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PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of calculus accumulation in tube-fed, mentally handicapped patients: the effects of oral hygiene status.

A group of fifteen tube-fed mentally handicapped subjects were compared with a similar group of fifteen nontube-fed subjects to determine the rate of calculus formation during a 60-day period of intensive oral hygiene care. The findings indicate that calculus formation is significantly more rapid in the tube-fed group, although the oral hygiene levels of the tube-fed group were superior. Nearly half (48%) of this calculus accumulated within the first 3 weeks. The calculus accumulation for both groups was lower than that indicated in a previous study where oral hygiene was poor.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Colour vision and spectral sensitivity in children with visual handicaps.

In children with a visual handicap, colour vision testing may provide additional cues to diagnosis. Some information is given by pseudo-isochromatic plates. More informative are the arrangement tests, especially the Panel D-15. These tests can be used also in cases with severely reduced visual acuity. In suspected achromatopsia, the scotopic spectral sensitivity can be revealed by the D-15 test, the anomaloscope, or measuring the spectral sensitivity.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1977

The handicapped child population in South Australia in 1975.

A survey of 2,212 handicapped children was conducted in South Australia to provide basic information so that a dental service could be planned. The prevalence of various specified conditions is presented for both single and combined disabilities. The distribution of the various conditions between the sexes has been analysed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

The dental care of handicapped children in South Australia.

Sixty-two per cent of handicapped children had a dentist willing to provide treatment; 55 per cent and 41 per cent were examined and were treated at least annually. Approximately 58 per cent were reported by their guardians to be manageable in general dental practice. Treatment was provided under general anaesthesia for 29 per cent of the children, although 39 per cent were considered by their guardians to require this procedure. Factors related to type and frequency of dental treatment are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Some reflections on the work of the Committee for the Dental Care of Handicapped Children (N.S.W. Branch).

The history of the committee for the Dental Care of Handicapped Children (N.S.W. Branch) is presented. There is some discussion on the difficulties of establishing just how many children there are, the concern of members of the profession and many people involved with their every-day care for their dental health, the results and some conclusions arrived at from questionnaires forwarded to voluntary organizations and dentists, the need for the involvement of dental educators, the difficulties encountered in the actual implementation of the concept, the task of the Dental Services Division and the Government Anaesthetic Service of the Health Commission of New South Wales in allocating manpower resources, and, finally, some inferences to be drawn as a result of being involved in the scheme.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

National policy and situated meaning: the case of Head Start and the handicapped.

Recent amendments to the Economic Opportunity Act required Head Start programs to increase the number of "handicapped" children to ten percent of those served. Using an interactionist perspective and participant observation data from 30 programs, this paper discusses the effect of the legislation on local programs, the process by which official rates of deviance are produced, and the manner in which mandates from the national level alter situated meaning. Implications for theory and policy are suggested.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1976

The value of integrating handicapped and nonhandicapped preschool children.

A conceptual and empirical framework is suggested to promote the development of handicapped preschool children through involvement with nonhandicapped peers. The need for systematically designed interaction is stressed, and related to research on peers as agents of change. Two studies are offered as examples of the effectiveness of nonhandicapped children as educational and therapeutic resources. A framework for future research is discussed, and relevant variables are identified.

Attitude↗
PubMed1978

Improving teenage attitudes toward children, child handicaps, and hospital settings: a child development curriculum for potential parents.

The recent increase in teenage pregnancies increases the risk of of low-birth-weight premature infants born to young mothers. Facilitative child-rearing practices, aimed at overcoming effects of perinatal stress, are being taught to middle-grade students before they become parents. Students participating in the program score higher than controls on measures of positive attitudes toward and knowledge of normal and handicapped children, hospitals, and child development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Cognitive assessment of the handicapped infant: the need for an alternative approach.

Traditional developmental protocols based on neurological or sensorimotor models frequently underestimate the cognitive status of physically handicapped infants. A critical review of current clinical practices in the area of infant assessment is followed by a discussion of an alternative approach and the presentation of an illustrative case.

