sweden over the last 30 years. The illustrations have mainly been culled from cases in the files of the Department of Pathology and Cytology, Lund University Hospital. Soft tissue tumours are relatively rare and often difficult to correctly diagnose in fine needle aspirates. Therefore, this publication should be welcomed by all cytopathologists involved in the FNA diagnosis of tumours as a valuable addition to their benchside textbooks.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1979

Attitudes of health science students towards teaching practices, examinations, and other related issues.

A brief multiple choice questionnaire explored the attitudes of students enrolled in several health science faculties (medicine, pharmacy, nursing, and physical and health education). A substantial proportion indicated a wish for more challenging lectures. On the other hand, the majority of students devoted less than one hour of personal study per week to required 'courses', interest in health-related 'courses' being particularly weak. Small textbooks with minimal references were desired, and relatively little use was made of free lecture handouts. Financial constraints had little influence on personal study, but affected textbook purchase. The demand for 'handouts' would have been reduced by a charge. Frequent term examinations as a stimulus to learning were favoured by all groups, as were full or challenging presentations by instructors. Team teaching, although favoured generally, was not equally appealing to all groups.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Revised understandings of psychogenic autism.

The author suggests that, in the light of observational findings from babies, it is no longer tenable to postulate a normal autistic phase in infancy, and to view pathological autism as a halt at, or a regression to, such a phase. This has been a commonly held psychoanalytic view concerning the aetiology of autism, and she has subscribed to it. In this paper, the author presents a revision of these views, in that she now reserves the term autism to refer solely to pathological conditions. Her present view is that autism is a system of protective, but alienating auto-sensual aberrations which have developed to deal with an infantile trauma of seeming to be wrenched away from a mothering person's body. She suggests that in an unduly fused nursing situation, mother and child had felt undifferentiated from each other. Thus, the infant had taken it for granted that the mother's body was a permanent part of 'its' body. It was an unbearable shock when this was found to be not so. The author suggests that autistic reactions to this shock are the source of the autistic child's many deficits. Based on clinical material presented in her other books and papers, she has attempted to describe and conceptualize the protective auto-sensual reactive aberrations which develop to deal with this traumatic awareness of bodily separateness.

Autistic Disorder↗

PubMed1993

Annotated bibliography: grant writing.

This is the first in series of annotated bibliographies on research topics that will appear in the ANNA Journal. The bibliographies have been prepared by members of ANNA's Research Special Interest Group. Each bibliography focuses on a particular topic and includes reviews of research books and articles published in nursing and allied health journals in recent years. The series is intended to assist nephrology nurse researchers in locating resources to plan and implement research studies and to communicate and implement research findings. The annotation for each item includes a full citation, a brief summary, and a categorization of the content level. The topic covered in this first bibliography is grant writing. Contributors to the grant writing bibliography were Nancy Hoffart, Janel Parker, and Nancy Seaby. The next installment will cover the research proposal, abstract writing, and the conceptual framework. Topics to be covered in future articles will include: (a) research proposal development and literature review; (b) poster preparation, abstract writing, and collaborative research; (c) instrument references, instrumentation, and reliability and validity; (d) research question, design and methods, and sampling; and (e) statistics and general nursing research texts. The following key was used in rating the content level for each citation: Basic/Introductory--For professionals who have no previous research background. Intermediate--For professionals who possess some knowledge of the research process and terminology, and have participated in some research projects. Advanced--For professionals who possess broad knowledge and experience with research projects.

Nursing Research↗

PubMed2000

Breast cancer mortality after diagnostic radiography: findings from the U.S. Scoliosis Cohort Study.

STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study was conducted in 5573 female patients with scoliosis who were referred for treatment at 14 orthopedic medical centers in the United States. Patients were less than 20 years of age at diagnosis which occurred between 1912 and 1965. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate patterns in breast cancer mortality among women with scoliosis, with special emphasis on risk associated with diagnostic radiograph exposures. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: A pilot study of 1030 women with scoliosis revealed a nearly twofold statistically significant increased risk for incident breast cancer. Although based on only 11 cases, findings were consistent with radiation as a causative factor. METHODS: Medical records were reviewed for information on personal characteristics and scoliosis history. Diagnostic radiograph exposures were tabulated based on review of radiographs, radiology reports in the medical records, radiograph jackets, and radiology log books. Radiation doses were estimated for individual examinations. The mortality rate of the cohort through January 1, 1997, was determined by using state and national vital statistics records and was compared with that of women in the general U. S. population. RESULTS: Nearly 138,000 radiographic examinations were recorded. The average number of examinations per patient was 24.7 (range, 0-618); mean estimated cumulative radiation dose to the breast was 10.8 cGy (range, 0-170). After excluding patients with missing information, 5466 patients were included in breast cancer mortality analyses. Their mean age at diagnosis was 10.6 years and average length of follow-up was 40.1 years. There were 77 breast cancer deaths observed compared with the 45.6 deaths expected on the basis of U.S. mortality rates (standardized mortality ratio [SMR] = 1.69; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.3-2.1). Risk increased significantly with increasing number of radiograph exposures and with cumulative radiation dose. The unadjusted excess relative risk per Gy was 5.4 (95% CI = 1.2-14.1); when analyses were restricted to patients who had undergone at least one radiographic examination, the risk estimate was 2.7 (95% CI = -0. 2-9.3). CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that exposure to multiple diagnostic radiographic examinations during childhood and adolescence may increase the risk of breast cancer among women with scoliosis; however, potential confounding between radiation dose and severity of disease and thus with reproductive history may explain some of the increased risk observed.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2005

Antibodies: an alternative for antibiotics?

In 1967, the success of vaccination programs, combined with the seemingly unstoppable triumph of antibiotics, prompted the US Surgeon General to declare that "it was time to close the books on infectious diseases." We now know that the prediction was overly optimistic and that the fight against infectious diseases is here to stay. During the last 20 yr, infectious diseases have indeed made a staggering comeback for a variety of reasons, including resistance against existing antibiotics. As a consequence, several alternatives to antibiotics are currently being considered or reconsidered. Passive immunization (i.e., the administration of more or less pathogen-specific antibodies to the patient) prior to or after exposure to the disease-causing agent is one of those alternative strategies that was almost entirely abandoned with the introduction of chemical antibiotics but that is now gaining interest again. This review will discuss the early successes and limitations of passive immunization, formerly referred to as "serum therapy," the current use of antibody administration for prophylaxis or treatment of infectious diseases in agriculture, and, finally, recent developments in the field of antibody engineering and "molecular farming" of antibodies in various expression systems. Especially the potential of producing therapeutic antibodies in crops that are routine dietary components of farm animals, such as corn and soy beans, seems to hold promise for future application in the fight against infectious diseases.

Animal Diseases↗

PubMed2002

Mental tools for thinking about DNA technologies in new ways.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the nature of creative thinking in biomedical science with specific applications to molecular pathologies and DNA technologies. DATA SOURCES: Accounts of breakthroughs and inventions contained in autobiographies, biographies, interviews, and archival sources. STUDY SELECTION: Discoveries that have altered, or may yet alter, basic textbook accounts of biomedical sciences for which appropriate data sources exist. DATA EXTRACTION: Approximately 1000 data sources were analyzed, both within appropriate sciences and in other creative fields, such as the arts. DATA SYNTHESIS: The current analysis is based on a framework described in our previous book, Sparks of Genius, which outlines a general approach to understanding creative thinking. CONCLUSIONS: Creative thinking in all disciplines depends on a common mental "toolkit" that consists of 13 fundamental tools: observing, imaging, abstracting, pattern recognition, pattern forming, analogizing, body thinking, empathizing, dimensional thinking, modeling, playing, transforming, and synthesizing. Scientists recognize and solve problems by observing data that break the patterns established by theories; exploring a system by creating an abstract model with which they can play; and transforming data into feelings, sounds, and other forms that create surprising analogies to already-understood principles. The result of such personal thinking is knowledge combined with sensation and emotion--feeling and understanding synthesized into complete awareness. We illustrate some of these modes of thinking with reference to recent breakthroughs in DNA-related areas and suggest ways in which the use of "tools for thinking" can increase the probability of making further discoveries in the biomedical sciences.

