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At least 1,765 records · Page 98Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Object-oriented modeling and terminologies for drug contraindications.

There is no available standardized representation of contraindications that can be used in drug knowledge bases. In this paper, an object-oriented representation of contraindications is proposed that would allow computerized checking of drug prescription safety. It distinguishes four types of contraindications: pathological state, physiological state, findings of investigation procedures, and diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. The vocabulary usable for expressing the contraindications appropriate for automated prescription checking was also investigated. ICD10 (International Classification of Diseases, tenth revision), SNOMED III (Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine), ICPC (International Classification of Primary Care), and ATC (Anatomic Therapeutic and Chemical Classification) were studied as potential sources of standardized vocabulary. A system to support entering data on contraindications into a drug knowledge base, compatible with the proposed structure and using the identified vocabulary sources, is also presented.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of low levels of cadmium and lead on cognitive functioning in children.

Hair cadmium and lead content were related to intelligence tests, motor impairment assessments, and school achievement scores from 149 children aged 5 to 16 yr enrolled in rural Maryland public school systems. Hair cadmium and lead were significantly correlated with both intelligence scores and school achievement scores, but not motor impairment scores. Significant relations with I.Q. were obtained after regressing out demographic factors and were observed, even in children within a normal I.Q. range. Evidence of different effects of cadmium and lead on cognitive development was obtained. Hierarchical regression analyses suggest that cadmium has a significantly stronger effect on verbal I.Q. than does lead and that lead has a stronger effect on performance I.Q. than does cadmium.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Intellectual quotient and environmental exposure to low doses of lead].

The effects of low-level lead exposure on children's intelligence quotient (IQ) were investigated in 64 Sardinian adolescents (13-16 years old). To estimate potential early adverse effects on the Central Nervous System (CNS) due to very low-level lead, the Intelligence Quotient (IQ) of adolescents with present blood lead concentrations (PbB) generally below 10 microg/dl was measured. We analyzed blood lead concentration and individual IQ of 32 Sardinian children living in Portoscuso, a town 2 Km far from a lead smelter, and of other 32 controls living in S. Antioco, a town about 15 Km far from the same smelter. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Revised (WISC-R) was administered. The relation between IQ and blood lead concentration was estimated by linear multivariate models adjusting for several potential confounders, such as the educational and socio-economic level of the parents. The blood lead concentration was in average significantly higher in the Portoscuso group compared to controls. The linear model applied to the total population studied (n 64) showed that the blood lead concentration was inversely and significantly associated with IQ, with an extrapolated decline of 1.29 points in total IQ for each microg/dl increase of lead blood concentration. According to the recent scientific literature on this topic, results of our pilot study suggest the need to further lower the blood lead concentration for children to a threshold significantly below 10 microg/dl, value till now considered "safe" for the children's CNS.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Requirements for an on-line knowledge-based anatomy information system.

User feedback from the Digital Anatomist Web-based anatomy atlases, together with over 20 years of anatomy teaching experience, were used to formulate the requirements and system design for a next-generation anatomy information system. The main characteristic of this system over current image-based approaches is that it is knowledge-based. A foundational model of anatomy is accessed by an intelligent agent that uses its knowledge about the available anatomy resources and the user types to generate customized interfaces. Current usage statistics suggest that even partial implementation of this design will be of great practical value for both clinical and educational needs.

Anatomy, Artistic↗
PubMed1992

Initial results for automated computational modeling of patient-specific electromagnetic hyperthermia.

