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PubMedDate not supplied

Religion and spirituality: influence on health/risk behavior and cancer screening behavior of African Americans.

In spite of the diversity in the principles, expression and practice, it is believed that significant improvements can occur in the health status of African Americans if health education and outreach efforts are presented and promoted through religious, spiritual and faith-based venues. Several reports published in the peer-reviewed literature address issues related to religion, spirituality and cancer control among African Americans. This growing body of literature describes outcomes of several cancer prevention and control programs designed for and conducted within the African American faith community. However, few efforts have been undertaken to examine the influence of religion and spirituality on health/risk behavior and cancer screening practices of African Americans within the faith community. This report presents the outcomes of an exploratory study undertaken to examine the influence of religion and spirituality on the health/risk behavior and cancer screening practices of African American congregants. Data suggest a need for tailored and targeted health education, outreach and programming among the targeted group of congregants focused specifically on tobacco control, diet and nutrition, exercise and physical activity, weight management, and cancer screening. The same appears to be the case relative to the need for education, outreach and programming focused on communication with primary care providers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Guidelines for school health programs to prevent tobacco use and addiction. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States. The majority of daily smokers (82%) began smoking before 18 years of age, and more than 3,000 young persons begin smoking each day. School programs designed to prevent tobacco use could become one of the most effective strategies available to reduce tobacco use in the United States. The following guidelines summarize school-based strategies most likely to be effective in preventing tobacco use among youth. They were developed by CDC in collaboration with experts from 29 national, federal, and voluntary agencies and with other leading authorities in the field of tobacco-use prevention to help school personnel implement effective tobacco-use prevention programs. These guidelines are based on an in-depth review of research, theory, and current practice in the area of school-based tobacco-use prevention. The guidelines recommend that all schools a) develop and enforce a school policy on tobacco use, b) provide instruction about the short- and long-term negative physiologic and social consequences of tobacco use, social influences on tobacco use, peer norms regarding tobacco use, and refusal skills, c) provide tobacco-use prevention education in kindergarten through 12th grade, d) provide program-specific training for teachers, e) involve parents or families in support of school-based programs to prevent tobacco use, f) support cessation efforts among students and all school staff who use tobacco, and g) assess the tobacco-use prevention program at regular intervals.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Pharmacokinetics of exogenous gonadotropin and ovarian response in in vitro fertilization.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the diffusion of gonadotropin into the follicular fluid (FF) and its relation to the results achieved in a human IVF-ET program. DESIGN: Retrospective pharmacokinetic study. SETTING: Fukuoka University Hospital, Japan. PATIENT(S): Eighty-seven infertile patients underwent 137 cycles of IVF-ET. INTERVENTION(S): Serum and FF were collected at the time of oocyte recovery. The hCG ratio (between follicular hCG and serum hCG concentrations, measured by time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay) was evaluated as an index of the diffusion of exogenous gonadotropin. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Relation between hCG ratio and the results and outcome of the IVF-ET program. RESULT(S): The hCG ratio decreased with the total dosage of hMG and increased with the serum E2 level, the number of oocytes recovered, and the number of oocytes fertilized. Patients with a poor response showed a low hCG ratio, which was associated with a complete lack of fertilization. The mean hCG ratio in the pregnant cycles was significantly higher than that in the nonpregnant cycles. An hCG ratio > 0.46 was seen in all pregnant cycles. CONCLUSION(S): The diffusion of exogenous gonadotropin into the FF may be an important predictor of IVF outcome.

Chorionic Gonadotropin↗
PubMed2003

Advances in measurement of global risk indicators in lives of court-involved youth: brief evidence for concurrent validity.

The present study reports data on the concurrent validity for the Global Risk Assessment Device, a measure of global risk indicators for a sample of 37 families of adolescents who participated in a family-based program designed to divert youth out of the justice system. Significant correlations among three domains of risk (family/parenting, substance use, and personality/behavior problems) and other measures generated preliminary evidence for concurrent validity of this global risk measure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Reversed-phase chromatographic method development for peptide separations using the computer simulation program ProDigest-LC.

