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PubMed1980

Fluid-electrolyte shifts and thermoregulation: Rest and work in heat with head cooling.

Plasma volume and thermoregulatory responses were measured, during head and neck cooling with a liquid-cooled neoprene headgear, in four men (21-43 years old) during 60 min of rest, 60 min of ergometer exercise (45% VO2 max), and 30 min of recovery in the supine position at 40.1 degrees C DBT and 40% rh. Compared with control (noncooling) responses, cooling decreased thigh sweating and increased mean skin temperature (Tsk) at rest, and attenuated the increases in thigh sweating by 0.26 mg/min x cm2 (-22.4%, p < 0.05), heart rate by 10 b/min (-8.5%, N.S.), rectal temperature (Tre) by 0.3 degrees C (N.S.), and ventilation by 12.5% (N.S.) during exercise. In recovery, cooling facilitated the decreases in thigh sweat rate, heart rate, Tre, and forearm blood flow, and enhanced the increase in Tsk toward control levels. Cooling had no effect upon plasma protein, osmotic, or electrolyte shifts during rest, exercise, or recovery. Plasma volume (PV) loss during exercise was 11.2% without cooling and 10.9% with cooling. Cooling increased PV by 3% (p < 0.05) during rest, and this differential was maintained throughout the exercise and recovery periods.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Thallium-201 scintigraphy at rest in ischemia and infarction.

Serial imaging of the myocardium in the resting state after intravenous administration of thallium-201 can be employed to differentiate between ischemia or under-perfusion and myocardial infarction or scar. Redistribution of thallium with filling-in of defects on delayed images or rest can be observed in myocardial regions supplied by stenotic coronary arteries (greater than or equal to 70% narrowing). These myocardial segments usually exhibit normal or hypokinetic wall motion. Persistent defects over a two to three hour imaging period at rest correlate highly with Q waves on the electrocardiogram and akinetic or dyskinetic wall motion on ventriculography. Thallium scintigraphy can be successfully utilized for detecting and localizing acutely infarcted myocardium. Sensitivity for infarct detection is higher in the first 24 hours after the onset of chest pain, although with computer-assisted quantitative analysis of images sensitivity for late detection (ten to fourteen days post myocardial infarction) may be improved. Multivessel disease can be predicted in many patients with acute inferior myocardial infarction by demonstrating anteroseptal wall defects with delayed redistribution on rest images prior to hospital discharge. Patients who demonstrate inferior wall persistent defects (infarction) with anterior wall redistribution (hypoperfusion/ischemia) have a worse prognosis characterized by an increased frequency of recurrent angina and infarction compared to the group with only inferior defects. Thallium scintigraphy may also be useful in assessing myocardial infarct size. Patients with large defects during the acute phase of infarction have significantly higher early and late mortality.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1994

Resting and biting habits of Anopheles sundaicus in Car Nicobar Island.

Resting and biting habits of An. sundaicus were studied in Car Nicobar Island. Results of resting behaviour revealed that although substantial numbers of An. sundaicus rest outdoor, still the species prefer to rest indoors, and much less in human dwellings. High parity rate (73.38%) in An. sundaicus and close contact with man were the factors responsible for high transmission in Car Nicobar. An. sundaicus population in Car Nicobar is susceptible to DDT. Indoor man-biting of An. sundaicus was significantly higher than outdoors and the species showed bimodal biting activity with first peak between 2130 to 2230 hrs and second between 0130 to 0230 hrs. An. sundaicus preferred to feed on people's legs and hands. Due to complex behaviour of An. sundaicus, an integrated approach comprising (i) chemical, (ii) bioenvironmental control, and (iii) personal protection methods was suggested to interrupt malaria transmission in Car Nicobar Island.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1995

[Rest-activity and body-temperature rhythm disorders in elderly patients with dementia--senile dementia of Alzheimer's type and multi-infarct dementia].