Developments in finite-difference time-domain (FD-TD) computational modeling of Maxwell's equations, super-computer technology, and computed tomography (CT) imagery open the possibility of accurate numerical simulation of electromagnetic (EM) wave interactions with specific, complex, biological tissue structures. One application of this technology is in the area of treatment planning for EM hyperthermia. In this paper, we report the first highly automated CT image segmentation and interpolation scheme applied to model patient-specific EM hyperthermia. This novel system is based on sophisticated tools from the artificial intelligence, computer vision, and computer graphics disciplines. It permits CT-based patient-specific hyperthermia models to be constructed without tedious manual contouring on digitizing pads or CRT screens. The system permits in principle near real-time assistance in hyperthermia treatment planning. We apply this system to interpret actual patient CT data, reconstructing a 3-D model of the human thigh from a collection of 29 serial CT images at 10 mm intervals. Then, using FD-TD, we obtain 2-D and 3-D models of EM hyperthermia of this thigh due to a waveguide applicator. We find that different results are obtained from the 2-D and 3-D models, and conclude that full 3-D tissue models are required for future clinical usage.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed1984

NASA's Exobiology Program.

The goal of NASA's Exobiology Program is to understand the origin, evolution, and distribution of life, and life-related molecules, on Earth and throughout the universe. Emphasis is focused on determining how the rate and direction of these processes were affected by the chemical and physical environment of the evolving planet, as well as by planetary, solar, and astrophysical phenomena. This is accomplished by a multi-disciplinary program of research conducted by over 60 principal investigators in both NASA and university laboratories. Major program thrusts are in the following research areas: biogenic elements; chemical evolution; origin of life; organic geochemistry; evolution of higher life forms; solar system exploration; and the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI).

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed1980

Osteoglophonic dwarfism.

A ten year old South African girl of mixed ancestry presented with gross facial abnormalities and dwarfism consequent upon a bizarre skeletal dysplasia. The main radiographic features were craniostenosis, fibrous dysplasia, metaphyseal lucencies and platyspondyl. Intelligence was normal and there were no systemic ramifications. The term "osteoglophonic dwarfism" is a succinct and apt designation for this remarkable disorder.

Bone Diseases, Developmental↗
PubMed1986

Prevalence of activity limiting chronic conditions among children based on household interviews.

According to data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) over two million children under 17 years (3.8%) are afflicted by chronic conditions that cause some limitation of activity. The limitations range from complete inability to attend school for school age children or inability to engage in play for preschoolers to limited ability to engage in athletics or other social activities. Analysis of micro data from the NHIS reveals that the leading causes of activity limitation include: respiratory diseases; speech, special sense and intelligence related impairments; and mental and nervous system disorders. Together these conditions account for 50% of all childhood activity limitations. Despite their small numbers, children with activity limitations are reported by the NHIS to consume a disproportionate share of health care resources, including over twice as many physician services and over seven times as many hospital services as other children. Household interviews appear to be a useful vehicle for assessing prevalence of activity limitations but researchers and others should be cautioned about the subjective nature of the activity limitation concept.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2026

Insecticidal peptides as sustainable tools for future agriculture.

The increasing global human population and the intensification of agriculture present unprecedented challenges for pest control. The escalating resistance of pests to conventional synthetic insecticides, coupled with ecological and health concerns, underscores the urgent need for innovative and sustainable management approaches. Insecticidal peptides, due to their structural diversity, molecular specificity, and biodegradability, are emerging as promising candidates for the development of next-generation bioinsecticides. This strategic roadmap synthesizes recent advances in peptide architectures, ranging from pore-forming scaffolds to designs targeting enzyme inhibition and mimicking neuroendocrine actions, with a focus on the molecular mechanisms underpinning their selectivity and efficacy. By integrating structure-function insights with translational frameworks, we identify critical knowledge gaps and propose a pathway toward biotechnological tools, including bioinspired synthesis, artificial intelligence (AI)-guided peptide engineering, and nanodelivery systems for controlled release. Our analysis positions peptide-based insecticides at the forefront of sustainable agriculture, with the potential to minimize off-target effects, reduce environmental impact, and enhance crop resilience in the face of global change.

Agricultural biotechnology↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The Interplanetary Internet: a communications infrastructure for Mars exploration.

