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PubMedDate not supplied

Interactions of diuretics with a neutral temperature-responsive polymer: study by capillary electroporesis and dynamic light scattering.

Interactions between diuretics and a recently synthesized temperature-responsive neutral copolymer, poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPA) grafted with poly(ethyleneoxide) (PEO) (PNIPA-g-PEO) were investigated by capillary electrophoresis and dynamic light scattering (DLS). At ambient temperatures, the copolymer takes an open, random coil conformation, but above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST), the polymer shrinks and forms large, stable aggregates. Among the diuretics studied, hydrochlorothiazide was detected to bind to PNIPA-g-PEO.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Diuretics and dopamine for the prevention and treatment of acute renal failure: a critical reappraisal.

The efficacy of diuretics and dopamine in preventing and treating acute renal failure (ARF) is still debated, although these drugs are widely used in clinical practice. The present review addresses this debate providing an update on available data. There are very few well controlled and sufficiently large trials testing these agents in different ARF clinical settings, with either a preventive or a curative goal. Unfortunately, most findings rule out any favourable effects of diuretics, mannitol, atrial natriuretic peptides, and dopamine. In fact, at least in some clinical conditions, they can even worsen the risk of ARF or aggravate its course.

Acute Kidney Injury↗
PubMed2002

[Urine levels of thiamine and riboflavine in diuretic therapy of patients with cardiovascular diseases].

Diuretic therapy entails decreased plasma concentrations of thiamine and riboflavine. Vitamins eliminated with urine more rapidly when diuresis accelerates. This process is not related to diuresis cause. A linear relationship exists between diuresis intensity and amount of eliminated thiamine and riboflavine. Thus it is shown that diuretic therapy provokes thiamine and riboflavine elimination from the body.

Diuretics↗
PubMed1975

[The mechanism of the diuretic action of chlorazicin].

Diuretic and natriuretic action of chloracizine in rats was not associated with its direct influence on the kidney and was accompanied by increase in the plasma volume, by a fall of the hematocrite index and of the total plasma proteins. A study of endogenous creatinine and of osmotic-free water clearance showed the diuretic action of chloracizine to be mainly due to the increase of glomerular filtration and to reduction of the relative proximal reabsorption.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Hyponatremia caused by thiazide diuretics: be aware of drug combinations which enhance this effect].

In 3 patients, two women aged 88 and 82 and a man aged 76, the consciousness became disrupted due to a severe hyponatraemia, after a thiazide diuretic had been combined with another drug without laboratory control. After a change in medication, the laboratory values and the patients' conditions normalised. Severe hyponatraemia is a well known but rare complication of thiazide therapy. It has a significant mortality and morbidity rate. The risk is greater for elderly women. This effect on serum sodium can be enhanced by the use of other drugs like furosemide, carbamazepine, paroxetine and NSAIDs. That a patient uses a thiazide is sometimes overlooked when a combined preparation of other drugs is prescribed. Diuretic serum electrolytes should be monitored once treatment with thiazide has been started, especially in elderly patients taking other drugs.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Physiotherapy in correction of proatherogenic shifts in long-term administration of beta-blockers and thiazide diuretics].

A physiotherapeutic complex (laser therapy, dry carbon dioxide and iodine-bromine baths) addition to a course treatment with beta-blockers and thiazide diuretics produced positive changes in the levels of triglicerides, total cholesterol, beta- and alpha-cholesterol, lipid peroxidation in patients with proatherogenic shifts in the lipid spectrum and lipid peroxidation system secondary to long-term therapy with beta-blockers and thiazide diuretics, and therefore can be used for partial correction and prevention of the above shifts.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed1992

[The loop diuretic bumetanide as a tool in physiology and pharmacology].

Loop diuretics are derivatives of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid, which derived originally from sulfonamides. Their diuretic effect is due to the inhibition of the Na-K-Cl-cotransport system in the distal part of Henle's loop. The compounds react with different affinity with the chloride binding site of the transporter. Bumetanide is among the most potent blockers with an IC50 of 0.2 microM. The compound was developed by P. W. FEIT, 1971; the saluretic response was described first by H. H. FREY 1972. Bumetanide has outgrown to become a tool for physiologists and pharmacologists in renal transport research. The compound has essentially contributed to the elucidation of the mechanisms of volume regulation of cells. Bumetanide is taken up into tubule cells and hepatocytes by active transport. The uptake in tubule cells ist mediated by an organic anion transporter, which is involved in the renal secretion of drugs. In the liver bumetanide is transporter by the bile acid carrier. The carrier is a multispecific drug transporter, too. It is not yet known, whether both drug transport systems contain identical membrane proteins. For this purpose bumetanide is currently used to investigate by photoaffinity labeling and functional expression cloning molecular principles of the drug elimination in kidney and liver.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[The indications and need for diuretics in pregnancy].

