Radical prostatectomy and geographic and demographic variation.
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Demography↗
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Knowledge, action and resistance: the selective use of pre-natal screening among Bedouin women of the Negev, Israel.
The selective use of prenatal screening by Bedouin women attending Ministry of Health, maternal and child health clinics in Israel is examined. The data consist of a review of 537 prenatal care records, 16 in depth interviews with mothers, and four interviews with health personnel. These data are part of a larger study that took place between 1994-99 amongst Negev Bedouin women, part of the Palestinian Arab minority within Israel. The record review shows that the majority of women who attend prenatal care do not take up referrals for Maternal Serum Alpha Feto Protein (MSAFP) testing or for amniocentesis tests. Although many women interviewed talked about the value of prenatal screening, they also spoke of 'false alarms' that may result from testing. Similarly, women were aware that the socially preferred pattern of consanguinity in marriage amongst the Bedouin may cause medical problems, however test uptake was unrelated to consanguinity. There was a variety of views concerning the permissibility of terminating a pregnancy. This study shows that women use prenatal screening selectively in a way that helps them to balance social and medical risk.
Adult↗
Spouse resemblance in body mass index: effects on adult obesity prevalence in the offspring generation.
Accruing evidence indicates that mate selection is promoted by similarity in body fatness. Assortative mating for obesity may contribute genetically to the obesity epidemic by increasing the risk in subsequent generations. To test this hypothesis, the authors analyzed measured and validated questionnaire data on family members, obtained between 1987 and 2000 from 7,834 obese probands and from 829 subjects randomly ascertained from the general Swedish population. Spouse correlations in body mass index were strongest among couples with the shortest duration of cohabitation. Obesity concordance in parents was associated with an obesity prevalence of 20.1% in adult offspring compared with 1.4% if parents were concordantly nonobese (odds ratio = 18.3, 95% confidence interval: 9.0, 37.4). The prevalence was 8.2% if parents were obesity discordant (odds ratio = 6.5, 95% confidence interval: 3.2, 13.2). No association was found between rearing parents' and nonbiologic offspring's body mass index. These results agree with the hypothesis that assortative mating for obesity confers a higher risk of obesity in the offspring generation and thus contributes to the obesity epidemic. Parental obesity concordance is a strong, easily identifiable genetic risk factor that should be considered in the complex network of risk factors for obesity in designing primary prevention programs.
Adult↗
The women of the family? Speculations around early modern British physicians.
In the extensively explored areas of professionalization, domestic ideology, and the relationships between women and medicine, the debate on the British case has given little consideration to issues of identity arising for the male medical practitioner as a result of family life. For the early modern period, these issues can be seen as among a broad-ranging set of problems posed by the female gender connotations of the medical role. Such problems were most pronounced for the élite physicians who sought membership of the London College of Physicians. Their attitudes and dilemmas are important because of their influence, over the long term, on the criteria for professionalization. Using biographical data, a contrast can be shown between the dynastic ideals of physicians, which stressed the male line, and the high incidence among such physicians of celibacy, childlessness, and small families. Families of origin of physicians, on the other hand, tended to be large. Assumptions about the role of women in medical care, especially in clerical and gentry families, entail a recognition of the possible influence of female relatives on the vocations of male physicians. Given the low status of women's work, physicians developed ambivalences which affected the construction of their identities, their families, and the passing on of their skills.
Family↗
The revolution in couple therapy: a practitioner-scientist perspective.
This article offers an overview of the expanding field of couple therapy, focusing on what the author considers to be new and even revolutionary in this field. In terms of outcome research, this article suggests that differential treatment effects are discernable. Emotionally focused therapy (EFT) appears to demonstrate the best outcomes at present. The most significant differences between research studies and everyday clinical practice may be the levels of therapist supervision rather than the essential nature of clients. The manualization of treatment is also viewed positively in this review. Areas of growth are the mapping of the territory of distress, understanding the process of change, couple therapy as an effective intervention for "individual" disorders, and the integration into couple therapy of clinical research, such as the research on gender and responses in therapy, and research on adult attachment. Practitioner-scientists can contribute to this evolving field by systematic observation and by reminding researchers of the need for clinical relevance. Couple therapy is now integrating description, prediction and explanation. As a result, theory, practice and systematic investigation are beginning to create a coherent whole.
Female↗
Changing patterns of familial sociability: family members as witnesses to (re)marriage in nineteenth-century Flanders.
Based on research in three Flemish communities, the author concluded that during the course of the second part of the nineteenth century, there was an increasing trend toward choosing family members as witnesses to the marriage ceremony (of first marriages). This was interpreted as an aspect of the "familiarization" of marriage. It might also, however refer to changing family contexts and social networks, to switching roles of parents and youth, to shifting intergenerational power, and to new family situations of solidarity and conflict. In this follow-up study, the author demonstrates that the former conclusions also hold true for other Flemish regions, for all social groups, and for remarriages. It also appears that marrying people increasingly selected brothers and brothers-in-law as witnesses, rather than descending or ascending kin. These observations support the thesis of the increasing familiarization of family relations during the course of the nineteenth century.
