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At least 1,765 records · Page 98Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

The political economy of workers' health and safety.

The paucity of social science research on workers' health and safety (WHS) is noted and a framework based on class struggle within the capitalist political economic world-system is suggested. It is hypothesized that the historical and current strengths of workers' movements within nation states will largely determine the adequacy of provisions for WHS. This hypothesis was generally confirmed through field studies in Sweden, Finland, the German Democratic Republic, the Federal Republic of Germany, the U.K. and the U.S.A. However, one key aspect, the linkages between the general health services, especially at points of first entry (sometimes inappropriately referred to as primary health care, PHC) and WHS are highly problematic in all systems. Workers and their representatives, as well as concerned WHS and public health workers should develop greater awareness, concern and understanding of this PHC-WHS problem as well as other aspects of WHS.

Europe↗
PubMed1989

Why some countries have national health insurance, others have national health services, and the U.S. has neither.

This article presents a discussion of why some capitalist developed countries have national health insurance schemes, others have national health services, and the U.S. has neither. The first section provides a critical analysis of some of the major answers given to these questions by authors belonging to the schools of thought defined as 'public choice', 'power group pluralism' and 'post-industrial convergence'. The second section puts forward an alternative explanation rooted in an historical analysis of the correlation of class forces in each country. The different forms of funding and organization of health services, structured according to the corporate model or to the liberal-welfare market capitalism model, have appeared historically in societies with different correlations of class forces. In all these societies the major social force behind the establishment of a national health program has been the labor movement (and its political instruments--the socialist parties) in its pursuit of the welfare state. In the final section the developments in the health sector after World War II are explained. It is postulated that the growth of public expenditures in the health sector and the growth of universalism and coverage of health benefits that have occurred during this period are related to the strength of the labor movement in these countries.

Capitalism↗
PubMed1991

Nurse appraisal systems: characteristics and effectiveness.

The present research surveyed Directors of Nursing regarding characteristics and effectiveness of their nurse appraisal systems. Results indicated that perceived effectiveness was influenced by process rather than technical characteristics of the system. Implications of the survey findings for the design and maintenance of a nurse appraisal system are discussed.

Employee Performance Appraisal↗
PubMed2006

Restructuring home care in the 1990s: geographical differentiation in Ontario, Canada.

Through exploring the geographically differentiated effects of restructuring on the work of home care practitioners, labor process change is found to be spatially specific. It is through examining the spatiallity of labor process change that the differential impacts of health care restructuring on human health care resources can be determined. This has implications for human health care resource availability and service provision, which is particularly an issue for medically under-serviced regions. The restructuring approach, together with regulation theory, is used in this paper as tools for exploring the effects of health care reform on the local labor process. Both quantitative and qualitative data collected from home care practitioners in Ontario (Canada) show that the general trends in labor process change (work transfer down the home care hierarchy, increased time constraints, and enhanced job stress) are being similarly experienced, while shedding light on specific local differences. Findings show two working life factors to be differently experienced across the size of the place in which practitioners live and work. Two representative localities provide a closer examination of local differences in labor process change via the examination of local service cultures, local institutional practices, and local practitioner advocacy. The two sites are Sault Ste. Marie, located in northern Ontario's medically under-serviced northern health region, and Guelph, found in the province's well-serviced southern region.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Compliance with restrictions on sale of indoor tanning sessions to youth in Minnesota and Massachusetts.

BACKGROUND: Minnesota and Massachusetts require parental permission, for persons younger than 16 or 18 years of age, respectively, for indoor tanning. OBJECTIVES: This report examines business practices and characteristics associated with sales of indoor tanning to underage girls. METHODS: Fifteen-year-old girls tried to purchase an ultraviolet tanning session in 200 indoor tanning businesses in the Minneapolis-St Paul and Boston areas without parental consent. Business characteristics were recorded. Later, businesses were interviewed by telephone about their facilities and practices. RESULTS: Eighty-one percent of businesses sold a session to an underaged buyer on at least one of two tries. Illegal purchases did not differ by state. Businesses least likely to sell were larger, dedicated to indoor tanning, required employee certification, and had a minimum age of sale for their business. However, businesses in each of these categories still sold tanning sessions to underaged adolescents at 44% to 62% of the visits. Employees who requested parental consent or age identification almost never sold a session. LIMITATIONS: Businesses in Minnesota and Massachusetts only were included. CONCLUSION: Minnesota and Massachusetts laws specifying a minimum age of sale for indoor tanning are ineffective.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Safety teams. Government and business organizations want them and use them, but are they legal?

BACKGROUND: Safety teams have become a popular means to recognize and prevent injuries in the workplace. In fact, organizations, such as OSHA, NIOSH, NIEHS, DOE, and the Ohio BWC, not only encourage safety teams, but have implemented them in their organizations. However, safety teams may not be legal as defined by NLRB Act Sections 2(5) and 8(a)(2). OBJECTIVE: To determine whether safety teams are illegal labor organizations. METHODS: A review of government regulations, safety programs, and safety teams was performed to create a framework of what types of safety programs/regulations are requested and/or required by a variety of government agencies. Next, these requirements were compared to existing case law on illegal labor organizations as defined by the NLRB. RESULTS: Most safety teams and programs, even those implemented by the Federal Government, are illegal labor organizations as defined by NLRB Act Sections 2(5) and 8(a)(2). CONCLUSIONS: The Federal Government needs to amend existing legislation and develop a revision of the NLRB Act that would allow safety teams to function legally in organizations without having to meet intrusive, constricting guidelines that may inhibit the value of safety teams. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: Organizations must be aware that safety teams may be valuable in reducing job-related accidents and injuries but they may be illegal labor organizations.

Government Agencies↗
PubMed2001

Worksite tobacco control programs: the role of occupational health.

Worksite tobacco control initiatives face a crucial challenge: the growing occupational disparity in smoking prevalence. Blue-collar workers are more likely to be smokers than workers are in white-collar jobs. Blue-collar workers also experience a high prevalence of hazardous exposures on the job. Given these multiple risks, it is imperative that successful comprehensive programs be developed to promote and protect the health of blue-collar workers. Although evidence is still accruing about the efficacy of workplace interventions integrating tobacco control and occupational health, it is possible to identify promising intervention strategies by drawing on the preliminary evidence on effective worksite interventions. The effectiveness of worksite tobacco control interventions will be enhanced when coordinated interventions aim to promote cessation among individual smokers, build social support for quitting and social norms that support non-smoking, engage management in assuring a healthy work environment, involve workers' families in non-smoking initiatives, and provide links to community and public policy initiatives that support tobacco control as well as a broader effort promoting worker health.

Health Promotion↗