Cerebral Palsy↗
PubMed1978

Leisure skill programming for severely and profoundly handicapped persons: state of the art.

The purpose of this paper was to (1) review the current research available in leisure skill programming for severely and profoundly handicapped persons; (2) summarize the gaps in knowledge and point to new programming directions in recreation skill development; and (3) outline leisure skill competencies which teacher trainees must develop. In reviewing the leisure skill studies which have been conducted over the past seven years, a descriptive analysis of subject characteristics, teaching procedures, response measures, and generalization/maintenance strategies in each study was provided. The principle areas which were then identified for future programming included recreational skill sequences, self-initiated free play and toy preference evaluation. A statement of 15 recreation programming competencies was devised as a set of guidelines for preparing teacher trainees in leisure skill programming.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Sensory and social reinforcement of head-turning in a profoundly retarded multiply handicapped child.

Head-turning by a nine-year-old multiply handicapped profoundly retarded child (highest item passed on the Mental Scale of the Bayley Infant development test: 2.6 months; highest item passed on Motor Scale of Infant development test: 0.1 month) was reinforced by a variety of potential reinforcers: auditory; vibratory; social; visual. In addition various elicitation and shaping procedures were employed. Relative to base-line performance only visual reinforcement produced a substantial increase in head-turning. This finding is discussed in terms of the compatibility of operant and reinforcer and is related to the recent literature on constraints and predispositions in learning. The extent to which visual reinforcement also had eliciting effects is considered and further experimental controls and operations described.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1997

A three- to six-year follow-up of former long-stay residents of mental handicap hospitals in Northern Ireland.

OBJECTIVES: Little is known about the first cohorts of long-stay hospital residents with learning disabilities who moved to the community. This study describes the pattern of residential reprovision for all former long-stay residents discharged from the three mental handicap hospitals in Northern Ireland between 1987 and 1990 (N = 283) as well as describing aspects of quality of life for a smaller sample of people. METHOD: The study employs a retrospective survey design and the method and findings are discussed within a quality of life framework. Information about destinational outcomes between 1987 and 1993 was collected for each former resident. Several instruments were also used to assess material, emotional and social well-being and development and activity for a 40 per cent sample of people (114/283) discharged from hospital during 1987-1990 and followed up in 1993. RESULTS: Approximately 70 per cent of residents were discharged to, and subsequently remained in, highly supported settings such as residential and nursing homes. Only 3 per cent were discharged to 'independent living' with their own families or foster families. Few of the sample had 'major' problems with daily living skills and serious behavioural problems were uncommon. Former patients were also more satisfied with their new homes and reported feeling happier, healthier and more independent since discharge. However, social networks were poor and there was no evidence to suggest that people were undertaking new or 'ordinary' daytime activities. CONCLUSION: Although the material needs of former hospital residents (many of whom may have been 'cream skimmed' from the long-stay population) appeared to be met and they were content with their new homes in the community, they had a limited choice of mainly private sector accommodation and few opportunities for personal and social development.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1986

Change in adaptive behaviour of severely and profoundly mentally handicapped adults in different residential settings.

A demographic sample of 28 severely and profoundly mentally handicapped adults with a mental age of four years and below were assessed on Part 1 of the Adaptive Behavior Scale (ABS) at three points 18 months apart. The Griffiths Mental Development Scales and Reynell Developmental Language Scales were also conducted at the first and last assessment points. The subjects were resident in either a small community-based home, the parental home or other residential institutions. The small-home group showed the greatest adaptive behaviour change particularly in the areas of independent functioning, domestic skills and self-direction and on the scale total. Although reservations are expressed on the accuracy of assessment, the ABS data and the comparative result received some validation from the mental age and language assessments. Gains were independent of subject characteristics. The study adds to the literature showing adaptive behaviour gains arising from transfer from institutional to more normal residential environments. However, in attributing the results found to the general characteristics of the residential settings, the explicit programming emphasis of the small-home service should not be overlooked.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

The music therapy of an anorectic mentally handicapped adult.

