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PubMed1988

Modern family planning, sexual behavior and marriage status among women in Tanzania.

"This article looks into sexual behavior and marriage status among women attending Mother and Child Health Care clinics in Tanzania. It looks into the effects of such behavior on the marriage and suggests some policy implications, especially in relation to modern family planning methods. The data which form the basis of this article were collected [in 1987] among 244 women in two urban centers in Tanzania."

Africa↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Interrelationships between mortality and fertility in Germany: rural and urban Prussia and modern Germany.

"The paper investigates the interrelationship between fertility and infant mortality and its economic determinants by time-series methods for historical and modern Germany. It is studied whether the causal effects of infant mortality on fertility have to be considered as hoarding or replacement, and whether the costs of nutrition have an influence on family decision making about demographic variables. Results show that there are indications for replacement motives, and that economic factors matter." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND ITA)

Demography↗

PubMed1988

[Social success and reproductive success in modern societies:a socio-biological analysis].

A socio-biological hypothesis is presented that predicts a positive relation between social and reproductive success among individuals. "A detailed theoretical model of the relation is formulated, and tested by means of a review of the pertinent studies done in modern societies, where the positive relation between the two forms of success seems the less likely." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Demography↗

PubMed1991

[Contraception, abortion, and infanticide before modern vital registration].

"The author [investigated]...conscious limitations of fertility in the Czech Lands [during] the period before modern vital registration. She used three main...sources of data: the ecclesiastic literature..., medical literature and juridical literature." The data show that people did practice birth control, abortion, and infanticide despite laws and church teachings to the contrary. (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Abortion, Illegal↗

PubMed1994

Method switching and not using modern methods lead to abortions in Mauritius.

Contraceptive prevalence in Mauritius (76%) is among the highest in the world. Yet, it is estimated that each year there are some 20,000 cases of induced abortion, which is illegal in the country. A study based on a sample of 475 women admitted to three hospitals with complications due to induced abortion revealed considerable use of unreliable methods (e.g., withdrawal and natural methods), frequent method switching, and inconsistent use of modern methods. The study also found that women seeking abortion were usually under 30 years of age, and 20% of women with abortion complications were not using any method, and some 50% were using an unreliable method at the time they became pregnant. It emerged that with increasing numbers of women employed, their work schedules hindered their going to a family planning clinic and resulted in abortion being used as a back-up to contraception failure. Among the women with abortion complications, 25% had already had a previous abortion. These findings came as a big surprise to the family planning services. To discuss the findings, a national symposium was held in July, 1993. The symposium was attended by government ministers, members of parliament, and international personalities in the field of family planning. A discussion of the results of the study also took place in the National Assembly, where a motion was tabled to decriminalize abortion. The findings also facilitated, albeit indirectly, the approval of Norplant in the country.

Abortion, Induced↗

PubMed1995

[New studies on population of the North American colonies from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century and some reflections on migration in the modern age].

"In recent years, many authors worked on modern era population movements between 1492 and 1870. American scholars stressed that the settlement of the North American colonies, during [the] 17th and 18th centuries, should be considered a form of migration and should be analysed with the same tools used for the study of the great migration of the 19th century. Instead European scholars tried to pinpoint when 'old regime' migrations developed into the 'great migration'.... This review aims at presenting the most important European and American publications on this topic and points to the subjects to be developed." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND FRE)

Americas↗

PubMed1998

Changing marital and family patterns: a test of the post-modern perspective.

"Four central constructs of the post-modern perspective are extended and tested using secondary analysis of [U.S.] Census data and the NORC General Social Survey: 1972-94 data sets. The modified postmodern themes of: (1) the decline of a single universal family organizational standard, and (2) growing cultural diversity...were supported by examining changes in American family structure, attitudes toward such structural changes, and changing attitudes toward marital and family patterns over the last quarter century. However, little support was found for the greater use of, and reliance on, (3) the mass media. Mixed results were found on the fourth construct, greater variance in, and/or loss of, personal happiness or personal or family life satisfaction."