We simultaneously monitored rest-activity and body temperature (BT) rhythm in demented patients with sleep and behavior disorders using ambulatory wrist-worn actigraph and long-term monitoring system for 5-7 consecutive days. Subjects consisted of 19 patients with senile dementia of Alzheimer's type (SDAT) (M/F = 7/12, mean age = 71.7 years), 16 patients with multi-infarct dementia (MID) (M/F = 9/7, mean age = 75.2 years) and 9 normal controls (M/F = 4/5, mean age = 70.4 years). Both dementia groups showed a significant increase in percentage of nighttime activity. In the SDAT group, a significant positive correlation between the degree of dementia and total activity was observed, but not observed in the MID group. A significant high amplitude of BT rhythm was observed in the SDAT group comparing that in the MID or the control group. These findings indicate that the SDAT patients had a disrupted rest-activity rhythm with the severity of intellectual deterioration and increased night activity, while the circadian BT rhythm was remarkably well preserved, i.e. there was a dissociation between rest-activity and BT rhythms in the SDAT group. On the other hand, the disruption of the rest-activity and BT rhythm in the MID patients was characterized by a concomitant decrease of amplitude, which seems to have no relation with the severity of dementia. Different mechanisms could be involved in characteristic disruption of the circadian rhythms in the 2 dementia groups.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Favourable interaction of calcium antagonist plus ACE inhibitor on cardiac haemodynamics in treating hypertension: rest and effort evaluation.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of verapamil sustained release (SR) 240 mg, enalapril and their combination on blood pressure (BP) and cardiac haemodynamics at rest and during exercise in 20 patients with moderate essential hypertension (seven men and 13 women, mean age +/- s.d. 53.7 +/- 15.8 years). After a 4 week placebo run-in period, patients were randomly allocated to received verapamil SR 240 mg once daily or enalapril 20 mg once daily for 4 weeks in a double-blind fashion. Patients whose diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was still > or = 95 mm Hg at the end of this period received verapamil SR plus enalapril for an additional 4 weeks. At the end of the placebo, single and combined treatment periods, resting and exercise (bicycle ergometry) haemodynamics were evaluated by radionuclide ventricular angiography (technetium-99m) and the following parameters were assessed: BP, heart rate, double product, systemic vascular resistances (SVR), cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), ejection fraction (EF) mean ejection rate (mER) and peak filling rate (PFR). Both verapamil SR and enalapril monotherapies significantly reduced resting and exercise BP (P < 0.01), with a BP normalisation (DBP < or = 95 mm Hg) of five of 10 and 4 of 10 patients respectively. A greater BP fall and a normalisation of 11 of 11 patients was obtained in non-responders to monotherapy, when treated with verapamil SR and enalapril (P < 0.01). Verapamil SR also reduced heart rate at rest and during exercise (-11.8% and -18.4%, respectively, P < 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Choice of resting sites by Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culici) in Mwea Rice Irrigation Scheme, Kirinyaga District, Kenya.

Investigations on Anopheles gambiae were carried out in Mwea Rice Irrigation Scheme, Kenya, to determine their preference for resting on various colours of fabrics and bare walls inside rural houses. The inside wall surface of each house was divided into upper, middle and lower sections and the section further partitioned into subsections measuring 0.6 x 0.3m. Two sets of experiments were conducted: one in which the walls were partly fitted with one colour of fabric at a time (double-choice situation), while in the other the walls were fitted with a combination of six colours (red, black, yellow, white, green and blue) of fabric at once, (multiple-choice situation). The number of mosquitoes resting on each of the pieces of cloth pinned to the walls and the uncovered subsections of the wall were recorded for each section of the wall after 24 hours. The results showed resting preference for cloth covered parts of the walls. The white colour was found to best attract mosquitoes followed by colours red, yellow, black, blue and green. The hanging strips in the middle of the houses had fewer mosquitoes resting on them than those on the wall.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1994

[Exercise and rest myocardial scintigraphy with 201TlCl/99mTc-MIBI dual energy acquisition using triple-energy window scatter correction].

We carried out dual 201Tl/99mTc-MIBI imaging, to reduce the time required for exercise myocardial scintigraphy. We investigated 4 different protocols. In protocol (A), Tl was injected at rest followed by the injection of MIBI at peak exercise. Dual SPECT images were obtained by 201Tl/99mTc simultaneous acquisition. Protocol (B) means reverse either, in which MIBI was injected at rest followed by the administration of Tl at peak exercise. In protocol (C), exercise was performed first with MIBI-injection, and then Tl was injected at rest after one hour later. Simultaneous acquisition was also performed. In protocol (D), after the rest Tl-imaging, MIBI was injected at peak exercise, and then the MIBI-imaging was done. In protocol (A), (B) and (C), simultaneous acquisition was performed using TEW (Triple-Energy Window) scatter correction. Thanks to using dual isotopes, all procedures could be completed within 1-2 hours, which was much shorter than the conventional myocardial perfusion imaging. Scatter correction was useful for accurate diagnoses, when the simultaneous imaging is performed.