A strategy is being developed whereby the current set of internationally standardized space data communications protocols can be incrementally evolved so that a first version of an operational "Interplanetary Internet" is feasible by the end of the decade. This paper describes its architectural concepts, discusses the current set of standard space data communications capabilities that exist to support Mars exploration and reviews proposed new developments. We also speculate that these current capabilities can grow to support future scenarios where human intelligence is widely distributed across the Solar System and day-to-day communications dialog between planets is routine.

Communication↗
PubMed1992

Continuous collection of pulse oximetry data: a new, inexpensive, portable computerized method.

The availability of reliable pulse oximetry equipment has led to interest in identifying patterns of hypoxaemia in the postoperative period. Methods for the computerized collection and analysis of pulse oximetry data have been described, but these require continuous use of a relatively powerful computer system throughout both the monitoring (data collection) and analysis periods. We have designed a technique which uses a small, portable and relatively inexpensive computer unit for data collection, after which the data may be transferred to a more powerful computer for analysis. Appropriate programming and choice of software have produced a relatively "user friendly" system which can be operated successfully even with minimal computing experience. The unit has the potential to be modified to form the basis of a "medical advice system" which could be used for the "intelligent" monitoring of high risk patients.

Humans↗
PubMed2005

In vitro accuracy of a novel registration and targeting technique for image-guided template production.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of a novel registration and targeting technique for image-guided template production (IGTP) in a preliminary phantom study. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Registration of four standard dental stone casts with integrated target pellets to the corresponding computed tomography (CT) data was performed via a vacuum mouthpiece and an external reference frame (Medical Intelligence GmbH, Germany). Using the Treon navigation system (Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) a surgical path with the entry in the centre of the dental crown and the target in the centre of the target pellet was planned on the CT data. An aiming device was adjusted according to the planned trajectory and guided drillings into the dental stone casts. The accuracy was evaluated on postoperative 3D-CT data. RESULTS: The mean fiducial registration error as given by the registration software was 0.4 mm. One hundred and twelve navigated drillings showed a mean accuracy [xy] of 0.42+/-0.26 mm (maximum 1 mm). For the z-axis, a mean accuracy [z] of 0.25+/-0.12 mm (maximum 0.6 mm) was found. CONCLUSIONS: Comparing the presented registration technique to existing registration methods in IGTP and burr tracking, no radiographic and registration templates are needed. The procedure is easy and requires only minimal effort. Navigation-controlled drillings could be performed with an accuracy that approaches the intrinsic navigation system's accuracy, a fact that warrants its use for surgical template production. Further accuracy studies of template-guided drillings are necessary before the presented registration technique can be implemented for patient treatment.

Calcium Sulfate↗
PubMed1985

Central nervous system morbidity following an initial isolated central nervous system relapse and its subsequent therapy in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

The frequency and types of major CNS toxicity and morbidity were analyzed in 107 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) following an isolated primary CNS relapse. Seventy-nine (73%) have had multiple subsequent marrow or CNS relapses requiring intensive and prolonged therapy to the CNS. Median survival time is two years. Of these 79 patients, two thirds have had one or more types of major CNS toxicity, including epileptiform seizures (35), moderate to severe structural abnormalities (24 of 27 evaluated), major motor disabilities (9), blindness (2), CNS infection (6), cranial nerve palsies (2), and intracranial lymphoma (2). The remaining 28 patients (26%) have had no or one additional CNS relapse and have received therapy for a median of eight years. One half of this surviving group of patients have had major CNS toxicity, including seizures (9), major motor disability (2), and intracranial calcifications (12/19). When neuropsychologic evaluations were compared between the 28 survivors and 50 of their contemporaries who had been in initial continuous complete remission, the CNS survivors had significantly lower Full Scale IQ scores (83 +/- 16 v 99 +/- 14, P = less than .001) with similarly lower measures of academic performance. The relative contributions of meningeal leukemia itself and intrathecal or radiation therapy to these effects cannot be determined. Since major CNS sequelae occurred in the majority of patients who had a primary isolated CNS relapse, and the frequency of CNS relapse is dependent on the efficacy of the method of CNS prophylaxis, the best method of avoiding major CNS sequelae is the most effective form of CNS prophylaxis.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1997

Of red planets and indigo computers: Mars database visualization as an example of platform downsizing.