The authors take into consideration specific cases of pregnancy with remarkable oedema caused by cardiac insufficiency, gestosis, pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. They emphasize that in these conditions and in other similar ones use of diuretics cannot be precluded. They report the case of a pregnant woman with severe cardiac insufficiency and considerable oedema observed at the Obstetric Clinical of Rome University. Thanks to diuretic therapy, the pregnancy could be followed through to full term.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Drugs ototoxicity. Part II. Loop diuretics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antineoplastic and antimalarial drugs ].

Ototoxicity has been recognized since the 1800, when it was learned that quinine and acetylsalicylic acid provoked dizziness, tinnitus and hearing loss. Beside above mentioned other drugs also have joined the list of ototoxic substances: aminoglycoside antibiotics, loop diuretics or antineoplastic drugs. In this review pharmacological and toxicological properties of potentially ototoxic drugs, such as loop diuretics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (salicylates), antineoplastic and antimalarial drugs are presented. Pathophysiology and postulated mechanisms causing drug-induced ototoxicity are also discussed.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal↗
PubMed1992

Alleviation of the heat load on lactating goats with the use of diuretics and drinking cool water.

The effect was studied of different heat loads connected with the application of diuretics and of 10 to 15 degrees C drinking water on the milk production and some related physiological parameters of 19 Egyptian Baladi goats under experimental conditions. The increase in heat stress increased the respiration rate, rectal temperature, and serum prolactin concentration significantly, while it significantly decreased the milk production, the content of alkaline, and acid phosphatases creatinine, urea, red blood cells, and haemoglobin concentration. The diuretic Thiameterine and cool drinking water under hot conditions improved the milk yield and had a positive effect on the physiological status of the animals, especially their blood composition. The higher mill production by the goats (14.7% in the experiment) is attributed to the increased feed uptake caused by the treatments.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

The effect of diuretics on red blood cell microrheological parameters in female hypertensive patients.

This study was designed to examine changes of hemorheological parameters and red cell aggregation particularly in essential arterial hypertension subjects receiving antihypertensive diuretic therapy. Fifty six female subjects were enrolled in this study. Thirty seven subjects (group I) were treated for four weeks with Hydrochlorothiaszide (25 mg/day); Nineteen patients (group II) were infused with dose of furosemide 40 mg i.v. Both prior to and following drug treatment for four weeks and four hours after furosemide infusion hemorheological measurements included plasma viscosity; hematocrit, total plasma protein, red cell rigidity index (Tk) and RBC aggregation indices. In addition to this protocol the erythrocytes of patients of group II were incubated with furosemide (0.03 mM; for 30 min at 37 degrees C) to study a direct furosemide effect on red cell aggregation. Treatment and infusion with each of the two drugs significantly (p<0.05) reduced blood pressure in both groups. However, the hemorheological effects of hydrochlorothiaszide therapy were not significant. The effect of furosemide infusion and red cell incubation with it led to significant RBCA elevation. These results thus suggest that the rheologic effects of saluretic diuretics therapy were not significant. Single furosemide infusion and using it in vitro resulted in strong effect of red cell aggregation increase.

Blood Viscosity↗
PubMed2005

Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and diuretic activity of Polygonum lanatum Roxb.

The hexane (PLH), ethyl acetate (PLE) and methanol (PLM) extracts of dried whole plant parts of Polygonum lanatum Roxb. (Family, Polygonaceae) obtained by successive cold extraction, were subjected to evaluate anti-inflammatory, analgesic and diuretic activity in experimental animals. Oral administration of either PLH and PLM at a dose of 300 mg/kg body weight showed statistically significant (p < 0.001) inhibition of rat paw edema by 41.09% and 30.15%, respectively, which was comparable to that of standard drug phenylbutazone (42.15%). Compared to the inhibition of acetic acid-induced writhing by aminopyrine (69.94%, p < 0.001), treatment with either PLH, PLE or PLM elicited significant inhibition of acetic acid-induced writhing reflex by 44.80% (p < 0.001), 33.87% (p < 0.01) and 62.29% (p < 0.001), respectively. In addition, mild to potent diuretic activity was observed after oral administration of these extracts in Swiss albino mice.

Acetates↗
PubMed2006

[Diuretic effect of an infusion of the herbal plant, Salvia scutellarioides, in rats].

INTRODUCTION: In the Colombian traditional medicine, an infusion made of the entire plant Salvia scutellarioides (known locally as mastranto or oreja de perro (dog's ear)) is used for its antihypertensive and diuretic effects. However, experimental studies have never been done to validate the reported effects. OBJECTIVE: In the current study, a rat model was used to determine the effect of S. scutellarioides on rat diuresis and urinary electrolytes concentration. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were distributed in four groups: Group 1--normal saline solution, Group 2--furosemide (10 mg/kg), Groups 3 and 4 with S. scutellarioides infusion, 1 g/kg and 2 g/kg respectively. All treatments were administered in a volume of 25 ml/kg of rat weight. After treatment, the rats were placed in a metabolic cage for 6 hours. During this period, urinary excretion was monitored and quantified. At the end of 6 hours, the urinary electrolyte concentrations were measured. RESULTS: The administration of S. scutellarioides at doses of 1 and 2 g/kg produced a significant increase in diuresis when compared to the control group (p < 0.01). The administration of S. scutellarioides at these doses also increased the urinary excretion of potassium and chloride. CONCLUSIONS: These results corroborate the apparent diuretic activity of S. scutellarioides described by traditional herbalists and possibly explains its reported antihypertensive effect. Further studies are required to determine the pharmacological and toxicological profile of the plant.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

A comparison of the efficacy and safety of ramipril and digoxin added to maintenance diuretic treatment in patients with chronic heart failure.

