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[Evaluation of a selective medium with dilutions for the isolation of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Haemophilus spp. in pigs].

The aim of the present research was to evaluate the efficiency of a method used to enhance the isolation of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Haemophilus spp. 134 samples of pneumonic lungs of swine were directly grown in blood agar medium, 120 of these samples were simultaneously processed by a dilution method inoculating then into a selective and enriched broth (1% poly-enriched, 5% yeast extract. 5 micrograms/ml bacitracin, 1 microgram/ml lincomycin and 1 microgram/ml crystal violet). The dilution method proved to be more efficient than the direct one.

Actinobacillus Infections↗
PubMed1994

Minimal inhibition concentrations of selected antibiotics for strains of Staphylococcus aureus.

Minimal inhibition concentrations (MIC) of gentamycin (Ge), neomycin (Neo), rifampicin (Rif), ampicillin (Amp), lincomycin (Lin), erythromycin (Ery), and streptomycin (STM) were determined by the agar dilution technique using 46, 130, 131, 125, 140, 139 and 142 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. The strains, selected from the collection of the authors' laboratory, were isolated from mammary gland secretions of cows affected with clinical or subclinical mastitis. The following ranges of MIC (micrograms/ml) were assessed for the antibiotics under study: Ge 0.125-0.50, Neo 0.06-0.50, Rif 0.0039-0.030, Amp 0.015-1.00, Lin 0.25-1.00, Ery 0.06-0.25, STM 0.50-64.0. Modal MIC (micrograms/ml) were as follows; Ery 0.125 (86%), Lin 0.5 (71.4%), Rif 0.007 (68.7%), Ge 0.25 (56.5%), STM 1.00 (54.2%), Neo 0.25 (53.8%), Amp 0.06 (41.6%). The order of efficiency expressed in MIC 90 (micrograms/ml) was as follows: Rif (0.015), Ery (0.125), Ge (0.25), Neo (0.25), Amp (0.5), STM (4.0).

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Listeriosis during pregnancy and excretion of listeria by laboratory workers (author's transl)].

The occurence of listeriosis during pregnancy in a medical technician and listeriosis in a neonate gave rise to an investigation of all laboratory workers being employed in this medical institute for the excretion of L.m. There had been no work with listeria or material containing listeria. In 11 out of 12 female employees, excretion of L.m. was observed over an extended period of time, also with a change of serotypes (see Table 1 or Fig. 1). It was supposed that frequent contact with laboratory rats could have caused the infection. However, L.m. could not be demonstrated in samples of faeces and in organs of these animals. The positive findings might be explained by the ubiquitous occurence of L.m. and the associated frequent oral intake. Of 37 strains of different serotypes isolated, the haemolysing serotypes 1/2a and one haemolysing strain of serotype 4a showed criteria of virulence, whereas the latter were missing completely in the non-haemolysing strains of the serotypes 4a and 4b (see table 4). Testing of the strains for sensitivity to chemotherapeutics showed a reduced sensitivity of serotype 4a, particulary to lincomycin, which might be used as a criterion differentiation. The good sensitivity of L.m. to trimethoprim must be emphasized (see Table 3).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

A simple method for classification of antibiotics using ion exchange resins added to agar plates.

Using two different ion-exchange resins (Dowex 50W-X4 as cation and Dowex 1-X4 as anion) added directly to assay plates seeded with Bacillus subtilis or Micrococcus luteus, the size of the inhibitory zone produced by 36 antimicrobial agents around a disc or cup was characterized into various types, such as acidic, basic or amphoteric. An increase of the inhibition zone following addition of 15% Dowex 50W-X4 was evident in penicillins except for ampicillin and penicillin-G, and polyethers. Aminoglycosides, macrolides and colistin, lincomycin, and sulphonamides on assay medium treated with Dowex 1-X4 showed a similar effect on the inhibition zone. Tetracyclines, virginiamycin, oxolinic acid and furazoridone revealed no effects on the inhibition zone with either of the resins. These antibiotics could be divided into various groups on the basis of their chemical structure. This simple and rapid method may be useful for routine laboratory testing of residual antibiotics in meat.

Anion Exchange Resins↗
PubMed1993

[Bacteriophage types of staphylococcus aureus in neonatal wards of hospitals in Gdansk region during the years 1984-1991].

