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At least 1,765 records · Page 98Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

[A new saikosaponin from Bupleurum chinense DC].

Bupleurum chinense DC. is a well-known and very important traditional Chinese drug. It is often used to treat common cold with fever, alternating chill and fever, feeling of fullness and oppression in the chest. A new saikosaponin was isolated from Bupleurum chinense DC. and its structure was identified as 3-O-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl (1-->3)-beta-D-fucopyranosyl]-3 beta, 16 alpha, 23, 28-tetrahydroxy-olean-11, 13 (18)-dien-30-oic acid 30-O-[xylityl(1-->1)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-6-ester on the basis of chemical and spectral evidence. In addition, three known saikosaponins were isolated and characterized as saikosaponin 1, 2"-O-acetyl-saikosaponin b2 and 2"-O-acetyl-saikosaponin a. All the compounds were isolated from Bupleurum chinense DC. for the first time.

Bupleurum↗
PubMed1998

[Isolation and structure of 6'-O-caffeylerigeroside from Erigeron multiradiatus].

The plant, Erigeron multiradiatus (Wall.) Benth(Family: Compositae), is a perennial herb distributed abundantly in the mountainous area of the southwestern part in China. It is used in folk medicine for the treatment of common cold, panting cough, rheumatic, enteritis and toothache. In this paper, we report a new glycoside named as 6'-O-caffeylerigeroside isolated from Erigeron Multiradiatus (Family: Compositae) together with four known compounds. The known compounds were identified as pyromeconic acid(I), scopoletin(II), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid(III) and vanillic acid(IV). The structure of 6'-O-caffeylerigeroside was elucidated as gamma-pyrone-3-O-[6"-(3',4'-dihydroxy-cinnamoyl)]-beta-D-glucoside(V) on the basis of chemical evidence and spectral data.

Asteraceae↗
PubMed2002

Decongestant activity of a new formulation of xylometazoline nasal spray: a double-blind, randomized versus placebo and reference drugs controlled, dose-effect study.

Xylometazoline hydrochloride is an imidazoline derivative commonly used in topical application to relieve nasal congestion associated with acute or chronic rhinitis, common cold, sinusitis and hay fever or other allergies. To reduce the negative effects on the mucosal defensive mechanism, a new formulation of xylometazoline (Rhinostop) with inactive preservatives and hyaluronic acid (HA) was studied. The most appropriate concentration of xylometazoline and its decongestant activity in the new formulation were investigated in a double-blind, dose-effect study. The new formulation at three different concentrations of xylometazoline (0.025%, 0.05% and 0.1%) was compared with a placebo formulation, three equivalent aqueous solutions containing xylometazoline (without HA) and a reference formulation, containing benzalkonium chloride as preservative. The drugs' efficacy in reducing airflow resistance was also evaluated. The effects of xylometazoline on inspiratory and expiratory nasal resistance were found to be concentration-dependent. Indeed, the new formulation at a concentration of 0.05% was more effective than the new formulation at a concentration of 0.025%, but was statistically equivalent to the new formulation at a concentration of 0.1%; therefore, the 0.05% concentration of xylometazoline seemed to achieve maximal decongestant activity. These findings were confirmed by the observation that the efficacy of the new formulation at a concentration of 0.05% was also statistically comparable to that of the reference formulation and the aqueous solution of xylometazoline 0.1%. HA seems to act as an enhancer/carrier of the active principle, xylometazoline, as already demonstrated for other drugs. The new formulation at a concentration of 0.05% was therefore selected for further clinical development.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The secondary effects of the antihistamine chlorpheniramine on the central nervous system].