A computer program, ProDigest-LC, has been developed that assists scientists in devising methods of size-exclusion, cation-exchange and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography for the analytical separation and purification of biologically active peptides and peptide fragments from enzymatic and chemical digests of proteins. ProDigest-LC accurately predicts the retention behaviour of peptides of known composition, containing 2-50 amino acid residues, and simulates the elution profiles in all three modes of chromatography. In addition, ProDigest-LC is a user-friendly program, designed as a teaching aid for both students and researchers in selecting the correct conditions for chromatography, that is, the mode of chromatography, column selection and mobile-phase selection, and has the ability to examine the effects of gradient-rate, flow-rate and sample size on the separation. The simulation capabilities of ProDigest-LC as they apply to the reversed-phase chromatography of peptides were examined. The development of the reversed-phase simulation features of the program is described, stressing the importance of peptide standards in the development, testing and practical use of ProDigest-LC. The ease of use of the program is clearly demonstrated by presenting a step-by-step procedure to produce several of the simulations illustrated in the paper. The predictive accuracy of the program was rigorously tested by its application to retention time prediction, at different gradient-rates and flow-rates, for a sample mixture containing peptides exhibiting a wide range of size (11-50 residues), charge (+1 to +8 net charge), hydrophobicity and conformation (random coil to considerable alpha-helical structure). The excellent accuracy of these peptide retention time predictions complemented the successful simulation (in terms of peptide retention times, peptide resolution, peak heights and peak widths) of the effects of gradient-rate and flow-rate on the elution profile of a mixture of closely related peptide analogues.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed2001

Drug use prevention for the high sensation seeker: the role of alternative activities.

Research demonstrating links between sensation-seeking and drug use, and sensation-seeking and participation in leisure activities suggests designing substance misuse prevention projects that encourage substituting alternative activities for drug use. The current study uses factor analysis and discriminant analysis to provide comprehensive information on the kinds of activities high-sensation seekers participate in. Factor analysis of activity participation indicates an eight factor solution. Discriminant analysis of factor scores indicates that high-sensation seekers can be discriminated from low-sensation seekers on the basis of two factors, active-adventure and conflict-combat. Implications for prevention program design are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Barriers to and need for alcohol services for women in rural populations.

BACKGROUND: This article reviews and summarizes the research on alcohol problems and issues related to alcohol services for rural women. METHODS: We discuss the prevalence of alcohol problems, help-seeking behavior and barriers to help-seeking for rural women and suggest directions for future research for rural women with alcohol problems. We also address key methodological issues in measuring rurality that must be considered when designing research on rural women. RESULTS: Little is known about these topics, specifically for rural women, and much has to be currently inferred either from studies of psychiatric disorders in rural populations, from studies of urban or suburban women, or from general research about rural life. CONCLUSIONS: Increased knowledge regarding specific issues for women with alcohol problems in rural areas, particularly about gender-specific barriers to obtaining services and gender-specific needs for particular services, will be beneficial for developing programs designed to meet the unique needs of this group of women.

Alcoholism↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Summer program for pre-matriculating nursing students.

The National League for Nursing reported in 1984 that while Black nursing students represent 15.89% of admissions to baccalaureate programs in the southern region of the United States, they represent only 8.17% of the graduating nursing students. The average percentage of enrolled Black nursing students at the Medical College of Georgia School of Nursing for 1981-85 was only 7.68%. In view of the need for minority nursing students, it is necessary to increase the number of minorities enrolled and to improve retention rates of these students. A Nursing Student Educational Enrichment Program (S.E.E.P.), a summer pre-matriculating curriculum, was developed for minority nursing students which utilized a variety of campus-wide services and was based in the School of Nursing. The S.E.E.P. nursing students attended classes with all campus S.E.E.P. students who were enrolled in other health profession classes, and also completed two courses specific for nursing students: Decision-Making and Therapeutic Communication. This article examines the development and implementation of the nursing courses, with a focus on the curriculum design, program evaluation, and program specifics.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1998

Developing patient and family education services. Innovations for the changing healthcare environment.

As the healthcare environment changes, systems that have served hospitals well for many years no longer meet the current needs of patients, families, and communities. This is particularly true with regard to health education. The authors describe an innovative learning center that offers comprehensive health education services and programs designed to empower consumers with the information and skills needed to maintain health or recover from illness or injury.