Where words fail, music may be a medium through which to explore one's inner world and experiences. Psychodynamic approaches have helped us to understand what it means to be handicapped (e.g. Sinason, 1992). The subtleties of diagnosing anorexia nervosa have recently been recognized in this group (e.g. Cottrell & Crisp, 1984). Music therapy has been used with clients of normal intelligence who have eating disorders (Nolan, 1989; Sloboda, 1993; Smeijsters & van den Hurk 1993). This article illustrates the music therapy of a woman with Down's syndrome (IQ = 50) and anorexia nervosa. It describes her management and progress in music therapy in relation to her external world and anorectic behaviours.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Long term observation on beta-hemolytic streptococci in institutions for handicapped preschool children. Streptococcal Diseases Study Group].

Studies on beta-hemolytic streptococci have been carried out in 2 institutions for handicapped preschool children during the last nine-year period from 1985 to 1993. These studies were based on continuous throat cultures, 4 to 12 times a year, from 244 children including Down's syndrome and mentally retarded children in K-institution (K), and from 134 including cerebral palsy and other cerebrospinal disorders in H-institution (H). A significant difference (p < 0.05) was demonstrated in the isolation rates between K (11.1%) and H (6.4%). In K, isolation rates of beta-hemolytic streptococci ranged from 0 to 43.5%, showing a higher rate in winter (16.5%) than in summer (6.6%), and elevated-isolation rates of homologous types were demonstrate four times during the study period; i.e., type T12 in '87, type T28 in '88, type T1 in '90 and '92. In H, on the other hand, no higher rates (as to group A) were observed in winter or summer. In relation to disorders of children, the rates were 12.6% in Down's syndrome (mean age 2.7y), 10.0% in mentally retarded children (3.9y) and 6.4% in cerebral palsy or others with cerebrospinal disorders (3.3y). Down's syndrome, the youngest group, revealed the highest isolation rate of beta-hemolytic streptococci. In only two cases isolated hemologous types detected were over two times continuously.

Child, Institutionalized↗
PubMed1998

[An outbreak caused by hepatitis A virus in an institution for the mentally handicapped--detection of hepatitis A virus RNA using CTAB method].

The prevalence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) antibody in people has decreased from year to year in Japan. A sequential outbreak occurred in an institution for the mentally handicapped people in Chiba City in the summer of 1995. Eight people were infected including 7 residents and one staff member. We tested to detect antigen in fecal samples by ELISA and PCR for early diagnosis for hepatitis A infection. Four sera and 5 feces were obtained from 5 patients between 2 and 8 days after the onset of symptoms. The anti-HAV IgM was found to be positive in 4 sera examined. The HAV antigen was detected in 3 out of 5 feces using ELISA. An existence of inhibitor in 2 negative specimens against the ELISA was suggested by the recovery test of added antigen. HAV RNA was extracted by CTAB method from feces and detected in 4 our of 5 specimens in PCR amplification and in all of 5 specimens in nested PCR amplification. The sequence of PCR products in the P1/P2 junction of the HAV genome revealed that the virus associated with the outbreak belongs to HAV subgenotype IA. HAV RNA was detected in ELISA negative specimens and in the specimen from a patient 2 days after the onset of symptoms using PCR amplification by CTAB method. These results indicate that PCR amplification was useful for the early diagnosis of hepatitis A infection.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1976

Hepatitis B infection in health care personnel of an institution for mentally handicapped children and adults.

The health care personnel (HCP) of an institution for the mentally handicapped were serially tested for the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBSAg) and antibody over a period of 1.5 years. HBSAg was present in 1.8% and anti-HBS in 20.8% of HCP. The prevalence of seropositive HCP appeared to be related to the age and the prevalence of seropositive residents cared for by the HCP. The occurrence of seropositivity was higher in the HCP who cared for children under 15 years of age, who demonstrated a high prevalence of HBSAg or anti-HBS. Although the prevalence of HBSAg-positive subjects was 4- to 8-fold lower in HCP than in residents, the degree of seroconversion in susceptible seronegative HCP and residents was strikingly similar. These observations suggest that HCP working in a closed institutional setting are at considerable risk of contacting hepatitis B infection.

Adult↗