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to review the main investigations into the secondary effects of the antihistamine chlorpheniramine on the central nervous system (CNS). DEVELOPMENT: The antagonists of the H1 receptors of histamine, usually used in the treatment of symptoms of allergy or the common cold, have many adverse effects on the CNS. They cause day time drowsiness, cause poorer performance of tasks involving visuo motor coordination and make it more difficult to detect target auditory stimuli in tasks involving sustained concentration. When using evoked potentials (EP) it has been observed that they alter the system for maintaining auditory attention. They cause increased P300 latency, an EP related to the voluntary ability to discriminate between relevant stimuli, a reduction in the amplitude of mismatch negativity (MMN), an EP which is seen as a pre attention mechanism for automatic detection of environmental acoustic changes and alters selective attention capacity, reflected by a reduction in the amplitude of processing negativity (PN). CONCLUSIONS: These studies show that chlorpheniramine has major adverse effects on the CNS, and the patient may not be subjectively aware of this (e.g. selective attention). This means that in certain situations it is a dangerous substance. The characteristics of these adverse effects should lead to a review of the prescription of chlorpheniramine, and stimulate the search for other substances with similar therapeutic actions but fewer side effects on the CNS.

Attention↗
PubMed2002

[NSAIDs induced gastroduodenal ulcer in the aged].

The main drugs causing gastroduodenal ulcers are NSAIDs, steroids, antibiotics and anticancer agents. Among these causative drugs, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) ranked first, followed by steroids, antibiotics, anticancer agents and other drugs, including over the counter drugs for the management of pain and common cold. Mechanisms of mucosal injury of NSAIDs are mainly direct inhibition cyclooxygenase (COX), mucosal injury by free radicals and direct contact of a drug to mucosa according to high acidity and high osmotic pressure. Clinical features of NSAIDs induced gastric ulcers are below: ulcer location concentrated in the pyloric region to the antrum, comprising three-fourths of all cases, multiple ulcers are found in 24% of the subjects. The frequency of relatively small ulcers, surrounded by highly swollen mucosa, is high. Deeply dug ulcers and large, irregularly shaped ulcers are also characteristic findings. NSAIDs induced bleeding gastroduodenal ulcers are seen in 21% of bleeding gastric ulcers which are stopped by the hemostatic method using pure ethanol injection. More than 80% of the cases are in the aged. All cases are successfully stopped bleeding and treated conservatively.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

[Changes in antibiotics prescription in primary care].

BACKGROUND: Bacterial resistance to antimicrobial drugs constitutes a considerable problem in clinical practice. Overprescribing of these drugs contributes to bacterial resistance and current literature shows a growing interest in the rationalization of antibiotic use. OBJECTIVES: To observe the appropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions to children in an outpatient primary care setting, before and after a critical analysis of prescribing habits was performed. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Children aged 0-4 years attending the outpatient pediatric clinic were surveyed in two different periods: 1997 and 2000. The number of visits, infectious and respiratory diseases observed, and courses of antibiotics prescribed was determined. RESULTS: A total of 456 children, 2,339 diseases, and 829 antibiotic prescriptions were included. Several differences were observed between the two periods: the number of antibiotic courses administered to each child in one year averaged 2.3 in the first period and 1.5 in the second (p < 0.001). The number of processes receiving antibiotic prescription decreased from 38.8 % to 31.7 % (p < 0.001). The appropriateness of the decision to treat increased from 85.1 % to 93.3 % (p < 0.001), and the appropriateness of the antibiotic prescribed increased from 56.3 % to 78.7 % (p < 0.001). The most frequently diagnosed infectious diseases were common cold, tonsillopharyngitis, otitis and bronchitis. The most frequently prescribed antibiotic drugs were amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate and V penicillin. CONCLUSIONS: Physicians' knowledge of their own antibiotics prescription profiles with subsequent critical comparative analysis with current literature on the subject can help to modify prescribing habits.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2002

Acute bacterial sinusitis in adults: management in the primary care setting.

