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PubMed2005

Substitution of chromosome 1 ameliorates L-NAME hypertension and renal disease in the fawn-hooded hypertensive rat.

Linkage analysis studies previously identified genetic loci associated with proteinuria and hypertension on chromosome 1 of fawn-hooded hypertensive (FHH) rats. The present studies were performed on conscious male and female rats to evaluate the influence of transfer of chromosome 1 from the Brown Norway (BN) rat to the FHH genetic background (FHH-1BN). Rats were maintained for 2 wk on 8.0% NaCl chow with NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) in the drinking water (12.5 mg/l) to induce hypertension and accelerate the onset of renal disease. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) was significantly higher in the male FHH (188 +/- 3 mmHg, n = 13) compared with the BN (121 +/- 3 mmHg, n = 8); MAP in the FHH-1(BN) was midway between the two parental strains (167 +/- 5 mmHg, n = 9). Urinary protein and albumin excretion rates in the male FHH-1(BN) (Uprot = 189 +/- 36 mg/day, Ualb = 69 +/- 16 mg/day, n = 10) were also midway between levels observed in the FHH (Uprot = 485 +/- 54 mg/day; Ualb = 206 +/- 25 mg/day, n = 13) and the BN (Uprot = 32 +/- 5 mg/day, Ualb = 5 +/- 1 mg/day, n = 8). Creatinine clearance was elevated, and the degree of glomerular damage was significantly reduced in the FHH-1BN compared with the FHH. Qualitatively similar results were obtained from female FHH, FHH-1BN, and BN rats. The present results indicate that genes contributing to l-NAME-induced hypertension and renal disease are found on chromosome 1 of the FHH rat.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Effect of muscimol and L-NAME in the PVN on the RSNA response to volume expansion in conscious rabbits.

In the present study, we have investigated whether the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) contributed to the reflex reduction in renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) normally elicited by volume expansion in the conscious rabbit. RSNA was monitored after volume expansion (Dextran 70, 2 ml/min for 30 min) in animals microinjected into, and outside, the PVN with muscimol (10 nmol), to acutely inhibit neuronal function. Because nitric oxide within the PVN inhibits RSNA, we also examined the effect of NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 20 nmol) to block nitric oxide synthase. Compared with vehicle, the reduction in RSNA elicited by volume expansion was abolished by injection of muscimol into the PVN. The effect was specific to the PVN because microinjections of muscimol outside the PVN had no effect on the response. L-NAME microinjected into or outside the PVN had no effect on the RSNA response. The findings suggest that the PVN is essential in the central pathways mediating the renal sympathetic nerve response elicited by elevations in plasma volume but that nitric oxide does not play a major role.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

NF-kappaB induction during in vivo hypoxia in dorsocaudal brain stem of rat: effect of MK-801 and L-NAME.

In the nucleus of the solitary tract, NMDA receptors are critical for the hypoxic ventilatory response while neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) modulates the late component of this response. Nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB is a ubiquitous transcription factor that increases the expression of multiple stress-activated genes. We sought to examine temporal changes in expression of NF-kappaB within the dorsocaudal brain stem of conscious rats after exposures to 10% O2. Time-dependent increases in NF-kappaB occurred with hypoxia and peaked at 60 min. Pretreatment with the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor channel antagonist dizocilpine maleate (MK-801) markedly attenuated NF-kappaB complexes during hypoxia. In contrast, after NOS inhibition with NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), although NF-kappaB was diminished in normoxia, increased NF-kappaB expression still occurred with hypoxia. Increased phosphorylation of the NF-kappaB regulatory unit [inhibitory (I)kappaB] was detected by immunoblotting and also peaked at 60 min. Phosphorylation of Ikappa-B during hypoxia was attenuated by MK-801 but not by L-NAME. Thus NMDA-receptor activation in the dorsocaudal brain stem during hypoxia elicits in NF-kappaB activity marked enhancements that are unaffected after NOS blockade.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Lichen striatus in adults or 'adult blaschkitis'?. There is no need for a new naming.