Biotechnology↗

PubMed2005

Glucose tolerance in pregnancy in South India: relationships to neonatal anthropometry.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of type 2 diabetes is increasing worldwide, most rapidly in developing countries such as India. Exposure as a fetus to maternal gestational diabetes is thought to be a risk factor for developing the disease. This study was set up to determine the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus in one urban maternity unit in South India and to examine its effect on the offspring's neonatal anthropometry, childhood growth, and glucose/insulin metabolism. This paper reports neonatal outcomes. METHODS: Seven hundred and eighty five women were recruited consecutively from the antenatal clinic of the Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mysore and underwent a 100 g, 3-hr oral glucose tolerance test at 30 +/- 2 weeks gestation. Gestational diabetes was defined using Carpenter and Coustan criteria. The babies were measured in detail at birth. RESULTS: Mean maternal age and body mass index were 23.6 years and 23.1 kg/m(2). The incidence of gestational diabetes was 6.2%. Mothers with gestational diabetes had babies that were heavier (3339 g compared with 2956 g for non-diabetic mothers) and larger in measurements of fat, muscle, and skeleton. Even in non-diabetic pregnancies, neonatal weight, head circumference, and ponderal index were positively related to maternal fasting glucose concentrations (P < or = 0.05 for all). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of gestational diabetes was high in this unselected sample of mothers booking into one urban Indian maternity unit. Community-based studies are required to confirm this. The effect of maternal glucose concentrations on neonatal anthropometry is continuous and extends into the "normal" glycemic range.

Anthropometry↗

PubMed2002

Shared treatment decision making in a collectively funded health care system: possible conflicts and some potential solutions.

In recent years there has been a growth in the advocacy of shared decision making (SDM) between clinicians and patients as a way of practicing medicine. Although there is a range of perspectives on what SDM means, in essence it refers to greater involvement of the individual patient in deliberations about appropriate forms of clinical management. The patient's perception of the role of the doctor in SDM is crucial: for it to work successfully, the patient needs to be able to be confident that the doctor is focused on which treatment will generate the greatest benefit for them. However, the doctor also has responsibilities to others, in particular to other patients and potential patients within the collectively funded health care system. This dual responsibility can create a range of dilemmas for the clinician in the context of SDM: Should they inform patients about all effective treatments or just those that the health care system considers cost-effective? Do they risk losing patients from their books if they inform patients about their responsibilities to the health care system? SDM also raises questions about the wider principles of the health care system: Are its equity principles consistent with SDM? Should patients with a strong preference for an effective but non-cost-effective treatment be permitted to pay for it privately? This paper describes the nature of the conflicts that are likely to emerge if SDM diffuses within collectively funded health care systems, and considers a range of policy responses. It argues that the risk of conflict may be reduced by making a clear distinction between clinical guidelines (focusing on effectiveness) and system guidelines (focusing on cost-effectiveness).

Communication↗

PubMed1975

The first experiences with ether anaesthesia in Cambridgeshire and West Suffolk 1847.

A search through the files of a local newspaper, the Cambridge Chronicle, has brought to light in numerous references to ether anaesthesia during the years 1847 and 1848. From this and other sources it has been possible to establish that the first operation under ether was performed at Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge on 2 January 1847, only 12 days after Liston's well known demonstration in London. By 13 March over fifty operations under ether had been successfully carried out at this hospital. The first experiences with ether at Wisbech, Cambridgeshire and Bury St Edmunds, West Suffolk are also described. It is suggested that much material important in determining the extent to which the practice of anaesthesia was rapidly adopted in the English provinces awaits the historian in the local newspaper, since the early experiences with anaesthesia were often not recorded in the Minute Books of hospital committees, and indeed, often took place outside the hospitals.