Sinus disease is inherently associated with viral upper respiratory tract infections and occurs in 90% of individuals with the common cold. Acute bacterial sinusitis occurs in 0.5 to 2% of these individuals. Although the diagnosis of acute bacterial sinusitis is usually based on physical findings, no one sign or symptom is either sensitive or specific for sinusitis. The predictive power can be significantly improved when all signs and symptoms are combined into a clinical impression. Imaging studies have not been shown to be cost effective in the initial assessment and treatment of patients in the primary care setting. Simple plain films may be indicated to resolve the diagnosis in patients with an equivocal history or to follow patients admitted to hospital with severe sinus disease. The initial management of acute sinusitis should be directed toward the relief of symptoms with a 7-day course of decongestants and mucoevacuents. For patients who fail to improve with symptomatic treatment, a 10-day course of amoxicillin is recommended. Second line antibiotics should be initiated if improvement is not seen within 72 to 96 hours.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

An office-based approach to influenza: clinical diagnosis and laboratory testing.

Vaccination is the primary measure for preventing morbidity and mortality from influenza. During the influenza season, family physicians must distinguish influenza from the common cold and other flu-like illnesses. Signs and symptoms of influenza include abrupt onset of fever, severe myalgias, anorexia, sore throat, headache, cough, and malaise. Clinical diagnosis can be difficult or nonspecific when patients have other symptoms (e.g., stuffy nose, sneezing, cough, sore throat) that can be caused by various respiratory viruses or bacterial pathogens. Family physicians can improve diagnostic accuracy by being aware of the epidemiology of influenza. During outbreaks of influenza, commercially available rapid assays can be used to identify type A and B viruses. On average, rapid in-office tests are more than 70 percent sensitive and 90 percent specific for viral antigens. The assays vary in complexity, specificity, sensitivity, time to obtain results, specimen analyzed, and cost. The results of rapid viral tests can guide treatment decisions.

Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Direct↗
PubMed2003

Copper deficiency anemia and nephrosis in zinc-toxicity: a case report.

Zinc is a ubiquitous element that is essential for normal enzymatic function in multiple metabolic pathways. Chronic excessive zinc ingestion causes severe reversible anemia in humans. In animals, zinc toxicity leads to anemia as well as physiologic and morphologic damage to the pancreas, kidneys, and often, multisystem failure and death. In this case, a young female ingested approximately 2000 mg of zinc gluconate daily for 12 months. She subsequently developed anemia consistent with zinc-induced copper deficiency and severe nephrosis. After cessation of zinc ingestion, her anemia and nephrosis resolved. This case study underscores the importance of an accurate and thorough investigation of nutritional supplements during the history and physical examination. Given the promulgation of zinc for the treatment of skin disorders and the common cold, along with the commercialization of nutritional supplements, unimpeded by regulatory guidelines, it is imperative that primary care physicians be attuned to the potentially dangerous consequences of excessive zinc ingestion.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Experiences of racist events are associated with negative health consequences for African American women.

This study investigated whether experiences of racist events were related to psychological distress, negative health behaviors, and health problems. Participants were 71 African American women (mean age 44.4) who were recruited from an urban cancer-screening clinic as part of a larger longitudinal study on familial risk of breast cancer. Participants completed three study assessments, approximately one month apart, and data were collected via self-report. Correlational analyses revealed that past year and lifetime racism were both related to psychological distress. Among smokers and drinkers, past year racism was positively correlated with number of cigarettes and drinks consumed. Lifetime racism was negatively related to perceived health, and positively related to lifetime history of physical disease and frequency of recent common colds. Analyses using a general linear model revealed that these relationships were largely unaccounted for by other variables. In addition, demographic variables such as income and education were not related to experiences of racism. The results suggest that racism can be detrimental to African American's well being and should be investigated in health disparities research.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Early phase II study of the new aromatase inhibitor YM511 in postmenopausal patients with breast cancer. Difficulty in clinical dose recommendation based on preclinical and phase I findings.