BACKGROUND: Lichen striatus (LS) is a well-known acquired linear inflammatory dermatosis. In 1990, Grosshans and Marot introduced the term 'adult blaschkitis' (AB), describing an eruption similar to LS occurring in an adult (adult LS). Does there really exist a new entity or a need for a new naming? OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: Two new cases of adult LS are described and the data from 16 earlier cases (12 AB and 4 adult LS) are reviewed. RESULTS: The analysis of 18 adult patients with an acquired inflammatory blaschkolinear eruption reveals that females are affected two times as frequently as males. The mean age at onset is 44 years, the mean duration until spontaneous cure 8.7 months. Relapses occur in 27.7%. In 78%, the eruption is localized on the trunk, in 55% on the arms and in 50% on the legs. Multilinearity is found in 100% if the eruption is on the trunk, and 61.5% if it is on the limbs. Neither clinical nor morphological differences exist between AB and adult LS. CONCLUSION: There are no convincing characteristics which justify creating a new name or even a new entity. AB may be the same as LS, a well-known acquired linear inflammatory dermatosis, which--as has been shown now--does not occur so rarely in adults. However, the etiology of this entity remains obscure.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The NO donor sodium nitroprusside reverses the negative effects on hepatic arterial flow induced by endotoxin and the NO synthase inhibitor L-NAME.

In previous studies we have observed that the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME induces a profound deterioration of liver circulation in experimental endotoxemia. Using the same porcine model we now have evaluated the possibility of modulating these effects with the nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside. Infusion of endotoxin led to a gradual deterioration of hemodynamic parameters, including liver blood flow. The decreases in portal blood flow paralleled and matched the decreases in cardiac output, and no compensatory increase in hepatic arterial flow occurred. L-NAME had detrimental effects on hemodynamics, including the liver circulation. The latter effects could, however, partially be reversed by sodium nitroprusside. Hepatic arterial flow increased from 1.9 to 7.2 ml/kg/min, with a concomitant decrease in hepatic arterial resistance from 5,364 to 1,746 dyn s/cm5 kg. A control group exhibited no significant change in either flow or resistance. The response to sodium nitroprusside was rapid and vigorous, and probably largely due to relaxation of the hepatic arterioles, and not to abatement of intrahepatic edema or plugging of the sinusoids. Furthermore, we conclude that the endotoxin-induced dysfunction of the hepatic arterial buffer response may be due to a selective inhibition of vascular endothelial function.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Local renal medullary L-NAME infusion enhances the effect of long-term angiotensin II treatment.

We hypothesized that the relatively high doses of angiotensin (Ang) II required to produce hypertension in rats were related to stimulation of renal medullary nitric oxide production, which in turn blunted reductions in medullary blood flow and the development of hypertension. Ang II was infused (5 days at 3 ng. kg-1. min-1 IV) to uninephrectomized Sprague-Dawley rats in the presence and absence of a continuous medullary interstitial NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) infusion. Renal cortical and medullary blood flows were determined with the use of implanted optical fibers and laser-Doppler flowmetry. Ang II in the absence of medullary nitric oxide synthase inhibition did not change cortical or medullary blood flow or mean arterial pressure. A threshold dose of L-NAME was determined (75 microg. kg-1. h-1) that did not produce significant short- or long-term changes in medullary blood flow and mean arterial pressure. In rats with blunted medullary nitric oxide synthase activity, Ang II infused intravenously resulted in a 30% reduction in medullary blood flow (from 1.3 to 0.9+/-0.2V) and approximately 20 mm Hg increase in mean arterial pressure with Ang II infusion over 5 days. During 70 minutes after the start of intravenous Ang II, there was an immediate reduction in medullary blood flow, with no changes in cortical blood flow or mean arterial pressure. We conclude that the relative insensitivity of rats to long-term elevations of circulating Ang II is due to the potent counterregulatory actions of the nitric oxide system, specifically within the renal medulla. The results provide novel insights of how the organism attempts to protect itself from the hypertensive effects of Ang II.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed1999

Rostral ventrolateral medulla : A source of sympathetic activation in rats subjected to long-term treatment with L-NAME.