Exercise Test↗
PubMed1994

Maldistribution of regional myocardial perfusion at rest in patients with coronary artery disease and no previous myocardial infarction, evidenced by 99mTc-Sestamibi scintigraphy.

Since myocardial 99mTc-Sestamibi uptake is closely related to coronary blood flow and the tracer does not redistribute, resting perfusion defects may be observed even in viable regions supplied by vessels with severe stenosis. The incidence and the clinical significance of 99mTc-Sestamibi uptake defects at rest were investigated in 60 men with suspected coronary artery disease and no previous myocardial infarction, in a multicenter study. Of 60 patients, 12 showed normal coronary arteries and 48 significant coronary artery disease (> 50% luminal narrowing). Based on the presence or absence of tracer uptake defects at resting planar scans, the patients were divided into Group 1 (27 patients) and Group 2 (33 patients), respectively. A greater incidence of coronary artery disease (100% versus 64%, p < 0.01) and of multivessel disease (70% versus 36%, p < 0.05) was observed in patients of Group 1. All patients underwent dipyridamole (up to 0.84 mg/kg in 10 min) 99mTc-Sestamibi scintigraphy, which more frequently induced transient 99mTc-Sestamibi uptake defects in Group 1 than in Group 2 (85% versus 42%, p < 0.001). A high incidence of resting 99mTc-Sestamibi uptake defects was observed in patients without previous myocardial infarction; this identified a subset of patients with a higher prevalence of coronary artery disease and multivessel involvement and with a greater impairment of the coronary reserve, as evidenced by a dipyridamole test.

Coronary Circulation↗
PubMed1994

VO2 and cardiac output during rest-exercise and exercise-exercise transients.

The dynamics of external gas exchange during exercise is influenced by pulmonary, cardiovascular, and metabolic factors. During rest-exercise transitions the interaction of these factors is more complex than during exercise-exercise transients. In the present study, we directly compared oxygen uptake (VO2) and cardiac output (CO) responses to step changes in exercise intensity. Nine students performed the following step changes on a bicycle ergometer in upright body position: rest-20W, 20W-80W, 20-140W. VO2 was measured breath-by-breath while CO was determined beat-by-beat by means of a Doppler device. The probe was positioned in the suprasternal notch and directed towards the aortic root. When starting from the 20 W baseline the VO2 responses showed a first, mainly cardio-vascular component over the first 30 s, followed by a second, metabolic component at constant CO. The rest-exercise transients displayed two additional early features. First, there was a very rapid VO2 increase during the initial breathing cycles of the on-transient. This was probably caused by events in the lungs or the pulmonary circulation. Second, the CO attained its steady-state level in about 10 s. This suggests a sudden increase in venous return. The present results generally show that both the VO2 and CO kinetics are faster when exercise in the upright body position is started from rest.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Effect of 28-day head-down bed rest with countermeasures on heart rate variability during LBNP.

The effect of exercise and LBNP countermeasures on the cardiovascular deconditioning response have been evaluated by the study of heart rate variability during progressive LBNP tests before, during (day 15), and after 28 d continuous 6 degrees head-down tilt bed rest. Twelve healthy men (age 27-42 years) were studied in two groups. Six were assigned to a countermeasure regime (CM) consisting of strenuous short-term resistance exercise once per day, 6 days per week from day 7 to day 28, combined with lower body negative pressure (LBNP, -28 mm Hg) for 15 min on days 16, 18, 20, and 22-28. Results were compared with data from six subjects, matched on the basis of maximum oxygen uptake, who received no countermeasures (No-CM). The main effects of bed rest were seen in reductions in RR-interval, and in total spectral power. The results of spectral analysis showed a significant reduction in an index of parasympathetic activity with a nonsignificant increase in a sympathetic indicator. The fractal component of heart rate variability was reduced also, suggesting a change in cardiovascular control mechanisms. Although there were significant differences between CM and No-CM for a number of variables, there were no bed rest by countermeasure interaction effects in the statistical analysis. These results suggested that this particular series of countermeasures was ineffective in preventing at least certain changes indicative of cardiovascular deconditioning with 28 d head-down tilt bed rest.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Effect of 20 days bed rest upon peripheral capillary filtration rate, venous compliance and blood flow in arms and legs.