BACKGROUND: A phase II study of a non-steroidal selective aromatase inhibitor, YM511, 4-[N-bromobenzyl]-N-(4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)amino) benzonitrile, was conducted to evaluate the anti-tumor response, dose-dependence of response rate and tolerability in postmenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients were randomly allocated to a dose of 0.3, 1, 3, 10 or 30 mg after stratification according to PS, previous therapy and ER, and were administered the drug orally once a day. RESULTS: Of 98 eligible patients, 6 achieved complete response (CR) and 14 partial response (PR), resulting in an objective response rate of 20.4%. In addition, 13 patients achieved NC lasting more than 24 weeks (L-NC), resulting in an overall success rate of 33.7%. However, no clear dose-dependence of response rate was observed. Significant reduction of serum estradiol level was observed at all doses. Median time to progression of disease was 61-233 days. Toxicity was mild or moderate in severity. Fifty-five adverse events were reported in 38 patients, the most common being gastrointestinal disorders such as nausea, vomiting and anorexia (18 events) and constitutional symptoms such as asthenia, hot flushes and common cold syndrome (14 events). The frequency of drug-related adverse events was not dose-related. Abnormalities in hematological laboratory values and blood biochemistry, which were probably drug-related, were less than 5% in frequency except for cholesterol level, and were light or moderate in severity. CONCLUSION: YM511 appeared to be effective and safe in postmenopausal patients with breast cancer. Dose-dependent increase in response rate was not clearly observed at doses from 0.3 mg/day to 30 mg/day. The recommended dose of YM511 for further studies is 0.3 mg or less than 0.3 mg.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

[Assay for paracetamol by derivative spectrophotometry in compound amantadine tablets].

Compound amantadine tablets is a new drug for virus-common cold. It was consisted of paracetamol, amantadine hydrochloride and caffeine etc. Because of the disturbing of the caffeine, the paracetamol can not be determined by UV directly. So the paracetamol in compound amantadine tablets was determined by derivative spectrophotometry. This method is simple and rapid, no distillation and no separation, with average recovery of 100.0%, and RSD of 0.36%.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMed2003

Allopurinol as a potential therapeutic agent for recurrent herpes labialis.

Recurrent herpes labialis (RHL) occurs in up to 40% of the population. Although the disease is usually self-limiting, patients seek treatment because of the significant pain and visibility of the lesion. Xanthine oxidase inhibitors (XOI) have been reported to have a potent antiviral effect against influenza-A virus. We examined the effect of the systemic xanthine oxidase inhibitor, allopurinol, on RHL duration of illness, severity of symptoms, number and frequency of recurrence during a 4-year follow up period in Egyptian patients. Duration of illness was shortened by about 25%, early disappearance of pain and other symptoms occurred. Also, aborted episodes were noticed when allopurinol was given just after beginning of common colds, at the prodromal stage of RHL or during severe stress conditions. Patients receiving 3 courses of treatment had markedly decreased recurrences during the follow up period. Ex vivo experiments to examine virus-induced plaque formation on Vero cells in the absence or presence of different concentrations of the drug could not prove any direct anti herpetic effect of the drug. However, allopurinol seems to be safe and effective in reducing duration of RHL and to abort lesion or prevent its appearance in treated patients even when they experience immunosuppressive conditions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1959

Some new or little-known respiratory viruses.

The characters and relationships of a number of viruses of potential importance in human respiratory diseases are reviewed. Among the myxoviruses discussed are viruses related to influenza A (swine and horse influenza, British and Czechoslovak duck influenza, fowl plague), influenza B and C, mumps and Newcastle disease, and the para-influenzas. The ECHO viruses, 2060 and JH viruses, chimpanzee coryza agent and the common cold are also considered. In the final section of the paper the attempted transmission to laboratory animals of four myxoviruses is reported on.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Relationship of upper airways disorders to FEV1 and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in an epidemiological study.