Boston↗
PubMed1980

A data validation program nucleus.

A data validation program designed for flexibility and user-modification is presented. It is assumed that the data to be validated consist of packets; i.e., groups of records with a common value in a record-linking field. Acceptance or rejection of data is on a packet basis. Individual field validation is specified by user-supplied tables. Multiple field checking and field interaction checking on both an intra-record and an inter-record basis may be specified by user-supplied subprograms. The program is written in PL/I using structured programming techniques. Further modifications such as record size and key positions are possible at pre-processor time.

Computers↗
PubMed2003

Neuromuscular training and injury prevention in sports.

Exercises that help develop neuromuscular control and increase functional joint stability are critical in conditioning and rehabilitation programs designed for injury prevention in sports. Information regarding joint movement and joint position provided by mechanoreceptors in the skin, muscles, tendons, ligaments, and joints combine with input from the vestibular and visual systems to maintain balance. Insufficient neurologic input or improperly processing that input at the spinal, brain stem, or cognitive centers can lead to an inadequate response by the motor system resulting in an injury. Therefore, it is important to include drills that enhance neuromuscular control into traditional training, conditioning, and rehabilitation programs for sports.

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMed2004

Results of Mujeres Felices por ser Saludables: a dietary/breast health randomized clinical trial for Latino women.

BACKGROUND: Data are limited on the efficacy of health-focused interventions for young, low-acculturated Latino women. Because breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the most common cause of cancer mortality in this population, combined interventions that address both early detection and dietary patterns could help reduce both morbidity and mortality associated with breast cancer in this underserved population. PURPOSE: Mujeres Felices por ser Saludables was randomized intervention study designed to assess the efficacy of an 8-month combined dietary and breast health intervention to reduce fat and increase fiber intake as well as to increase the frequency and proficiency of breast self-examination (BSE) and reduce anxiety related to BSE among Latinas. METHODS: Blocked randomization in blocks of 6 was used to randomize 256 20- to 40-year-old Latinas to the intervention (n = 127) or control group (n = 129). The intervention group attended an 8-month multicomponent education program designed specifically for low-acculturated Latinas. The control group received mailed health education material on a schedule comparable to the intervention. A total of 195 women (76.2%) completed both the baseline and 8-month follow-up interviews. RESULTS: The intervention and control groups were similar on baseline sociodemographic characteristics. At the 8-month follow up, the intervention group reported lower dietary fat (P < .001) and higher fiber intake (p = .06); a higher proportion reported practicing BSE at the recommended interval (p < .001) and showed improved BSE proficiency (p < .001) compared to the control group. BSE-related anxiety was low for both groups at baseline, and no difference in reduction was observed. CONCLUSIONS: This project provides a successful model for achieving dietary change and improving breast health behavior in young, low-acculturated Latinas.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Economic implications of bovine leukemia virus infection in mid-Atlantic dairy herds.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the baseline costs of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection, including costs of clinical disease and subclinical infection, in a dairy herd representative of the mid-Atlantic region and compare these costs with the cost of a test-and-manage BLV control program. DESIGN: Stochastic spreadsheet model. SAMPLE POPULATION: A commercial Holstein dairy herd with 100 milking cows. PROCEDURES: A spreadsheet model was developed. The overall cost of infection included the cost of clinical disease (ie, lymphosarcoma [LS]) and the effects of subclinical infection on milk production and premature culling. Model input values and distributions were designed to reflect economic conditions in the mid-Atlantic region. Relative costs of infection and control were calculated for infection prevalences of 20, 50, and 80%. RESULTS: Estimated mean cost to the producer per case of LS was 412 dollars; for a herd with a 50% prevalence of BLV infection, annual incidence of LS was 0.66. Mean annual cost of subclinical infection at a 50% prevalence of infection was 6,406 dollars. Mean annual cost of a test-and-manage control program was 1,765 dollars. The cost of clinical disease and subclinical infection varied substantially with the prevalence of infection, whereas the cost of control varied with herd size. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggested that a basic BLV control program may be economically beneficial in herds in which the prevalence of BLV infection is > or = 12.5%. Farm-specific considerations may factor prominently when weighing the costs and benefits of an individual BLV control program.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluating a yogic breathing and meditation intervention for individuals living with HIV/AIDS.

