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PubMed2001

Perceived superiority of one's own relationship and perceived prevalence of happy and unhappy relationships.

In a study among 141 Dutch undergraduate students, the participants perceived their relationship on average as better than the relationships of most others, and assumed that a majority was happy and that only a minority was unhappy with their relationship. The higher the relationship satisfaction, the more one considered one's relationship as superior, the higher one estimated the percentage of individuals happy with their relationship, and the lower one estimated the percentage of individuals unhappy with their relationship. Overall, these three perceptions were independently related to relationship satisfaction. However, men's satisfaction was particularly related to the perception that one's own relationship was superior as well as to the assumption that few others were unhappy with their relationship, whereas women's satisfaction was particularly related to the assumption that most others were happy with their relationship.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Personality, attachment and sexuality related to dating relationship outcomes: contrasting three perspectives on personal attribute interaction.

Although people can bring personal attributes to their relationships that affect how satisfying and enduring those relationships are, it is more often personal attribute interaction that directly determines romantic relationship outcomes. In this study, three general perspectives on personal attribute interaction-similarity, complementarity and exchange perspectives-were contrasted empirically in their ability to predict dating relationship outcomes. Based on questionnaires completed by a sample of 44 heterosexual dating couples, feelings of relationship satisfaction were most closely associated with the interaction of socially valuable attributes, generally supporting the exchange perspective. Similarity of personal attributes was also connected with relationship satisfaction; however, this association was in the negative direction. That is, couples with dissimilar personality traits, attachment styles and sexual strategies were significantly more satisfied with their dating relationships. Complementarity of personal attributes had no link to satisfaction, but complementary couples experienced significantly higher ratings of relationship commitment, especially couples with complementary personalities. Discussion focused on the differences between personal attribute connections with romantic satisfaction and commitment and on the limitations of the present study.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

A meta-analysis of sex differences in romantic attraction: do rating contexts moderate tactic effectiveness judgments?

Although a number of studies have explored perceived sex differences in romantic attraction effectiveness, no research has systematically examined whether different rating contexts might moderate effectiveness judgments. In a meta-analytic review of romantic attraction research, four potential moderating variables were examined: temporal context (unspecified, long-term, short-term), manipulation form (self-promotion, competitor derogation), attraction type (general, retention, poaching), and sex of rater (mixed, same, opposite). Although perceived sex differences in physical appearance and resource-related tactics remained stable across most moderating variables, sex differences did vary across some rating contexts. For example, perceptions of sex differences in the effectiveness of appearance-related attraction tactics were much stronger in the context of self-promotion (d = -.77) compared with the competitor derogation context (d = -.17). Resource-related tactics of attraction displayed the opposite pattern, with significantly larger perceived sex differences in the context of competitor derogation (d =.93) than in self-promotion (d =.68). Discussion focused on the implications of sex difference variability and stability across rating contexts for evolutionary theories of romantic attraction.

Courtship↗
PubMed2006

Before first sex: gender differences in emotional relationships and physical behaviors among adolescents in the Philippines.

CONTEXT: Early age at first sex has been identified as a risk factor for unplanned pregnancy and HIV infection. However, the emotional relationships and physical behaviors that precede first intercourse, and how they differ by sex, also may provide important cues about how to prevent sexual risk behavior. METHODS: The precoital activities of 2,051 adolescents aged 17-19 in Cebu, Philippines, are examined using 1998-2000 and 2002 data from the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey. The timing and tempo of emotional relationships and physical behaviors for males and females are described. Cox proportional hazards models are used to identify the characteristics associated with age at first sex. RESULTS: Males engage in precoital physical behaviors and first sex at younger ages than females. Although the standard order in which the two sexes engage in emotional relationships for the first time is the same, males progress through the sequence more quickly than females. After adolescents have progressed through the sequence of emotional relationships, there is a gap of a least a year before they begin to have sex. In the multivariate analysis, rapid progression through the sequence of emotional relationships was associated with initiating sex at a younger age for females (hazard ratio, 1.5), but not for males. CONCLUSION: The period between first date and first sex experienced by both males and females provides an opportunity to ensure that adolescents have access to the information and services that will allow them to make informed choices about sexual behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Boyfriends, girlfriends and teenagers' risk of sexual involvement.