Associations of upper airways disorders (UAD) with forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and bronchial methacholine response were studied, taking smoking habits into account. We used epidemiological data drawn from a population of 324 men, aged 27-58 yrs. Lower FEV1 level was related to hay fever (p = 0.01), usual (p = 0.01) and chronic (p = 0.02) rhinitis and common cold on the day of examination (p = 0.04). Allowance for the major potential confounding factor, tobacco smoking, showed similar results. Bronchial methacholine response was heightened in men reporting hay fever compared to those without (p = 0.01) but also in men reporting chronic rhinitis (p = 0.06), a group which did not exhibit skin prick test positivity more often than other subjects. Exclusion of asthmatics and taking into account smoking and skin prick test positivity yielded mostly similar results. Our data support the hypothesis of an association between lung impairment, as assessed by lower FEV1 and bronchial hyperresponsiveness to methacholine, and different types of UAD, allergic or not.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Determination of arctiin and arctigenin in Fructus Arctii by reverse-phase HPLC.

The fruits of Arctium lappa L. is an often-used herbal drug in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of common cold caused by wind and heat. This drug contained many constituents, principally arctiin, with arctigenin in smaller amount. In this work, arctiin has been isolated from the fruits of Arctium lappa, and then enzymolyzed into arctigenin. The obtained arctiin and arctigenin were characterized and then used as standards for their determination in the crude drug by HPLC. The method is simple, rapid and accurate.

Benzyl Compounds↗
PubMed2003

[Clinical analysis of 95 patients with large vestibular aqueduct syndrome].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the occurrence, genetic inheritance, and hearing loss conditions of large vestibular aqueduct syndrome (LVAS), and to measure the width of external aperture of vestibular aqueduct (VA) of LVAS, and to analyze the relationship between the hearing loss and the width of external aperture. METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted by the history, auditory, and vestibular function examinations in 95 patients (190 ears) of LVAS. The width of VA was measured by CT scanning criterion of each LVAS patients in the past 10 years (from 1992 to 2002). RESULTS: In 95 patients, there were male 65 cases and female 30 cases. The male cases was more than the females by a ratio of 2.2:1. Twelve cases (12.6%) would have familial genetic history. The average of the consult age was 7.6 years (range from 1.2 to 39 years). The most patients were misdiagnosed, the hearing deterioration originated from mild head trauma in 21 cases (22.1%), the hearing loss after common cold in 13 cases (13.6%). Nine cases (9.5%) misdiagnosed as sudden hearing loss, 5 cases (5.3%) as ototoxic hearing loss of Aminoglycoside antibiotic. The profound hearing loss was found in 172 ears (92.4%). The average width of external aperture of LVAS was 7.5 mm +/- 1.2 mm (mean +/- s, 77 cases, 154 ears). The level of hearing loss did not proportional to the width of VA. The hearing impairment could be derived from protein-rich endolymph refluxed into the cochlear and vestibule. CONCLUSION: The LVAS is distinct clinical entity characterized by fluctuate and progressive SNHL. The diagnosis depends upon the CT scan and MR image. If the hearing fluctuated and subsequently improved, the children were kept under conservation treatment. If the significantly decreased of hearing effected school performance, the cochlear implant might be considered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Bronchial asthma infectious exacerbations].

Bronchial asthma and asthma-like form of COPD often undergo exacerbations with symptoms of infection. Currently, there is a general agreement, that most of these infections that exacerbate asthma especially in children are caused by viruses. Several "common cold" viruses are known to cause these exacerbations (RSV, parainfluenza virus, rhinoviruses). To date, there is no certainty, if viruses exacerbate asthma alone or in combination with allergen. It is also unknown, whether they can induce primary asthma symptoms. There is a growing support for the opinion, that in infectious exacerbations of asthma also bacteria can play an important role. These include both typical as well as atypical bacterial strains (Chlamydia pneumoniae). The effectiveness of antibiotics and bacterial immunotherapy with vaccines seems to support the role of bacteria in asthma exacerbations. Another very important problem is related to the role of infectious agents in prevention of atopy. Many facts have been gathered supporting the so called "hygienic theory".

Asthma↗