Capillary filtration rate, venous compliance and blood flow in arms and legs were measured during bed rest by strain gauge plethysmography using a liquid metal alloy in silastic tubes. Furthermore orthostatic tolerance to lower body suction was recorded. Six young healthy males and three young healthy females participated in the 20 days bed rest study. Neither arm nor leg blood flow was changed by bed rest. Arm blood flow varied between 2.18 +/- 0.30 and 3.03 +/- 0.35 vol%.min-1 and leg blood flow between 1.42 +/- 0.12 and 1.76 +/- 0.40 vol%.min-1. The capillary filtration rate tended to decrease in the arms from 0.27 +/- 0.07 vol%.min-1 at day 0 to 0.17 +/- 0.03 vol%.min-1 at day 3 and a tendency to an increase in filtration rate in the legs from 0.16 +/- 0.06 at day 0 to 0.56 +/- 0.21 vol%.min-1 at day 3 but both of these changes had recovered from day 10 on. There was a steady state in venous compliance of the forearm between 1.31 +/- 0.20 and 1.50 +/- 1.13 vol% during the first two weeks of the bed rest period but the values tended to increase to 1.75 +/- 0.16 and 1.89 +/- 0.22 vol% at days 16 and 19, respectively, while leg venous compliance showed a transient tendency to increase at day 3 (from 0.83 +/- 0.08 at day 0 to 1.30 +/- 0.32 vol% at day 3) to attain control values from day 5. Orthostatic intolerance measured during lower body suction decreased in the present subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Effect of hyperlipemia on pulmonary diffusing capacity at rest and during exercise.

Since existing data suggest decreased pulmonary gas exchange at rest when hyperlipemic, the effect of alimentary hyperlipemia on steady-state pulmonary diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLco) at rest and exercise was investigated. Twelve men were measured on two mornings after a 12-hr fast. One trial was performed with subjects in the fasting state, and the other three hours after ingestion of one gm fat per kg body weight. At each trial, venous blood was drawn at 0800 and again three hours later just before resting DLco measurement. The DLco was subsequently determined at a work intensity on the cycle ergometer of 49 watts, and then at an increased intensity sufficient to raise the heart rate to 150 bpm. Serum was examined spectrophotometrically to assess degree of lipemia as reflected by optical density. The DLco and serum optical density data were analyzed by ANOVA. Lipemia was significantly increased three hours after fat ingestion (p < 0.05). Although mean DLco, in ml/min/mmHg was lower following fat ingestion at both intensities of exercise (49W = 37.1 fasted; 34.5 fed: 150 bpm = 49.8 fasted; 44.6 fed), alimentary hyperlipemia did not significantly affect resting or exercise DLco.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Effects of exercise and rest on the state anxiety and blood pressure of physically challenged college students.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a single session of exercise and quiet rest on the blood pressure and state anxiety response of physically challenged college students (n = 10) enrolled in an adaptive physical education class. Each student had some degree of injury or disability (none requiring the use of a wheelchair) which made exercising inconvenient with regard to maintaining an optimal level of frequency, intensity, and duration of activity. All subjects participated in two treatment conditions in a counter-balanced design: (1) exercise (on a bicycle ergometer or treadmill) to self-imposed maximum, and (2) quiet rest in a soundproof chamber. Blood pressure and state anxiety (STAI 1) were assessed prior to and immediately following both conditions. A repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyze the data. There was a non-significant 7.4 mmHg increase in systolic blood pressure immediately following exercise, and a 9.6 mmHg, decrease following rest. A significant decrease in state anxiety was observed following exercise and rest. It is concluded that individuals who are physically challenged can experience reductions in anxiety after a session of vigorous exercise.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Clinical usefulness of visual analog scale for assessment of dyspnea at rest in patients with chronic respiratory diseases].

To evaluate the validity and clinical usefulness of the visual analog scale (VAS) for the measurement of dyspnea at rest, we employed the 150 mm VAS in 29 chronic respiratory disease patients who were clinically stable, and repeated the measurement 4 weeks and 8 weeks later for the evaluation of reproducibility. For the 8-week period, the individual medical treatments remained generally unchanged in all patients. Two patients were excluded from the study due to infection and pneumothorax. Dyspnea at rest was detected on VAS in 23 patients at the first measurement. The VAS measurement was 23.9 +/- 28.4 (mean +/- SD) mm at the first time, 22.0 +/- 23.1 mm at the 4th week, and 22.4 +/- 26.0 mm at the 8th week. There was no significant change among the three measurements. Twenty among the 23 patients with VAS indicative of dyspnea at rest were categorized into grades 4 and 5 of the Fletcher dyspnea category. However, the intensity of dyspnea was distributed widely within each Fletcher category. These results lead to the conclusion that VAS shows good reproducibility over a period of as long as 8 weeks and that VAS measurements can reveal patient-to-patient individual differences in dyspnea intensity which cannot be detected by the Fletcher dyspnea category. We propose that measuring dyspnea at rest using VAS is a useful method to obtain a valid clinical parameter.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Selective suppression of resting B cell function in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus treated with cyclophosphamide.