CONTEXT: Having a boyfriend or girlfriend, especially an older one, is associated with increased sexual risk in early adolescence. The mechanisms underlying this association are unclear. METHODS: Middle school students in Northern California were surveyed annually from 1997 to 2000. For a sample of 1,214 males and 1,308 females who were sexually inexperienced in seventh grade, logistic and linear regression were used to explore associations between relationship status in seventh grade and sexual activity in ninth grade, controlling for sixth-grade and eighth-grade characteristics. RESULTS: Males who had had a girlfriend their age by seventh grade were more likely than those who had had no relationship to report sexual activity in ninth grade (odds ratio, 2.1). Similarly, for females, the odds of being sexually active in ninth grade were elevated among those who had had a boyfriend their age (2.9); however, they also were higher among those who had had an older boyfriend than among those who had had one their age (2.1). With sixth-grade risk factors controlled, relationship status in seventh grade remained significant only for females; the association was explained by early menarche and by participation in situations that could lead to sex and riskier peer norms in eighth grade. For males, eighth-grade situations that could lead to sex, Hispanic ethnicity and sixth-grade peer norms explained ninth-grade sexual behavior. CONCLUSIONS: To reduce the risk of adolescent sexual activity, parents and communities should encourage youth in middle school, especially females who experience early menarche, to delay serious romantic relationships.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pediatric residents' attitudes and practices regarding adolescent dating violence.

OBJECTIVES: To examine pediatric residents' knowledge, attitudes, self-reported screening, and care of adolescents involved in violent dating relationships. METHODS: Data were obtained by a cross-sectional survey of pediatrics and medicine-pediatrics residents at 4 pediatric and medicine-pediatric training programs in the United States during 1996-1997. We analyzed self-reported rates of screening for dating violence, resident responses to an adolescent report of dating violence, and barriers to caring for adolescent patients who report dating violence by descriptive statistics and bivariate analyses, chi(2) analysis, and prevalence ratios. RESULTS: A survey was completed by 204 of 296 residents (69% response rate). Residents were knowledgeable about the prevalence of dating violence, but 91% did not routinely screen for dating violence in adolescent patients. Residents were more likely to ask about dating violence, be concerned, and refer for counseling when a teen was female or was involved in a physically versus emotionally violent relationship. Resident characteristics associated with responses were female sex, number of adolescent patients seen, and prior personal experience with intimate violence. Barriers to asking about dating violence mirror those for marital violence, with lack of time and insufficient training cited as major barriers. CONCLUSIONS: Residents in pediatric training programs report that they would not routinely screen for or manage appropriately their adolescent patients in violent dating relationships. Residents believe that although it is a physician's role to discuss adolescent dating violence, they are not adequately trained to do so. Efforts are needed to properly prepare pediatricians to deal with this common adolescent health risk.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Teenage smoking: some problems with interpreting the evidence.

UNLABELLED: This paper attempts to address the methodological problem of disentangling complex interrelationships between teenage smoking and other variables when using survey data. As in any research based on survey data, it is difficult to distinguish systematic from random patterns due to other variables. METHOD: A pragmatic approach of classifying variables into three groups of objectively measured demographic, socio-environmental variables and subjectively measured sociopsychological variables was adopted. A secondary cross-sectional survey data source was used to fit and test three models. RESULTS: The results suggest socio-environmental and socio-psychological variables may effect teenage smoking through demographic and some other variables not measured in the survey. CONCLUSION: Standard statistical techniques are unable to distinguish between the different effects and their impact on the outcome. However, they can be used to re-examine and re-evaluate the results as potential evidence. A re-assessment of results suggests that effects of variables reported in the literature on teenage smoking may be over estimated. For example, self-esteem may not be as important and the role of peer pressure may not be as clear as it has been made out to be.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Changes in representations of a self-designated significant other in long-term intensive inpatient treatment of seriously disturbed adolescents and young adults.