The major aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) in the maintenance of hypertension in rats subjected to long-term treatment with N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) (70 mg/kg orally for 1 week). We inhibited or stimulated RVLM neurons with the use of drugs such as glycine, L-glutamate, or kynurenic acid in urethane-anesthetized rats (1.2 to 1.4 g/kg IV). Bilateral microinjection of glycine (50 nmol, 100 nL) into the RVLM of hypertensive rats produced a decrease in mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) from 158+/-4 to 71+/-4 mm Hg (P<0.05), which was similar to the decrease produced by intravenous administration of hexamethonium. In normotensive rats, glycine microinjection reduced MAP from 106+/-4 to 60+/-3 mm Hg (P<0.05). Glutamate microinjection into the RVLM produced a significant increase in MAP in both hypertensive rats (from 157+/-3 to 201+/-6 mm Hg) and normotensive rats (from 105+/-5 to 148+/-9 mm Hg). No change in MAP was observed in response to kynurenic acid microinjection into the RVLM in either group. These results suggest that hypertension in response to long-term L-NAME treatment is dependent on an increase in central sympathetic drive, mediated by RVLM neurons. However, glutamatergic synapses within RVLM are probably not involved in this response.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Exercise reverses peripheral insulin resistance in trained L-NAME-hypertensive rats.

Several studies have demonstrated an increase in peripheral resistance to insulin associated with hypertension. To assess the hemodynamic and metabolic effects of exercise training, normotensive and N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME)-hypertensive male Wistar rats were submitted to low-intensity treadmill exercise training for 10 weeks and compared with their sedentary controls. Blood pressure signals were obtained and processed with a data acquisition system (CODAS, 1 kHz) to evaluate mean arterial pressure, heart rate, autonomic control of heart rate, and baroreflex sensitivity. Exercise training induced a nonsignificant 6.5-mm Hg decrease in mean arterial pressure in trained hypertensive rats (163+/-9 mm Hg) compared with sedentary hypertensive rats (169.5+/-5. 5 mm Hg). The hypertensive groups showed impairment of baroreflex function in response to changes in arterial pressure compared with sedentary controls. Furthermore, exercise training improved the tachycardic response to decreasing arterial pressure and reduced intrinsic heart rate in trained control rats compared with all other groups. Sedentary hypertensive rats presented a decrease in body weight compared with normotensive animals. Basal evaluation of the glucose/insulin ratio showed increased insulin resistance in sedentary (28.4+/-3) and trained (23.5+/-2.7) hypertensive rats compared with sedentary control rats (40.5+/-3). However, the glucose/insulin ratio evaluated during the exercise session in trained rats showed an improvement in insulin resistance (54.5+/-5 for control rats and 44+/-9 for hypertensive rats). In conclusion, L-NAME-induced hypertension is accompanied by an increase in insulin resistance in rats. The improvement in peripheral insulin sensitivity during exercise and the body weight gain observed in trained hypertensive rats may support the positive role of physical activity in the management of hypertension.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Cardiovascular neural reflexes in L-NAME-induced hypertension in mice.

The mouse is the most used animal for studying the genetic basis of cardiovascular diseases. However, the mechanisms of regulation of cardiovascular function in this animal are not yet well understood. The goal of this study was to evaluate the baroreflex, the Bezold-Jarisch cardiopulmonary reflex (BJR), and the chemoreflex in mice with hypertension induced by inhibition of NO using Nomega-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester (L-NAME). Basal mean arterial pressure (MAP) measured under anesthesia (urethane, 1 mg/g IP) was significantly higher in L-NAME (400 microgram/g IP for 7 days)-treated (HT) mice (n=7) compared with vehicle-treated (NT; n=10) animals (126+/-9 versus 79+/-2 mm Hg) without differences in heart rate (HR). Baroreflex sensitivity, evaluated using phenylephrine (1 microgram/g IV) was enhanced in HT mice compared with NT mice (-9.8+/-1.4 versus -4.9+/-0.5 bpm/mm Hg). The BJR, induced by phenylbiguanide (40 ng/g IV), was significantly attenuated in HT animals (MAP, -13+/-5%; HR, -39+/-6%) compared with NT animals (MAP, -38+/-5%; HR, -66+/-2%). The chemoreflex, induced by potassium cyanide (0.26 microgram/g IV), was significantly attenuated in HT animals (MAP, +14+/-4%; HR, -8+/-2%) compared with NT animals (MAP, +29+/-4%; HR, -15+/-4%). As has been observed in rats, chronic inhibition of NO synthase in mice results in arterial hypertension. Enhancement of baroreflex sensitivity and attenuation of BJR and chemoreflex seem to be mainly caused by inhibition of NO synthesis because individual analyses did not show positive correlation between changes in these reflexes and MAP levels in the HT group.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