Anesthesia, Dental↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Training in perinatal care--management of patients in labour.

Training in perinatal care involves many different areas, and care around the time of labour forms a core part of training. Our senior residency programme involves 6 months supervised work in the labour ward. During this period, management of spontaneous, induced and augmented labour, methods of fetal monitoring and pain relief are taught. A log book and a check list are maintained to ensure the necessary manipulative and operative obstetric procedures have been followed. Limited scanning experience is provided to enable management of emergencies such as APH, multiple pregnancies, etc. Preparation and presentation of monthly statistics become a responsibility. Daily neonatal ward rounds are performed so that neonatal morbidity in relation to obstetric events are correlated. This exercise provides adequate knowledge to prognosticate and counsel patients whose babies are low birthweight or have malformations. Two to three new research projects are entrusted to trainees in order to acquire skills in writing research protocols, applications for research grants and later to enter research and write manuscripts. Discussion regarding research, working protocols and management problems are carried out after the daily ward rounds. Relevant reference papers or chapters are read, discussed and compiled in a file for further reading and for the benefit of other residents in training. This posting is followed or preceded by 6 months posting in ultrasound, high risk, medical disorder, diabetic and endocrine clinics. They also manage the antenatal and postnatal wards during these 6 months. At the end of 1 year training those interested in fetomaternal medicine do a further 2 years training in these areas at an advanced level.

Clinical Competence↗

PubMed2001

[The consequences of a suicide for the bereaved - current knowledge, unresolved questions and tasks of future research].

UNLABELLED: Since the publication of Cain's landmark book Survivors of Suicide in 1972, the consequences of a suicide for the bereaved have been scientifically investigated. Mclntosh (1996) issued the most current bibliography of literature on the aftermath of suicide, including publications issued between 1986 and 1995. Mclntosh came to the conclusion that several unresolved issues still exist in this field of suicidology. OBJECTIVE: This paper aims at giving an overview on current knowledge of the aftermath of suicide. lt shall be investigated which questions and unresolved issues in this field still remain. This leads to a description of future tasks and challenges for researchers investigating the after effects of suicide. METHODS: At first, an overview on the most important aspects of current knowledge on the aftermath of suicide will be given. This will be done with reference to the unresolved issues and unanswered questions presented by McIntosh. How many of these issues and questions have come to a resolution after the publication of Mclntosh's bibliography shall be investigated. RESULTS: Upon examination of publications issued after 1995 it was found that several basic questions regarding the after effects of a suicide have not yet been answered in a satisfactory manner. To name a few, the term suicide survivor has not yet been clearly determined and reliable numbers as to how many people are bereaved by suicide do not exist. Moreover, a comprehensive theory regarding the consequences of a suicide for survivors is still lacking. CONCLUSIONS: Resolving these basic questions among a number of others can be seen as the main task of future research in this field. Additionally, it is pointed out that more affention should be given to the implementation of suicide postvention measures in order to alleviate the negative aftereffects of suicides.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1965

PROBLEMS OF MEDICAL LIBRARIES IN JAPAN.

Reference service in medical libraries should be considered more seriously by the members of the Japan Medical Library Association, as their interest so far has been focused mainly on interlibrary loan service, compilation of union lists and union catalogs, and the business side of library administration. The Association does not have enough funds to be very active, and its membership is limited to the libraries of medical and of some large dental schools. It should open its membership to other medical libraries, such as those of hospitals and medical laboratories, and eventually to individuals. Many of the member libraries do not have complete control of their own budget, as each department of the school earmarks part of its budget for the library while it still holds the right of deciding which books and journals are to be bought and keeps a large part of them in its departmental library. Lack of proper library school education among the library staff is one of the major problems. There are some training courses for medical librarians in the library schools and also some workshops held by the Association, but they are limited in their usefulness by the fact that there are not enough library school graduates who can take advantage of them.

Humans↗