Investigated 3558 strains of S. aureus were obtained from healthy newborn infants in neonatal wards. The staphylococci were classified as S. aureus on the basis of a positive coagulase test. Bacteriophage typing was performed with a basic set of phages and an additional phage (187), according to the method Blair and Williams, in RTD and RTD x 100. Additionally, susceptibility of staphylococcal phagotypes isolated in the years 1988-1991 to antibiotic from penicillin and cephalosporin groups, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, erythromycin, lincomycin and doxycycline, was determined by disc diffusion method. Among tested strains phagotypes of group II dominated. They constituted 31.3% of all present phagotypes. Second in frequency were phagotypes of group V and III (13.2% and 10.0%). Large number of staphylococci (22.9%) was typable at the same time with phages belonging to different phage groups. Tested staphylococci were highly resistant to penicillin (98.8%), ampicillin (98.9%), cloxacillin (38.6%), carbenicillin (32.6%) and doxycycline (45.6%).

Bacteriophage Typing↗
PubMed1976

Susceptibility of Streptococcus faecalis to 32 antimicrobial agents. Comparison of patterns in Poland and Federal Republic of Germany.

Two hundred and twenty strains of Streptococcus faecalis (103 isolated in Poland and 117 in Federal Republic of Germany), were tested for antibiotic-susceptibility to 32 antimicrobial agents by agar dilution technique. Most effective in vitro appeared ampicillin, penicillin G, and a combination (1:1) of penicillin and streptomycin. Partly effective were also macrolide antibiotics, trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole and five tetracyclines. Other antibiotics, including five cephalosporin derivatives, five aminoglycoside antibiotics, two lincomycins, two polymyxins, chloramphenicol and fucidin, appeared practically ineffective in vitro. Effectiveness of antimicrobials in vitro was considered on the basis of standard bioavailability of antimicrobial agents. No differences in antibiotic-susceptibility patterns of any practical significance were found, when strains isolated in Poland and Federal Republic of Germany were compared.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1993

Susceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates to various antimicrobial agents. III. Novel, inducible resistance to macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLS) antibiotics.

Resistance patterns against 25 antimicrobial agents consisting of beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, macrolides and etc. were examined for 69 strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated at Hiroshima University Hospital from July 1991 to April 1992. Regarding overall resistance (the percentage of highly and moderately resistant strains), the following antimicrobial agents were no more effective chemotherapeutics for MRSA infections (%resistance): methicillin (100), flomoxef (100), kanamycin (100), tobramycin (100), amikacin (100), isepamicin (100), gentamicin (78), dibekacin (100), ofloxacin (99), levofloxacin (99), temafloxacin (99), erythromycin (100), clarithromycin (100), tetracycline (93), minocycline (93) and fosfomycin (100). Further spread of arbekacin-resistant strain, which was isolated in April 1991, into a clinical environment could not be recognized during the period covered in the present study. All the MRSA strains were resistant either constitutively (26 strains) or inducibly (43 strains) to macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLS) antibiotics. When expression is constitutive, the strains are resistant to all MLS antibiotics. In contrast, 16-membered macrolide (i.e., jasamycin), lincomycin and mikamycin B escape resistance in the strains with a typical inducible resistance overcome in the presence of 14-membered macrolides by a translational attenuation mechanism. Three of 4 beta-lactamase-positive strains, however, can not be classified in these two resistance groups, being exclusively resistant to mikamycin B. The strains grown in the presence of any inducing MLS antibiotic became susceptible to mikamycin B even in the inducer-free culture.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1976

Multiple drug resistance in Klebsiella-Enterobacter, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa--an analysis of all-nation computer-processed data.

This last communication on the results of an one-year computer follow-up of single, double, and multiple antibiotic resistance of so-called problem bacteria in Slovakia presents computerised data on double, and important triple, quadruple and quintuple resistance of Klebsiella-Enterobacter, P. mirabilis and Ps. aeruginosa strains. Bi- and multi-resistant strains absolutely prevail in Klebsiella (more than 60% of many thousands of strains tested), P. mirabilis (90%) and Ps. aeruginosa (95%). Special strict surveillance should be imposed on these strains, namely on those coming from hospitals, and on their resistance developments concerning those few drugs which are fully (gentamicin and colistin, except for Proteus) or individually effective (streptomycin, carbenicillin, septrin, nalidixic acid). Mutual co-selectivity of bi-resistance has been identified in Klebsiella-Aerobacter toward gentamycin-colistin. Although this does not take place in Ps. aeruginosa, it is similar to the development in E. coli, and to the one-way co-selection of combined oxacillin-lincomycin resistance in staphylococci in this country. Should this co-selective trend continue, even promoted by the spread of R plasmids, it may happen that the treatment of infections caused especially by these three (or four) species will be seriously jeopardized.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1993

Problems in the treatment of urinary infections caused by Streptococcus agalactiae.