PURPOSE: To assess the effectiveness of a group program aimed at improving well-being among individuals living with HIV/AIDS. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial was used to evaluate a residential program designed to teach breathing, movement, and meditation techniques. Sixty-two participants were recruited from community HIV/AIDS organizations. Fifteen withdrawals from the study left 47 study participants. Standardized measures used were the Mental Health Index (MHI), the MOS-HIV Health Survey (MOS), and the Daily Stress Inventory (DSI), along with qualitative interviews. RESULTS: A repeated-measures analysis of variance indicated positive changes in well-being on the MHI and the MOS, where the effect was primarily seen immediately following the program and disappeared at later data points. The DSI indicated an increase in experience and impact of stress over time for the intervention group postprogram. Alternatively, the qualitative interviews described positive changes in how participants were living their day-to-day lives. CONCLUSION: In order to capture the outcomes of this program properly, both qualitative and quantitative measures are needed.

Female↗
PubMed2000

Preventive health care, 2000 update: prevention of child maltreatment.

OBJECTIVES: To update the 1993 report from the Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination (now the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care) by reviewing the evidence for the effectiveness of interventions aimed at preventing child maltreatment described in the scientific literature over the past 6 years. OPTIONS: Screening: a variety of techniques including assessment of risk indicators. PREVENTION: programs including home visitation; comprehensive health care programs; parent education and support, combined services and programs aimed specifically at preventing sexual abuse. OUTCOMES: Occurrence of one or more of the subcategories of physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect and emotional abuse in childhood. EVIDENCE: MEDLINE, PSYCINFO, ERIC and several other databases were searched, experts were consulted, and published recommendations were reviewed. Original research articles and overviews that examined screening for or prevention of child maltreatment were included in the update. No meta-analysis was performed because the range of manoeuvres precluded comparability. BENEFITS, HARMS AND COSTS: Because of the high false-positive rates of screening tests for child maltreatment and the potential for mislabelling people as potential child abusers, the possible harms associated with these screening manoeuvres outweigh the benefits. Two randomized controlled trials showed a reduction in the incidence of childhood maltreatment or outcomes related to physical abuse and neglect among first-time disadvantaged mothers and their infants who received a program of home visitation by nurses in the perinatal period extending through infancy. It is expected that a reduction in incidence of child maltreatment and other outcomes will lead to substantial government savings. Evidence remains inconclusive on the effectiveness of a comprehensive health care program, a parent education and support program, or a combination of services in preventing child maltreatment. Education programs designed to teach children prevention strategies to avoid sexual abuse show increased knowledge and skills but not necessarily reduced abuse. VALUES: The systematic review and critical appraisal of the evidence were conducted according to the evidence-based methodology of the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care. RECOMMENDATIONS: There is further evidence of fair quality to exclude screening procedures aimed at identifying individuals at risk of experiencing or committing child maltreatment (grade D recommendation). There is good evidence to continue recommending a program of home visitation for disadvantaged families during the perinatal period extending through infancy to prevent child abuse and neglect (grade A recommendation). The target group for this program is first-time mothers with one or more of the following characteristics: age less than 19 years, single parent status and low socioeconomic status. The strongest evidence is for an intensive program of home visitation delivered by nurses beginning prenatally and extending until the child's second birthday. There is insufficient evidence to recommend a comprehensive health care program (grade C recommendation), a parent education and support program (grade C recommendation) or a combination of home-based services (grade C recommendation) as a strategy for preventing child maltreatment, but these interventions may be recommended for other reasons. There is insufficient evidence to recommend education programs for the prevention of sexual abuse (grade C recommendation); whether such programs reduce the incidence of sexual abuse has not been established. VALIDATION: The members of the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care reviewed the findings of this analysis through an iterative process. The task force sent the final review and recommendations to selected external expert reviewers, and their feedback was incorporated. SPONSORS: The Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care is funded through a partnership between the Provincial and Territorial Ministries of Health and Health Canada.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Evaluation of the effectiveness of a community-based enriched model prenatal intervention project in the District of Columbia.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate an enriched prenatal intervention program designed to reduce the risk of low birth weight. STUDY SETTING: Freestanding community-based prenatal intervention project located in a poor inner-city community, serving mostly African American women. STUDY DESIGN: All women less than 29 weeks pregnant were eligible to participate. They were compared to women who lived in neighborhoods with similar rates of poverty. DATA COLLECTION: The birth certificate was the source of data on maternal age, education, marital status, timing and frequency of prenatal care attendance, parity, gravidity, prior pregnancy terminations, fetal and child deaths, and birth weight. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Thirty-eight percent of the women who delivered live-born infants in the study area participated in the program. There were no differences in low- and very low birthweight rates in the study and comparison groups. In a secondary analysis comparing participants and nonparticipants in the study census tracts, participants were at higher risk for low and very low birth weight, and they adhered more closely to the schedule of prenatal visits than nonparticipants. Low- and very low birthweight rates were lower among participants than among nonparticipants and comparison women. CONCLUSION: The Better Babies Project did not have an effect on the overall low- and very low birthweight rates in the study census tracts. This was probably due to the low participation rates and the high population mobility.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