Blatt and colleagues (1996) found that severity of psychopathology in seriously disturbed, treatment-resistant, hospitalized adolescents at the beginning of treatment was positively correlated with the degree to which these adolescents were involved in describing their parents. At the end of long-term, intensive, psychodynamically oriented, inpatient treatment of these very troubled adolescents, reduction in the severity of psychopathology correlated significantly with increases in the development of the structural organization of descriptions of mother, father, self, and therapist. These findings suggested that treatment of seriously disturbed, treatment-resistant, adolescent and young adult inpatients seems to involve at least two primary dimensions: 1) disengagement from an intense involvement with parents and 2) development in the structural organization of representations of self and a significant new figure, the therapist. The present study extends these earlier findings by examining changes in the description of a "significant other" that each patient elected to describe at the beginning and the end of treatment. Clinical improvement over the course of treatment was significantly correlated with developmental progression of the significant figure each patient selected to describe (from a grandparent to a close friend) as well as with progression in the developmental organization in which this significant other was described. These findings suggest that treatment of seriously disturbed adolescents and young adults involves a disengagement from an intense involvement with primary caregivers to involvement with others outside the family matrix and the developmental elaboration of the representation of these figures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Moderation in excess: binge drinking and social interaction among college students.

The research on the relationships between sociability and alcohol consumption has produced inconsistent findings, leading some to conclude that there are no such relationships. However, this research has tended to focus on sociability as a personality construct, not sociability defined as social activity. In the present study, college students (N = 90) used a social interaction diary to provide measures of their social activity, and they provided descriptions of their total alcohol consumption and of their frequency of binge drinking. Although total consumption per se was not reliably related to the quality or quantity of participants' social lives, frequency of binge drinking was related to some aspects of social interaction. Specifically, participants who had no binge-drinking episodes reported less intimacy and less disclosure in their interactions than those who had some episodes. However, men who reported having three or more binge episodes per week experienced less intimacy in their interactions than any other group of men or women. It is possible that because some binge drinking is normative and may be seen as desirable among college students, students who have a more normative number of binge-drinking episodes are integrated more fully into the college community than students who have no episodes or too many episodes.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Alcohol's effects on perceptions of a potential date rape.

OBJECTIVE: The effects of alcohol consumption, alcohol expectancy set and self-reported alcohol expectancies on college students' perceptions of a potential date rape situation were examined. It was hypothesized that the effects of alcohol consumption on perceptions of the likelihood of forced sex would be mediated by cognitive factors and perceived sexual arousal. METHOD: 90 female and 90 male college students were randomly assigned to drink alcohol, a placebo beverage, or a nonalcoholic beverage. Participants read a story about a couple that had been drinking together at a party. The story ended with the woman saying "no" to sexual intercourse and the man exerting verbal pressure. RESULTS: Participants' alcohol consumption during the study, self-reported alcohol expectancies, attitudes about casual sex and usual drinking on dates had significant effects on their perceptions of the story. Participants' alcohol expectancy set and gender did not have significant effects on perceptions of the likelihood that the male character would force the female character to have sex. CONCLUSIONS: Intoxicated participants perceived the woman in the vignette as being more sexually arousedand the man in the vignette as behaving more appropriately, and both of these variables were negatively related to ratings of how likely it was that forced sex would occur. These findings highlight the importance of mediating cues in intoxicated decision making.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Dating violence and sexually transmitted disease/HIV testing and diagnosis among adolescent females.

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies demonstrate significant associations between dating-violence victimization and sexual risk behaviors among adolescent girls; however, a relationship between dating violence and actual sexually transmitted disease (STD)/HIV testing and diagnosis has yet to be investigated among a representative sample. The present study assesses associations between dating violence and STD/HIV testing and diagnosis among a representative sample of sexually active adolescent girls. METHODS: Data from 9th- to 12th-grade female students completing the 1999 and 2001 Massachusetts Youth Risk Behavior Surveys and reporting having ever had sexual intercourse (N = 1641) were examined. Odds ratios for STD/HIV testing and diagnosis that were based on experiences of dating violence and adjusted for STD/HIV risk behaviors and demographics were calculated. RESULTS: More than one third (38.8%) of adolescent girls tested for STD or HIV and more than half (51.6%) of girls diagnosed with STD/HIV reported experiencing dating violence. Compared with nonabused girls, girls who experienced both physical and sexual dating violence were 3.0 times more likely to have been tested for STD and HIV, and 2.6 times more likely to report an STD diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: After adjusting for STD/HIV risk behaviors, dating violence remains significantly associated with STD/HIV testing and diagnosis among sexually active adolescent girls.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The relationship between watching professional wrestling on television and engaging in date fighting among high school students.