Authors have investigated the therapeutic problems in urinary infections caused by Streptococcus agalactiae in men and nonpregnant women. It is obvious from the literature that this problem has been considered mainly in pregnant women. On the basis of 86 patients (67 women and 19 men aged 14 to 81 years) it was established that the in vitro sensitivity of this Streptococcus was high (above 95%) to ampicillin, augmentin, cephalothin, lincomycin, chloramphenicol and erythromycin and 100% to rifampicin. For a successful treatment it is of great importance to establish the presence or lack of reservoirs of this infection (vagina, urethra, gastrointestinal tract). Mono- and combined antibiotic therapy was applied, as well as local treatment with vaginal lavages. Successful treatment is guaranteed by a thorough examination, identification of infection foci, including those outside the urinary system and choice of adequate individual approach to the patient. These variants are presented in detail.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Urine culture sensitivity pattern in a private laboratory setup.

During a two year study period, 6163 samples of urine among a total of 10366 miscellaneous samples received for culture, were analysed. Of these 1488 samples (24.15%) showed evidence of infection. In our study, E. Coli was found most frequently (61.40%) followed by Klebsiella (17.1%). The pattern of antibiotic sensitivity was analysed. Ciprofloxacin and Norfloxacin proved to be the most promising among the new generation of antibiotics. Results with Cloxacillin, Colistin and Lincomycin were found to be disappointing. The study serves to analyse the pattern of urinary infection in our setup and also dwells upon the emergence of strains resistant to even the newer antibiotics.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed1993

Prevention and control of nosocomial infection caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a premature infant ward--preventive effect of a povidone-iodine wipe of neonatal skin.

In early 1983 we experienced a small scale epidemic of Staphylococcus aureus coagulase type IV in the premature infants unit. Children had bacteraemia or impetigo. The microorganism was resistant to methicillin, erythromycin and lincomycin and was susceptible to tetracycline, chloramphenicol and cefmetazole. The results of coagulase typing and antimicrobial sensitivities indicated that these cases represented nosocomial infection with MRSA. The source and route of the infection were investigated, and measures were taken to prevent bacterial spread from carriers and to keep instruments and environments clean. As the source of infection was not identified, we tried wiping the body surface of the premature infants with a diluted IsodineR solution (10% povidone-iodine; 1:100 dilution) in order to prevent colonization of the microorganism on the body surface. As a result, no additional MRSA infection occurred in the premature infant unit. During the subsequent 6 years of frequent surveys of carriers and wiping the appropriate body surface with diluted IsodineR solution we have had no recurrence of MRSA. None of the premature infants wiped with IsodineR solution showed any objective abnormalities, although laboratory testing disclosed an elevated blood iodine level and a transient mild reduction of T4 in some infants.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1993

Actinomyces pyogenes: susceptibility of 103 clinical animal isolates to 22 antimicrobial agents.

Actinomyces pyogenes induces suppurative diseases in ruminants and many other animal species. Most of the earlier antimicrobial susceptibility data has been obtained by disk diffusion techniques. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 22 antibiotics for 103 strains of A pyogenes of animal origin were determined by agar dilution test (Mueller-Hinton agar supplemented with 5% sheep blood). All the strains were susceptible to penicillin G, amoxicillin, methicillin, cephalothin, cefoperazone, pristinamycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, spectinomycin, chloramphenicol, vancomycin, novobiocin and rifampin. Fifty-nine percent were resistant to streptomycin, 67% to tetracycline, doxycycline and minocycline, 12% to erythromycin, spiramycin and lincomycin. Most of the strains resistant to macrolides and lincosamides exhibited a constitutive MLS(B)-like phenotype. In the cultural conditions used, it was not possible to determine accurate MIC of fucidic acid and pefloxacin.

Actinomyces↗
PubMed1993

Detection of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in the porcine upper respiratory tract as a complement to serological tests.

Attempts were made to isolate Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae from the nasal cavities and tonsils of 442 healthy pigs from 15 herds. Samples were streaked onto different media formulations. Serum samples were assayed for antibodies to A. pleuropneumoniae by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and complement fixation test. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae was isolated from the nasal cavities only in 24 pigs, from tonsils only in 90 pigs, and from both the nasal cavities and the tonsils in 11 pigs. A PPLO medium supplemented with lincomycin, bacitracin and crystal violet allowed recovery of A. pleuropneumoniae from more animals than a tryptic soy agar medium from both sites. Incubation of plates in an enriched CO2 atmosphere did not affect the recovery rate. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae belonging to serotypes 1, 2, 3, 5a, 5b, 7, 8, 10 and 12 were isolated, and, in several herds, more than one serotype were recovered. Serotypes of A. pleuropneumoniae were isolated from nine herds which were found seronegative to these. The isolation of A. pleuropneumoniae from the upper respiratory tract can be useful for detection of carrier pigs and complements serological screening.

Actinobacillus Infections↗
PubMed1993

[Effect of antibiotics on autochtonous intestinal E. coli population in SPF mice and on planktonic phase isolates].