A hypertension control program tailored to unskilled and minority workers.

PURPOSE: A comprehensive worksite health promotion program designed to reduce risk factors for cardiovascular disease among 4000 city of Birmingham employees was used to develop and implement a tailored antihypertensive educational intervention. The mean age of the underlying population was 36 years, 89% were blue-collar or unskilled workers, 50% were African Americans and 20% were female. METHODS: First, we identified barriers to hypertension control: low literacy, difficulty understanding the need for treatment of asymptomatic disease, and wide variability of health beliefs and priorities. We then tailored an educational program, which offered employees health education sessions on a variety of different topics, including heart disease, cancer, sleep disorders and back injury. All program materials focused on lifestyle changes and the need to seek medical care. This program was offered to all hypertensive workers; 130 chose to enroll, and 81 completed the program. These 81 participants were matched by age, sex, race and baseline BP with nonparticipating hypertensive workers (controls). Changes in SBP and DBP from before to after the educational program were used to evaluate the program. RESULTS: Overall, intervention participants had a decrease of 4.5 mm Hg in mean SBP (different from zero, [p = 0.03]). African American participants showed a significant decrease (7.4 mm Hg, [p = 0.004]), as did unskilled intervention participants (SBP changes = 7.7 mm Hg, [p = 0.004]). Although not statistically significant, controls showed decreases in BP in the same direction. CONCLUSION: An educational intervention tailored to the specific health perceptions and working conditions of a low literacy population is feasible, and may have a significant effect on hypertension control.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Characteristics of children selecting low-fat foods in an elementary school lunch program.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the demographic characteristics of children that were associated with the selection of low-fat entrees available in a school lunch program. DESIGN: For 5 consecutive months, we recorded student entree selections on the 46 days in which one of the two available lunch entrees was low fat (< or = 30% of calories from fat). Entree selections were tracked using a computerized meal-card system. The lunch menus did not indicate that one of the two entrees was low fat. Demographic and family characteristics were obtained from the school district's registration database and, in one school, from a household telephone survey. SETTING: A school lunch program in two public elementary schools in Bellevue, Wash. PARTICIPANTS: Students who regularly eat school lunches (N = 471). Sixty-five percent were from families with incomes less than 185% of the federal poverty level, and 49% were nonwhite. INTERVENTION: None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The proportion of days that each student selected the low-fat entree. RESULTS: Girls selected the low-fat entree more often than boys (33% of days vs 27% of days; P < .001), and the proportion of students selecting the low-fat entree increased with grade level (P = .003). Children were more likely to select low-fat entrees if a household member was known to have an elevated blood cholesterol level (P = .004). The proportion of students selecting the low-fat entree increased with maternal education level (P = .007), but children receiving free or reduced-price lunches (< 185% of the federal poverty level) chose the low-fat entree as often as those receiving full-price lunches (30% of days vs 29% of days; P = .14). There were no significant differences in entree selection among races. CONCLUSIONS: Given a choice of low-fat school lunch entrees, girls, older children, and those who had family members with elevated cholesterol levels were most likely to select these entrees. While parental education level was directly related to the selection of low-fat entrees, race and family income had little association with entree selection.

Age Factors↗