Belgium↗
Synpolydactyly of the foot in homozygotes.
In 2002, we reinvestigated a large synpolydactyly kindred first described in 1995. It was found to have expanded with an increase in number of homozygous offspring. These homozygotes had severe hypoplasia, with synpolydactyly of their hands and feet. We present the clinical, genetic, and surgical findings of this deformity and the histologic findings of the removed bones of the heterozygous and homozygous members. There were 125 affected individuals (113 heterozygotes and 12 homozygotes) of 245 members of the past five generations. We identified seven marriages in which both spouses were affected. Twelve offspring from these marriages had homozygote genetic patterns, hypoplastic synpolydactyly of the hands, and a distinctive foot deformity, with a prominent great toe and syndactylized hypoplastic minor toes. From clinical and surgical perspectives, their hand and foot deformities were different from those of their parents. We surgically treated both feet of four individuals with this deformity, which we called "homozygote foot synpolydactyly." Clinically, the deformity consisted of a supinated prominent great toe, hypoplastic and severely synpolydactylized minor toes, and secondary problems. Radiographically, the bones were underdeveloped, unshaped, and largely fused. Abundant cartilage covering the bones was observed surgically and histologically. Genetically, analysis of HOXD13 identified a 27-base pair duplication with a homozygote pattern. The foot deformity of the homozygotes was so distinctive and complicated that it should be considered a separate foot synpolydactyly type--homozygote foot synpolydactyly.
Child↗
Changes in American A.I.D. practice during the past decade.
We conducted a survey of donor artificial insemination (AID) practices within the United States. The survey document was sent to 360 practitioners listed by national infertility organizations as performing AID. In addition, we queried 100 practices that had responded to a similar survey in 1978. AID was actually performed during the survey year by 167 of the 282 respondents. Relatively few practices (23%) inseminated more than 10 patients per month. Donor payments increased from a mean of $25 to $40 over that period. A significant increase in the use of frozen semen was found. A majority of practices (52%) used a combination of basal body temperature and urinary LH to time inseminations. The fraction of practitioners who inseminated unmarried women increased substantially since the previous survey. The maximum number of pregnancies resulting from a single donor has not changed over the decade. However, on the average, a single donor is fathering fewer children. The percentage (39%) of practices that inseminate women because of genetic disease in the husband's family has remained about the same. Records of donors and AID children were maintained by 40% of the respondents, representing no change from the previous survey. Our data suggest that as many as 23,400 infants may have resulted from AID conceptions during the survey year. Further changes in the practice of AID can be expected as a result of the 1988 federal recommendations that all donor inseminations be undertaken with cryopreserved, quarantined semen.
Congenital Abnormalities↗
Sexual behavior and contraceptive knowledge and use among adolescents in developing countries.
This article offers an overview of sexual behavior and contraceptive knowledge and use among adolescent women across a large number of developing countries. The results demonstrate that almost universally in sub-Saharan Africa and in the majority of countries in other regions, the gap between age at first sexual intercourse and age at first marriage has increased across age cohorts. The predominant pattern is one in which both age at marriage and age at first intercourse have risen, but the increase in age at marriage is greater, resulting in a widening gap. In most countries in sub-Saharan Africa, current contraceptive use is higher among sexually active, unmarried teens than it is among married teens, whereas in Latin America and the Caribbean, current-use levels are higher among married teens. The results also show that adolescents are unlikely to use a contraceptive the first time they have sex and are more likely than older women to experience a contraceptive failure.
Adolescent↗
Birth, marriage and death in illegitimacy: a study in northern Portugal.
In populations in which the frequency of illegitimacy is high, illegitimates and legitimates may be subjected to different demographic and social pressures, with social and genetic consequences. A rural population from north-east Portugal is studied and variables from birth, marriage and death records are compared according to the legitimacy of the individuals. The analysis shows important differential demographic patterns in infant and child mortality and in migration prior to and related to marriage, especially in women. Some changes over time and gender differences are also evident.
Age Factors↗
Analysis of marital structure in Massachusetts using repeating pairs of surnames.
Analysis of surnames from marriages is now a well-established method in the study of marital and genetic structure. Traditional methods of partitioning inbreeding into random and nonrandom components rely on the total number of isonymous marriages. Because this number is often low, standard errors of inbreeding estimates tend to be high. Lasker and Kaplan (1985) devised a method that circumvents this problem by focusing on the total number of repeating pairs (RP) of surnames among marriages. The observed value of RP can be compared with the value expected at random (RPr) to assess patterns of subdivision within a population. The RP method is applied here to data from 3431 marriages that took place from 1800 to 1849 in 4 Massachusetts towns. The level of excess RP [(RP-RPr)/RPr] is positively associated with population size and exogamy rate. These results indicate a tendency for greater relative subdivision in larger, more exogamous populations. One possible reason for increased subdivision is preferential marriage by social class, although adequate data are not available for a test of this hypothesis.