The immunological function of patients with inactive systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) receiving chronically administered, low-dose cyclophosphamide (CY) together with prednisolone (PSL) was compared with that of inactive patients receiving PSL alone. A striking selective suppression of "genuine" resting, but not "partially" or "fully" activated, B cell function was noted in the patients receiving PSL + CY as measured by Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I (SAC)-induced proliferative responses by Percoll-separated small resting B cells of high density; the small resting B cells sedimenting in a high density fraction were more responsive to SAC in patients treated with PSL alone than those in normal controls. However, the spontaneous proliferation and spontaneous secretion of immunoglobulins by peripheral blood B cells were elevated in both the patient groups. The proliferative responses to phytohaemagglutinin and concanavalin A by T cells were not significantly different between both patient groups. The data indicate that the genuine resting B cells may be the major target for the CY effect in SLE, and thus such selective suppression may help explain the efficacy of CY and PSL together in treating SLE.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Response of the circadian system to 6 degrees head-down tilt bed rest.

The influence of simulated microgravity and reduced zeitgebers on the circadian system was examined in eight subjects. The 12-d study included a 3-d period for baseline measurements, 7 d of 6 degrees head-down bed rest, and 2 d for recovery. The sleep-wake cycle was kept constant during the study. The state of the circadian system was assessed from continuous measurements of temperature and ECG, and collections of urine at 3-h intervals for the determination of hormone and electrolyte excretions. Results indicate that only minor changes occurred in rhythm acrophases, whereas daily means for several physiological functions and their circadian amplitudes were significantly altered during the bed-rest phase. These studies using head-down tilt confirm previous findings with horizontal bed rest and indicate that rhythm disturbances can occur without change in the sleep-wake cycle. To the degree that bed-rest studies simulate manned spaceflights, results indicate that variations in circadian cycles can occur even during short-term missions and must be taken into account when interpreting subsequently obtained physiological data.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of lower limb muscles during bed rest--a microgravity simulation model.

Head-down (-6 degrees) bed rest, a microgravity simulation model in humans, leads to muscular atrophy of the lower limbs. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) at 0.5 tesla was performed at 1 year intervals on the same six volunteers (except one) before and after 1 month bed rest. Three of the six subjects were daily exposed in a lying position to LBNP (lower body negative pressure), a countermeasure to cardiovascular deconditioning (LBNP group). The groups were exchanged the second year. After bed rest, the quadriceps of the thigh lost uniformly 11% of its cross section area (CSA) and the triceps of the leg 10.5%, with 12.8% lost from the deeper soleus versus 8.5% from the gastrocnemius (p < 0.05). LBNP produced no effect on these changes. The MRI signal intensity of muscles exhibited a trend toward higher values after bed rest although without statistical significance. MRI allowing for noninvasive and reliable quantification of muscle fibers of the lower limbs is an excellent procedure for the assessment of muscle disuse and countermeasures.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of bed rest and intra-articular steroids on the acute phase response in rheumatoid arthritis.

The impact of therapeutic interventions on the disease process in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is complex. The effect on the acute phase response was studied in 25 in-patients on imposed bed rest, who were randomised to treatment with (n = 12) or without (n = 13) intra-articular steroids. C-reactive protein (CRP), ESR and IgA alpha-1 antitrypsin complex levels were measured on admission and on days 3 and 5. Levels at onset were not different between groups. At day 3 and day 5, a significant (p < 0.001) fall in CRP was seen only in the intra-articular steroid group. Other cytokine and disease parameter measures did not alter during the study period (although IL-6 and CRP correlated at onset in all 25 patients). The mean duration of the hospital stay was longer for the patients treated with bed rest only. Thus, bed rest when combined with intra-articular steroids produced a rapid systemic effect, while bed-rest alone did not have an effect on the acute phase response over this short time scale.

Acute-Phase Reaction↗