Americas↗

PubMed2002

Clinical implications of changes in the modern diet: iron intake, absorption and status.

The modern British diet contains less red meat and is lower in iron than that consumed 30 years ago. This is in spite of the fact that fortification of foods, particularly breakfast cereals, with iron has become more widespread. Although there is no clear relationship between dietary iron intake and iron status, isotope studies have identified multiple dietary factors that influence iron absorption, such as ascorbic acid, animal tissue, phytates and polyphenols. There is no evidence to suggest that current dietary changes will have a major impact on iron status in the general population; however, effects on the incidence of iron overload in individuals with HFE mutations and iron deficiency in children and premenopausal women remain to be determined.

Anemia, Iron-Deficiency↗

PubMed2002

[Modern biomechanical poroeslatic model of bone tissue. Part II--structure of pore space in cortical and trabecular bone].

In modern bone biomechanics the bone tissue is treated as a porous elastically deformed solid filled with a viscous newtonian fluid (two-phase poroelastic model) [41]. Traditional one-phase biomechanical model of bone tissue is still valid and it can be considered as an approximate model in comparison with the more realistic two-phase model of bone tissue. Hierarchical biostructure of the pore space of cortical and trabecular bone is presented, including the compartments of bone pore space after Cowin [12, 13]. Examples of clinical amplications of the poroelastic model of bone tissue such as: osteoporosis, porous coated implants, bone electromagnetostimulation in rehabilitation are indicated.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

The origin of modern plant virology.

Plant virology, born with Mayer's work, saw a first (embryonic) phase of development during two decades (1900-1920) with outstanding contributions from Dimitri Ivanovski, Martinus Beijerinck, Erwin Baur and Harry Allard. Between 1920 and 1930 a second phase saw the elaboration of surprising hypotheses concerning the enigmatic nature of viruses and experimental evidence of great stress was obtained. Revolutionary renewal began from the mid-1930s on the basis of a body of knowledge which was organically assembled into the first textbook of plant virology published by Kenneth Smith in 1933. In 1922, the geneticist Hermann Muller put forward the hypothesis that considered viruses as possible genes. The theory was resumed in an apparently independent way by Benjamin Duggar and Joanne Karrer Armstrong in 1923, who considered TMV a biocolloidal self-reproducing protein, like genes appeared to be. This hypothesis, even if neglected by virologists, anticipated by some decades the functional nature of viruses and represented the first conceptual response to virus enigma. Considerable experimental results were obtained by James Johnson, who showed that plants could be infected by different viruses and who introduced a first rational system of plant virus classification. Harold McKinney showed that TMV could mutate. Harold Storey, Kenneth Smith and Harry Severin demonstrated that several viruses could be transmitted by insects and supplied the first interpretation of the relationship between virus and insect. Mayme Dvorak and Helen Purdy obtained the first experimental evidence of the antigenic power of plant viruses. Virus purification, first tentatively accomplished with physical methods, was brilliantly performed by chemical means. Finally, Francis Holmes elaborated the first suitable test to estimate virus infectivity. The evolution of plant virology from an empirical discipline to a biological science took place thanks to the work of one group of American and English scientists who must be regarded as the fathers of modern plant virology.

History, 20th Century↗

PubMed2002

[Modern aspects in the diagnosis of pancreatic lobe and extrahepatic biliary duct neoplasms].

There were examined 385 patients with pancreatic head and extrahepatic biliary ducts tumor. Complex of diagnostic measures was proposed using modern methods: ultrasonic investigation, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, computeric tomography, magnet resonance tomography, spiral computeric tomography. Diagnostic possibilities of each method in the tumor verification and in revealing of indirect science of disease were studied up. Correct diagnosis was established in 94.3% of observations.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Beyond holding hands: the modern role of the professional doula.

This article illustrates the five main aspects of the doula's role: providing specific labor support skills; offering guidance and encouragement; assisting mothers to cover gaps in their care; building a team relationship; and encouraging communication between patient, nursing staff, and medical caregivers. The roles of both nurses and doulas are discussed, including the complementary nature of their roles, and also strategies for preventing conflict between doulas and nurses. A modern perspective on birth plans and the doula movement are included.