An electrophysiological analysis of the time course of conceptual and syntactic encoding during tacit picture naming.

A central question in psycholinguistic research is when various types of information involved in speaking (conceptual/semantic, syntactic, and phonological information) become available during the speech planning process. Competing theories attempt to distinguish between parallel and serial models. Here, we investigated the relative time courses of conceptual and syntactic encoding in a tacit picture-naming task via event-related brain potential (ERP) recordings. Participants viewed pictures and made dual-choice go/no-go decisions based on conceptual features (whether the depicted item was heavier or lighter than 500 g) and syntactic features (whether the picture's German name had feminine or masculine syntactic gender). In support of serial models of speech production, both the lateralized readiness potential, or LRP (related to response preparation), and the N200 (related to response inhibition) measures indicated that conceptual processing began approximately 80 msec earlier than syntactic processing.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Generic and trade-name antipsychotic drugs: clinical equivalence.

The clinical inequivalence of generic versus trade-name drugs has been reported for nonpsychiatric drugs but rarely for psychotropic drugs. Recent expiration of patents on some psychotropic drugs has made the evaluation of the clinical equivalence of generic versus trade-name drugs a matter of interest from methodological, sociopolitical, and economic aspects. The authors discuss these points, with emphasis on methodology, in their report of a double-blind study of the efficacy of chlorpromazine and Thorazine in the treatment of 54 acute schizophrenic patients. An analysis designed to infer the maximum possible advantage of Thorazine over generic chlorpromazine indicated that differences between the two were clinically insignificant.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Confrontation naming deficit in dementia of depression.

Unlike patients with irreversible dementia, elderly depressed patients with cognitive impairment are thought to have relatively preserved recognition, memory, and language abilities. To test this hypothesis, the authors compared memory and naming performance in elderly hospitalized patients with major depression alone, reversible dementia of depression, or irreversible dementia. All patient groups performed worse than nondemented, nondepressed control subjects on memory tasks. Patients with dementia of depression performed worse than depressed patients with normal cognition on tests of free recall, delayed recall, and verbal delayed memory but not on tests of delayed visual memory. Patients with dementia of depression and patients with irreversible dementia were severely compromised in both speed and accuracy on the confrontation naming task.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Naming and framing occupational therapy: a lecture dedicated to the life of Nancy B.

The case of Nancy B. is testimony to the importance of occupation to living and hence the importance of occupational therapy. Yet the importance of the discipline is poorly recognized. It is argued that the failure of occupational therapy to gain wide recognition is due to a problem in communicating its importance simply, easily and clearly and that the discipline needs to be named and framed in positive and powerful terms. The values on which to base this naming and framing are articulated. Based on the Occupational Therapy Values Statement, it is proposed that the discipline be framed in an Enablement Model and that, accordingly, occupational therapy be described as the discipline concerned with enabling occupational competence guided by an understanding of the individual, the environment and their interaction in determining occupational competence.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Using semantics, grammar, phonology, and rapid naming tasks to predict word identification.

