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PubMedDate not supplied

[The migration of radionuclides from global fallout in the trophic chains of biogeocenoses in arid zones].

Radionuclide (137Cs and 90Sr) content in soil, plants, terrestrial vertebrates and invertebrates has been studied in Kalmyk ASSR, Turkmenian SSR, and Great Gobi Reserve (Mongolia). The content of radionuclides accumulated by wild animals in arid zone biogeocenoses and the patterns of radionuclide migration along food chains have been estimated. 90Sr was found to be involved in biological cycles with participation of soil and terrestrial organisms 3-23 times more intensively than 137Cs.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

137Cs concentrations in lichens before and after the Chernobyl accident.

137Cs activities were measured in a variety of epigeic and epiphytic lichens in Austria before and after contamination by the Chernobyl fallout. For comparison, the activity of the naturally occurring 40K was also determined in each lichen sample. The high 137Cs activities found after Chernobyl suggest that lichens are suitable and inexpensive biological detectors of the fallout pattern.

Accidents↗
PubMed1990

[Concentration and behavior of radiocesium in higher basidiomycetes in some Kanto and the Koshin districts, Japan].

Concentration of 137Cs, 134Cs and potassium were measured in several higher fungi and in substrates, soils, woods and litters in some Kanto and the Koshin districts, Japan, following the Chernobyl accident during October to November 1989. 137Cs concentrations in fungi were in the range of 0.7-101 Bq kg-1.fresh. Maximum 137Cs level in them was observed in Boletopsis leucomelas (Pers.: Fr.) Fayod. Significnatly higher levels of concentration ratios of 137Cs in fungi to substrates (e.g.; 137Cs concentration.fresh in fungus/137Cs concentration.dry in soil), 10(-1) to 10 x 10(-1), were found nearly 10 to 1000 times as much as leaf vegetables, root crops and potatoes to substrates. It was confirmed that levels of concentration ratios of potassium were similar to those of 137Cs. In all fungi, 134Cs which released from the Chernobyl accident and is not present in nuclear weapons fallout was not detected.

Accidents↗
PubMed2006

External radiation in Dolon village due to local fallout from the first USSR atomic bomb test in 1949.

Dolon village, located about 60 km from the border of the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site, is known to be heavily contaminated by local fallout from the first USSR atomic bomb test in 1949. External radiation in Dolon was evaluated based on recent 137Cs data in soil and calculation of temporal change in the fission product composition. After fitting a log-normal distribution to the soil data, a 137Cs deposition of 32 kBq m-2, which corresponds to the 90th-percentile of the distribution, was tentatively chosen as a value to evaluate the radiation situation in 1949. Our calculation indicated that more than 95% of the cumulative dose for 50 y had been delivered within 1 y after the deposition. The resulting cumulative dose for 1 y after the deposition, normalized to the initial contamination containing 1 kBq m-2 of 137Cs, was 15.6 mGy, assuming a fallout arrival time of 3 h and a medium level of fractionation. Finally, 0.50 Gy of absorbed dose in air was derived as our tentative estimate for 1-year cumulative external dose in Dolon due to local fallout from the first USSR test in 1949.

Cesium Radioisotopes↗
PubMed1991

The radioecological consequences for lowland pastures used to fatten upland sheep contaminated with radiocaesium.

Current farming practice in upland areas of Cumbria, England, affected by Chernobyl fallout is to remove lambs to lowland pastures for fattening prior to slaughter. The radiocaesium (137Cs and 134Cs) burden of lambs is rapidly lost via excreta deposited on the pasture. This may increase the radiocaesium activities in vegetation of these pastures. Studies were performed to assess the radioecological consequences of this practice. Results obtained from experiments were used to calibrate a soil/vegetation model which was used to predict long-term radiocaesium behavior.

Accidents↗
PubMed2003

Application of fractal and morphological methods in radioecology.

Effective management of radioactive contamination requires comprehensive knowledge of pollutants' characteristics. The complicated character of the problem is due to a number of issues, such as the very wide range of contamination, the presence of a mixture of radioactive isotopes, the highly variable diffusion of radionuclides in soil, water, and air, and the effect of climatic conditions. The resultant field has an irregular mosaic structure, which restricts the choice of measurement methods and data processing. In view of this, application of classical statistics techniques is often inappropriate in modeling such an environment. Application of the tools of fractal and stochastic geometry provides a good insight and helps to distinguish between distribution characteristics of natural and man-made isotopes. Several techniques are implemented to determine scaling aspects of contaminated fields. The discovery of multifractal scaling leads to the hierarchical structure of contamination spots on different scales and intensity and places restrictions on the measurement net for detecting anomalies. The method of stochastic geometry further demonstrates that topological characteristics of contamination fields differ from those of the Gaussian fields and the topology of man-made isotopes differs from natural ones.

Air Pollutants, Radioactive↗
PubMed2006

Intercomparison of luminescence measurements of bricks from Dolon' village: experimental methodology and results from Japanese laboratory.

We have applied the thermoluminescence dosimetry technique to measure the total external dose from all the nuclear explosions in a few locations near the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site in Kazakhstan. The technique was optimized at our laboratory by fundamental study of the method of thermoluminescence dosimetry. The measured values of each sample at 10 mm depth were 248+/-102 mGy (KSD-1), 30+/-76 mGy (2(1-3)), 222+/-63 mGy (2(3-2)), 217+/-55 mGy (2(4-1)). The results are part of an international intercomparison exercise using bricks collected from the areas surrounding the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