Consanguinity↗
Sex differences in the practice patterns of recently trained obstetrician-gynecologists.
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Gynecology↗
Small town development and urban illiteracy: comparative evidence from Leicestershire marriage registers 1754-1890.
"Based on the analysis of Anglican marriage registers for the period 1754 to 1890, the article explores patterns of illiteracy in three small Leicestershire [England] towns with contrasting economic functions. Illiteracy levels were closely related to urban occupational and social structures, which also affected distinct gender differentials. Evidence [of] the effect of literacy on age at marriage and marriage distance suggests that demographic behaviour and spatial interaction were determined more by socio-economic factors than by the possession of literacy skills. Literacy attainment, however, was linked to extended marriage distances when both spouses could sign the register."
Demography↗
Age at first marriage and fertility in rural Anhui, China.
This paper examines the changing nuptiality pattern of rural China, particularly rural Anhui in relation to the planned social changes since 1949 and their effect on fertility. The data are from the 1/1000 Fertility Survey of China, conducted by the Family Planning Commission in 1982. Before the family planning programme was introduced to rural Anhui (1972), the changing nuptiality pattern was indirectly affected by the planned social changes; after 1972, the substantial increase in age at first marriage was mainly due to the family planning programme. More recently, the centrally controlled social structure is loosening, due to the economic reform and the nuptiality pattern seems to join the 1972 trend, suggesting that the dramatic change of nuptiality pattern during the early 1970s to early 1980s was a temporary one. But its effect on fertility is clear, and the shortening interval between marriage and first birth may bring difficulties for future population control in rural China.
Adult↗
Birth seasonality in the early Spanish-Mexican colonists of California (1769-1898).
The pattern of birth seasonality in California's early Spanish-Mexican colonists between 1769 and 1898 was reconstructed using genealogical data for progeny of 657 marriages. The monthly distribution of the 3,824 births in this sample shows a strong seasonal pattern, with spring and fall peaks (corresponding to peaks in conceptions during July and February) and a low point in October. This seasonal reproductive pattern is the result of a complicated set of interactions among environmental, physiological, and cultural variables. California's strongly developed winter rainfall pattern and the 19th-century agricultural cycle clearly influenced the seasonal pattern of marriages and births in this agrarian society. Several historical processes interacted with these environmental and economic factors to transform the seasonal birth pattern of the early colonists. Through time the birth pattern becomes less variable and the birth maximum shifts from spring to early winter. This appears to be, at least in part, a result of changes in labor patterns and an increase in average parity. These data suggest a multifactorial explanation for birth seasonality, in which the timing of conceptions and births is influenced by both environmental and socioeconomic factors.
Birth Intervals↗
Spouse selection among the children of European immigrants: a comparison of marriage cohorts in the 1960 census.
"This article uses 1960 [U.S.] census data to describe patterns of spouse selection among the native-born children of European immigrants. The analysis builds on previous studies of ethnic intermarriage, but is new in that it focuses specifically on the second generation. In addition, it considers intermarriage as a multidimensional phenomenon and evaluates how the relative importance of national and educational boundaries in marriage choice has changed. Comparisons of synthetic marriage cohorts suggest that second generation European Americans marry increasingly into the native stock, they marry increasingly out of their national origin group, and the national boundaries that separate them have become weaker over time. At the same time, it is found that educational homogamy has increased across cohorts." This is a revised version of a paper originally presented at the 1991 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America.
Acculturation↗
Estimating a marriage matching model with spillover effects.
We use marriage matching functions to study how marital patterns change when population supplies change. Specifically, we use a behavioral marriage matching function with spillover effects to rationalize marriage and cohabitation behavior in contemporary Canada. The model can estimate a couple's systematic gains to marriage and cohabitation relative to remaining single. These gains are invariant to changes in population supplies. Instead, changes in population supplies redistribute these gains between a couple. Although the model is behavioral, it is nonparametric. It can fit any observed cross-sectional marriage matching distribution. We use the estimated model to quantify the impacts of gender differences in mortality rates and the baby boom on observed marital behavior in Canada. The higher mortality rate of men makes men scarcer than women. We show that the scarceness of men modestly reduced the welfare of women and increased the welfare of men in the marriage market. On the other hand, the baby boom increased older men's net gains to entering the marriage market and lowered middle-aged women's net gains.
Adolescent↗
Sociodemographic correlates of the timing of family formation in Ghana.
"Using the 1979/1980 Ghana Fertility Survey, the effects of selected social and demographic factors on the timing of marriage were examined. Among the social and demographic factors examined were education, occupation, ethnicity, religion, family structure and birth cohorts. The findings showed the existence of early and universal marriage in Ghana despite the increasing tendency to postpone it. These patterns of family formation in Ghana are influenced by socioeconomic factors such as education, wage employment and urbanization." (SUMMARY IN AFR)
Africa↗