The last decade has witnessed tremendous advancements in the computer hardware and software used to perform scientific visualization. In this paper, we consider how the visualization of a particular data set, the digital terrain model derived from the Viking orbiter imagery, has been realized in four distinct projects over this period. These examples serve to demonstrate how the vast improvements in computational performance both decrease the cost of such visualization efforts and permit an increasing level of interactivity. We then consider how even today's graphical systems require the visualization designer to make intelligent choices and tradeoffs in database rendering. Finally, we discuss how insights gleaned from an understanding of human visual perception can guide these design decisions, and suggest new options for visualization hardware and software.

Computer Graphics↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The new economy is stronger than you think.

Many policy makers at the Fed contend that the new economy is a fragile bubble--and that with the "irrational exuberance" of the capital markets, the sky is going to fall on the U.S. economy. That couldn't be further from the truth, according to William Sahlman. As long as the government doesn't interfere, he argues, the economy is sturdy, resilient, and raring to grow. The new economy is strong for several reasons. First, it is based on a business model that works. Any business system that relentlessly drives out inefficiency, forces intelligent business-process reengineering, and gives customers more of what they want will be sustainable. Second, it is built on America's admiration for entrepreneurs and its tolerance for failure, not to mention its easy access to capital. Third, the new economy is attracting the best and brightest minds in the country. And finally, says Sahlman, the new economy is strong because it is spreading. It may be primarily an American phenomenon now, but in a few short years it will start to show its effects everywhere, making the whole world a more productive place. Still, Sahlman believes, the road ahead is not without potholes and sharp curves. But that is what the new economy is all about, he maintains--companies attacking the status quo and entrenched players, companies experimenting to find new technologies that improve or replace earlier ones. Such activity presents no cause for alarm. The economic, social, and cultural factors undergirding the new economy are rock solid. It's simply a matter of letting them stand.

Capital Financing↗
PubMed2001

Using all the evidence: towards a truly intelligent National Health Service.

In order to become a truly intelligent organisation, the health service needs to make much greater use of the wealth of evidence about effectiveness which its day-to-day activities can potentially provide. Evidence comes in many forms. Each context of health care has its own best configuration of forms of evidence (e.g. process and outcome) and ways of feeding evidence back to staff to help improve effectiveness. A strategy for creating a truly intelligent NHS will involve better routine data systems and more widespread skills in analysing and interpreting data to generate evidence. The single most important key to generating better evidence is getting staff committed to structured recording of clinical data as a valued part of the process of delivering care.

Data Collection↗
PubMed2003

[Introduction to medical data mining].

Modern medicine generates a great deal of information stored in the medical database. Extracting useful knowledge and providing scientific decision-making for the diagnosis and treatment of disease from the database increasingly becomes necessary. Data mining in medicine can deal with this problem. It can also improve the management level of hospital information and promote the development of telemedicine and community medicine. Because the medical information is characteristic of redundancy, multi-attribution, incompletion and closely related with time, medical data mining differs from other one. In this paper we have discussed the key techniques of medical data mining involving pretreatment of medical data, fusion of different pattern and resource, fast and robust mining algorithms and reliability of mining results. The methods and applications of medical data mining based on computation intelligence such as artificial neural network, fuzzy system, evolutionary algorithms, rough set, and support vector machine have been introduced. The features and problems in data mining are summarized in the last section.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1987

The short-time articulation index.

In this paper we introduce the concept of the short-time articulation index. This is a procedure for calculating a time-varying articulation index from data on a block-by-block basis. The short-time articulation index can be used to give a running measure of the speech intelligibility for an adaptive noise-cancellation system as it converges. We present an algorithm for calculating the short-time articulation index and give some examples of its use.

Acoustics↗