The efficacy and safety of ramipril were compared with that of digoxin in a prospective, randomized, double-blind, crossover study of 35 patients with congestive heart failure (CHF), New York Heart Association (NYHA) grades II to IV, stabilized on diuretic maintenance therapy. Major assessments were conducted at baseline and at the end of each 10-week treatment period: primary efficacy variables were total exercise duration (modified Bruce, treadmill), NYHA grade, and clinical signs and symptoms (by visual analogue score) of heart failure. Twenty-seven patients completed the study. There were two deaths (one on each study drug) and six patient withdrawals (one on ramipril and five on digoxin). Although the NYHA grade was significantly better on ramipril than on digoxin, there were no other important differences in the relief of either signs or symptoms of heart failure. A significant order effect was observed with the exercise testing data and therefore only data in the first active treatment period were analyzed; no significant differences were noted. There were fewer reports of adverse effects, and no clinically significant episodes of hyperkalemia or renal impairment on ramipril. We conclude that ramipril seems to be better tolerated and marginally more effective than digoxin in the management of patients with moderate to severe chronic CHF, stabilized on maintenance diuretic therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Diuretic agents related to indapamide. IV--Synthesis and pharmacological activity of N-(4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzamido)-methyl-phenyl-pyrrolidines and N1-(4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoyl)-N2-aryl- or aralkyl-alkyl-hydrazines.

A series of N(4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzamido) derivatives (6 a-c, 10, 11, 12), structurally related to indapamide and isoindapamide, were synthesized and tested for their diuretic and saluretic activity. In addition, the antihypertensive activity of the most interesting term trans 6a was studied on spontaneously hypertensive rats. All tested compounds with the exception of 10 showed diuretic activity comparable to or higher (trans 6 a) than that of indapamide, taken as reference drug. The antihypertensive activity of trans 6 a was comparable to that of indapamide in potency, but its onset of action was slower.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Metabolic adverse effects of thiazide diuretics: the importance of normokalaemia.

It has been suggested that the failure of thiazide therapy, administered to treat high blood pressure, to prevent coronary heart disease is related to the metabolic adverse effects of these drugs. The almost consistent observation of reduced serum potassium and total body potassium associated with diuretics appears to be of clinical importance. It may cause not only an increased risk of cardiac arrhythmias but also impaired glucose tolerance and abnormal lipid metabolism, while replacement of potassium has been shown to eliminate the risk of arrhythmias as well as thiazide-induced hyperglycaemia. The effect of the thiazide-induced short-term changes in serum lipids is unclear. Present experience suggests that thiazide-induced impairment of glucose tolerance is due to both reduced glucose-stimulated insulin release and increased peripheral resistance to the action of insulin. The blunted initial response of the pancreatic beta-cells to glucose is clearly dependent on serum potassium, and may cause postprandial hyperglycaemia during most of the day and night. This hypothesis is supported by the observation of enhanced glucose and insulin levels after an overnight fast, as well as 60-120 min after glucose challenges. Increased average levels of insulin may eventually cause down-regulation of cellular insulin receptors, i.e. insulin resistance. It is also conceivable that elevated insulin levels may cause hypertriglyceridaemia and possibly other abnormalities of lipid metabolism. Some recent observations indicate that the prognosis in treated hypertensive patients improves if both blood pressure and cholesterol levels are successfully controlled. We therefore emphasize the importance of normalizing serum potassium when using diuretic-based therapies in the treatment of hypertension.

Benzothiadiazines↗
PubMed1990

[Do clinical parameters exist that permit predicting the need to combine a diuretic with captopril in the initial treatment of essential arterial hypertension?].

In the present work the clinical, biological, radiological, electrocardiographic and hormonal characteristics are analyzed in 51 patients suffering mild essential hypertension, in whom treatment with captopril in monotherapy or associated to chlortalidone managed to normalize arterial pressure and maintained the pressure control during a period of one year. Captopril in monotherapy at a dose of 50 to 150 mg/day normalized blood pressure in 34 patients (66.7%) while in the remaining 17 patients (33.3%) the association of 25 mg of Chlortalidone was required. When comparing the subgroup of patients whose blood pressure levels were controlled with captopril as the only used drug (Group A) against those who required the association with diuretics (Group B), we could only observe significant differences regarding the blood pressure level and cardiothoracic index, being these higher in the group of patients who required pharmacologic association. We conclude that only the severity of hypertension allows to predict the necessity of associating a diuretic to captopril in order to obtain the control of blood pressure levels.

Adult↗