Allied Health Personnel↗

PubMed2002

Can modern restorative procedures and materials reliably seal cavities? In vitro investigations. Part 1.

Secondary caries, marginal discoloration and marginal gap/fracture account for a significant majority of clinical diagnoses of restoration failure and reason for restoration replacement. These failures occur at the interface between the restoration and the cavity preparation. It is an underlying belief, or at least an underlying assumption of the dental profession, that improving the seal between a restorative material and tooth structure will reduce the frequency of such occurrences, which will in turn lead to enhanced restoration longevity. This paper reviews the current status of in vitro literature regarding the ability of modern restorative materials and techniques to reliably seal cavity preparations. In addition, methodology for accomplishing in vitro research is reviewed for the purpose of elucidating trends, areas of interest and controversial topics.

Composite Resins↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Mitochondrial diseases--a new branch of the modern medicine].

The review highlights current aspects of a large group of diseases the main pathogenetic element of which is an inherited or acquired disturbance of gene expression of nuclear or mitochondrial genome encoding mitochondrial proteins. The recent data on mutant genetic loci specific to the most wide spread mitochondrial diseases are considered. The steps of pathogenesis, include the mutations of nuclear or mitochondrial genes, disturbances of mitochondrial protein synthesis, dissipation of proton membrane potential, opening of a permeability transition pore, releasing of procaspases, cytochrome c, and other proapoptotic molecules, and finally chromatin fragmentation and apoptotic cell death. We discuss the possible reasons of polysymptomatic character and different variants of mitochondrial disease manifestations on the basis of the phenomenon of mitochondrial DNA heteroplasmy and metabolic compensation of the genetic defects. Modern biochemical methods of a mitochondrial disease diagnostics: (PCR-amplification, polarographic research of mitochondrial respiration and oxidative phosphorylation, analysis and monitoring of metabolites in biological liquids) are characterized. The basic principles and perspectives of the treatment of mitochondrial diseases, (gene therapy, correction of metabolic disorders, application of antioxidants and neuropeptides) are described.

Antioxidants↗

PubMed2002

Can modern restorative procedures and materials reliably seal cavities? In vitro investigations. Part 2.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Features of the epidemiology of modern cholera].

In this review information on the spread of cholera in the world, embracing the period of the XIX and XX centuries, is presented. The detailed description of the pandemic character of cholera, including all seven pandemics, is given. The epidemiological situation in cholera is analyzed and the conclusion is made that the main regularity of the epidemic process in modern EI Tor cholera are the endemic character of the disease and its epidemic character due to the prolonged and continuous course of pandemic VII. The work points out that the epidemic process on the global level, as well as on the regional and local levels, is regulated mainly by growing activation of the international and internal movement of the population.

Cholera↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Stalking--a modern manifestation of erotomania?].

Stalking is the technical term for the systematic, excessive and sometimes offensive molestation in order to seek personal contact with a target person, mostly of the contrary sex. This phenomenon seems to have increased recently and concerns above all celebrities of several kinds. In some cases, stalking behavior can culminate in acts of violence. However, the pathological fixation onto an often unattainable person is not a modern phenomenon, since it was studied and described under the term erotomania in former centuries. The author presents and discusses the case of a young man, who displayed his stalking behavior exclusively by telephone calls.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Modern view on the short-arm centrifuge as a potential generator of artificial gravity in piloted missions.

The problem of artificial gravity (AG) in long-term missions is one of the hottest, as the existing countermeasures do not fully cope with the negative consequences of weightlessness. From two variants of AG creation--rotation of space systems around of their mass center or short radius centrifuge (SAC)--the preference is given to SAC, as technically easier variant for realization. However, the rotation of a person on SAC can cause not only positive, but also negative effects. The purpose of the present study was to perform the analysis of data of researches on a problem of AG generated by a of SAC, executed in Russia during last 20 years, and to state modern views on application of SAC as a mean of AG creation in long piloted missions.

Adaptation, Physiological↗