This study investigated the relative importance of semantic, grammatical, phonological, and rapid naming abilities in predicting word identification in a large, representative sample of children enrolled in first through sixth grade, using correlation, factor analysis, multiple regression, and predictive outcome analysis techniques. Composite measures of these abilities were found to correlate significantly with word identification, even after controlling for the effects of nonverbal intelligence. Factor analysis indicated that the spoken language composites and the word identification composite loaded on one factor, whereas the perceptual speed composites loaded on a second factor. Multiple regression analyses showed that among younger children in the early stages of learning to read and children whose word identifying skills were below average, the phonology and rapid naming composites accounted for the most variance in predicting word identification skills. Among older children and children who were proficient in word identification, the semantics composite accounted for the most variance. The most important analyses in this study (i.e., the calculations of the sensitivity indexes, the specificity indexes, and the positive predictive values) evaluated the practical value of using the composites to predict poor word identification skills in children. To be considered practically useful, all predictive outcome values had to be .75 or greater. None of the composites studied, including an application of the double-deficit hypothesis, met this criterion. The results from this study question the accuracy and utility of using any of the abilities studied to predict which students are at risk for or have poor word identification skills.

Child↗
PubMed1992

The relationship of phonological awareness, rapid naming, and verbal memory to severe reading and spelling disability.

The present study examined the relationship of phonological awareness, naming speed, and verbal memory to the scores obtained from five tests assessing word attack, word identification, reading comprehension, and spelling skills in 54 children with severe reading disabilities (48 boys and 6 girls; M age = 9 years, 7 months). Multiple regression analyses indicated that the best predictor of achievement across the five academic tests was the Verbal Comprehension factor from the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised. Age, socioeconomic status (SES), and externalizing behavior problems were also significant predictors of achievement, depending on the academic measure. After controlling for age, SES, behavior problems, and intelligence, the phonological awareness task added significantly to the prediction of word attack, spelling, and reading comprehension scores; rapid letter naming added significantly to the prediction of word identification and prose passage speed and accuracy scores; and a word-list memory task added significantly to the prediction of word recognition scores. These results suggest that several independent processes interact to determine the extent and severity of reading problems.

Anomia↗
PubMed1993

Phonological processes, confrontational naming, and immediate memory in dyslexia.

A group of poor readers classified as dyslexic by age/IQ discrepancy criteria (n = 42) were contrasted with two clinic control groups: 56 adequate-for-age readers with attention deficit disorder (ADD) and 21 poor-for-age readers not meeting the IQ discrepancy criterion (slow/borderline group). The children (33 girls, 86 boys) ranged in age from 7.5 years to 12 years. Variables chosen for study included simple and complex phonological processing, speech rate, continuous naming speed, running memory span, serial memory span, and mental addition. Evidence is presented that the two poor reader groups are distinguishable. Unlike the dyslexic group, the slow/borderline group did not differ from the ADD group on three key measures: simple auditory phonological sensitivity, continuous naming speed, and running memory span. Stepwise regression to predict word list reading level showed that once age and verbal IQ were removed (51% of variance), these three key measures accounted for an additional 22% of the variance (R = 0.86, R2 = 0.73). The single best predictor of word list reading level was nonsense word list reading level, which was explained by the same set of five variables that explained real word reading (R = 0.77, R2 = .60). Severity of attentional problems was not linearly related to reading skill in this clinic sample.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1989

The inability to name a child.

A patient, whose presenting complaint is the inability to decide on a name for her child, is presented. A review of the literature on the significance of names is included, and comments are made on panelists from psychoanalytic and phenomenological perspectives. Management of the patient's depression is discussed.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2005

Using co-occurrence network structure to extract synonymous gene and protein names from MEDLINE abstracts.

BACKGROUND: Text-mining can assist biomedical researchers in reducing information overload by extracting useful knowledge from large collections of text. We developed a novel text-mining method based on analyzing the network structure created by symbol co-occurrences as a way to extend the capabilities of knowledge extraction. The method was applied to the task of automatic gene and protein name synonym extraction. RESULTS: Performance was measured on a test set consisting of about 50,000 abstracts from one year of MEDLINE. Synonyms retrieved from curated genomics databases were used as a gold standard. The system obtained a maximum F-score of 22.21% (23.18% precision and 21.36% recall), with high efficiency in the use of seed pairs. CONCLUSION: The method performs comparably with other studied methods, does not rely on sophisticated named-entity recognition, and requires little initial seed knowledge.

Algorithms↗