Representatives of different groups of antibiotics were tested on the autochtonous Escherichia coli of mice being in biofilm mode of growth, as well as on their isolates in planktonic phase. Aminoglycoside antibiotics, chloramphenicol, oxytetracycline, erythromycin, lincomycin-clindamycin, and polymyxins showed a very reduced effectivity on Escherichia coli embedded in the biofilm matrix. On the other hand, beta-lactam antibiotics were equally effective both for sessile and planktonic bacteria. Derivates with broader, or broad spectra showed an increased biofilm activity. Testing the possibilities of penetration or concentration on mouse colonic pieces exposed to 2 Minimal Bactericidal Doses--polymyxin B showed no sign of penetration into the colonic mucus, while 2.9% of streptomycin and 60% of the exposed quantity of carbenicillin was detected in the intestinal mucus. Ampicillin, however, has concentrated about three-four times in the intestinal matrix.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1993

Resistance to the antimicrobial agents of bacteria isolated from non-sterile pharmaceuticals.

The in vitro antimicrobial resistance of 391 bacterial strains isolated from 389 samples of oral and topical medicaments was examined. The numbers of strains isolated (and percentage of samples that present them) were: 234 Bacillus (32.1%), 79 Staphylococcus (13.6%), 46 Micrococcus (11.3%), nine Pseudomonas (1.5%), eight Acinetobacter (1.5%), five Enterococcus (1.2%), three Alcaligenes (0.8%), two Escherichia and Enterobacter (0.5%), one each Providencia, Serratia and Streptococcus (0.2%). Gram-positive bacteria were isolated from topical and oral medicaments and Gram-negative rods were detected only in topical medicaments. The 97.4% of Bacillus strains were resistant to lincomycin and B. cereus was resistant to beta-lactam and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole. Staphylococcus spp. showed a high percentage of resistant strains to ampicillin (51.8%), tetracycline (40.5%) and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (48.1%). Staphylococcus epidermidis had the highest number of multiresistant strains. The 23.9% of Micrococcus strains were resistant to colistin. Enterococcus and Streptococcus strains showed multiresistance to penicillin G, aminoglycosides and erythromycin. The 61.5% of Gram-negative rod strains showed multiresistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and erythromycin; Pseudomonas spp. were the most resistant.

Bacillus↗
PubMed1996

[Antibacterial therapy in the combined treatment of periodontitis].

The sensitivities of clinical strains of obligate anaerobic bacteria, isolated from the periodontal pouches of patients with generalized periodontitis, to antibiotics, quinolone drugs, and metronidasole were studied. The minimal suppressing concentration (MSC90) of ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and antibiotics gramicidin C, eritromicin, lincomycin, levomicetin, and trichopol for sensitive strains of Porphyromonas, peptostreptococci, and fusobacteria ranged from 5 to 10 mg/ml. Among the bacteria and actinomyces studied the highest percentage of resistant strains was noted for abactal and tarivid, and the minimal for gramicidin C and eritromicin. Actinomyces were little sensitive to quinolone derivatives.

4-Quinolones↗
PubMed1995

[Antibiotic sensitivity of hospital strains of Staphylococcus].

Seven hundred and six clinical strains of Staphylococcus spp. isolated in different cities of the former USSR in 1986-1992 were investigated. It was shown that the isolates had multiple drug resistance. The hospital strains of Staphylococcus aureus more frequently contained the plasmids with the molecular weight of 21.0 and 18.0 MD as well as the plasmids with the molecular weight of 1.4 MD determining erythromycin resistance. The plasmids with the molecular weight of 3.0 and 2.6 MD were detected which determined streptomycin and tetracycline resistance respectively. Lincomycin and carbenicillin resistance was determined by the chromosomal genes. The elimination studies demonstrated that gentamicin resistance could be determined by the extrachromosomal genes.

Cross Infection↗
PubMed1995

[Biological characteristics and antibiotic sensitivity of Acinetobacter strains].

Fifty Acinetobacter strains were investigated. Their differentiation according to the species position showed that 30 strains belonged to A. calcoaceticus and 20 strains belonged to A. lwoffi. It was found that the Acinetobacter strains had multiple drug resistance. They showed 100 per cent resistance to ampicillin, carbenicillin, erythromycin, methicillin, oxacillin, tetracycline, oleandomycin, streptomycin, rondomycin and lincomycin. According to the results of the study the most efficient antibiotics were cefazolin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime and polymyxin. The Acinetobacter hospital strains contained conjugative plasmids of different incompatibility groups. 50 per cent of the Acinetobacter strains contained conjugative R plasmids determining the resistance to streptomycin, kanamycin and tetracycline and referring to the T, J, M and N incompatibility groups. Their molecular weights were 42.0, 35.0, 30.0 and 50.0 MD respectively.

Acinetobacter↗