CONTEXT: Previous research has found that exposure to violence in the home, community, and electronic media are associated with children's and adolescents' normative expectations concerning the use of violence and with other indicators of the violent behaviors by youth. OBJECTIVE: Our purpose with this study was to examine the relationships between the frequency that high school students reported watching wrestling on television and engaging in date fighting, weapon carrying, and other fighting behaviors. DESIGN: The initial analysis consisted of a cross-sectional study of a simple random sample of high school students, which was followed by a longitudinal analysis of these students over a 6- to 7-month period. SETTING: The setting was all public high schools in 1 city/county system. PARTICIPANTS: We used a simple random sample (N = 2228) of students. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome variables included the frequency of date fighting during the previous 12 months and alcohol or other drug involvement associated with the last date fight. RESULTS: There were significant correlations between frequency of watching wrestling on television during the previous 2 weeks and engaging in date fighting, fighting in general, and weapon carrying for both males and females, although the relationships were stronger among females than among males. The frequency of watching wrestling was highest among students reporting date fighting when either the victim or perpetrator had been drinking alcohol or using illegal drugs. When analyzed using logistic regression, the strongest relationships were observed between the frequency of watching wrestling and date-fight perpetration among females in cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. These findings persisted after adjusting for multiple other factors. CONCLUSIONS: For males and females, the frequency of watching wrestling was highest among students who fought with their dates when alcohol or other drugs were involved. The association between watching wrestling and date fighting was stronger among females than males. The relationship between watching wrestling on television and being the perpetrator of dating violence was also stronger among females and remained consistent over a 6- to 7-month time period.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Exposure to degrading versus nondegrading music lyrics and sexual behavior among youth.

BACKGROUND: Early sexual activity is a significant problem in the United States. A recent survey suggested that most sexually experienced teens wish they had waited longer to have intercourse; other data indicate that unplanned pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases are more common among those who begin sexual activity earlier. Popular music may contribute to early sex. Music is an integral part of teens' lives. The average youth listens to music 1.5 to 2.5 hours per day. Sexual themes are common in much of this music and range from romantic and playful to degrading and hostile. Although a previous longitudinal study has linked music video consumption and sexual risk behavior, no previous study has tested longitudinal associations between the content of music lyrics and subsequent changes in sexual experience, such as intercourse initiation, nor has any study explored whether exposure to different kinds of portrayals of sex has different effects. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: We conducted a national longitudinal telephone survey of 1461 adolescents. Participants were interviewed at baseline (T1), when they were 12 to 17 years old, and again 1 and 3 years later (T2 and T3). At all of the interviews, participants reported their sexual experience and responded to measures of more than a dozen factors known to be associated with adolescent sexual initiation. A total of 1242 participants reported on their sexual behavior at all 3 time points; a subsample of 938 were identified as virgins before music exposure for certain analyses. Participants also indicated how frequently they listened to each of more than a dozen musical artists representing a variety of musical genres. Data on listening habits were combined with results of an analysis of the sexual content of each artist's songs to create measures of exposure to 2 kinds of sexual content: degrading and nondegrading. OUTCOME MEASURES: We measured initiation of intercourse and advancement in noncoital sexual activity level over a 2-year period. RESULTS: Multivariate regression analyses indicated that youth who listened to more degrading sexual content at T2 were more likely to subsequently initiate intercourse and to progress to more advanced levels of noncoital sexual activity, even after controlling for 18 respondent characteristics that might otherwise explain these relationships. In contrast, exposure to nondegrading sexual content was unrelated to changes in participants' sexual behavior. CONCLUSION: Listening to music with degrading sexual lyrics is related to advances in a range of sexual activities among adolescents, whereas this does not seem to be true of other sexual lyrics. This result is consistent with sexual-script theory and suggests that cultural messages about expected sexual behavior among males and females may underlie the effect. Reducing the amount of degrading sexual content in popular music or reducing young people's exposure to music with this type of content could help delay the onset of sexual behavior.

Adolescent↗