Lymphocutaneous Nocardia brasiliensis infection transmitted via a cat scratch: a second case.
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Adult↗
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Pasteurella multocida infection in total knee arthroplasty. Case report and literature review.
Pasteurella multocida, a small gram-negative bacterium, is part of the normal mouth flora of many animals, including domestic cats and dogs. While commonly associated with infections in animals, it is a rare cause of human disease. The majority of Pasteurella infections in humans occur with percutaneous inoculation of the organism following a bite by a cat or dog, although disease without antecedent animal exposure or with causal animal contact does occur. The spectrum of disease produced ranges from localized, including abscess, cellulitis, lymphadenopathy, and osteomyelitis, to systemic, with septicemia, septic arthritis, respiratory, and central nervous system involvement. Altered host defenses and underlying chronic disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis, corticosteroid therapy, and severe hepatic or renal disease, may predispose to more serious systemic manifestations of infection. The authors report a case of P. multocida infection in a total knee arthroplasty as a result of a dog scratch and review the literature reporting P. multocida infections in total knee arthroplasty.
Adult↗
Leber's idiopathic stellate neuroretinitis.
Twenty-nine eyes of 27 patients demonstrated the typical features of neuroretinitis with a mascular star. Historical and fluorescein angiographic features of this condition implicate a bloodborne infectious agent. It is likely that multiple agents can produce this condition, including the agent of cat-scratch fever and leptospirosis. A small subgroup may exist in whom this condition resembles anterior ischemic optic neuropathy and has a less favorable clinical course than is usual. There is evidence that this condition is not related to demyelinating disease. It is emphasized that this condition is not a maculopathy since vascular leakage in the optic nerve causes the star. Therefore, we suggest that this condition be renamed Leber's idiopathic stellate neuroretinitis.
Adolescent↗
Efficacy of selamectin administered topically in the treatment of feline otoacariosis.
The efficacy of a novel avermectin, selamectin (Stronghold, Pfizer), was evaluated against naturally acquired aural infestations of Otodectes cynotis. Selamectin was administered topically in a single spot to the skin of each animal's back at the base of the neck in front of the scapulae at a minimum dosage of 6mgkg(-1). Thirty cats of a cattery of 120 animals with an endemic infestation were treated on days 0 and 30. Including untreated control cats was therefore not possible because of animal welfare consideration. Clinical examination and visualization of mites by otoscopic examination of the external ear canal and microscopic examination of aural debris/exudate were performed twice weekly from days 0 to 30. On day 0 (and day 28 if the ears canals were erythematous), a swab was taken from each canal and sent to bacteriology and mycology units for detection and identification of bacteria (Staphylococcus mainly) and yeast (Malassezia pachydermatis only). Selamectin was safe, parasites were killed before day 3 and eliminated before day 17. Selamectin was 100% effective against natural aural infestations, even if erythema (26-33% of cats) and scratch reflex (23-40% of cats) persisted for 2 weeks after the cats tested negative for mites.
Administration, Topical↗
[Acute necrotizing cutaneous streptococcal infection following bites or scratch by dog or cat].
INTRODUCTION: Domestic animal bites or scratches are quite frequent. Among banal bacteria isolated from infected bites or scratches, group A streptococcus seems to be frequently associated with severe infections. CASE REPORTS: Three cases of acute necrotizing cutaneous streptococcal infections, following cat or dog bite or scratch are reported. Twice, group A streptococcus was isolated from cutaneous swabs. In the third case, previous antibiotic therapy had sterilised bacteriological samples. Diagnosis was ascertained on the basis of clinical presentation and significant antistreptococcal antibodies elevation. Skin necrosis around the inoculation area was observed in the 3 cases. Cicatrisation required an average of two months under appropriate treatment. DISCUSSION: An evolution towards cutaneous necrosis localized to the initially injured area is common to these three cases. This peculiar evolution is worth to be known in order to choose an effective anti streptococcal antibiotherapy whenever domestic animals bites and scratches are to be treated.
Acute Disease↗
Fatal capnocytophaga infection associated with splenectomy.
A case of fatal sepsis due to Capnocytophaga species is described. Capnatophaga canimorsus and C. cynodegmi can cause localized wound infections and/or systemic infections in people who have been bitten, licked, scratched, or merely exposed to cats or dogs, especially splenectomized individuals. A thorough social, medical, and surgical history, the clinical presentation, and cultures are important in making the diagnosis of Capnocytophaga infections. It is important that the forensic pathologist be aware of this zoonotic disease.
Adult↗
[Infectious pathology of Canidae and Felidae in zoological parks].
The Canidae (36 species) and Felidae (34-37 species) are two families of carnivores represented by numerous exotic species in zoos or wildlife reserves. To some extent, the diseases of these species are similar to those of dogs and cats, and are therefore relatively well known. However, there are differences in sensitivity to infectious agents, treatments and vaccines. Canidae and Felidae may also act as carriers or even vectors of zoonoses, such as leptospirosis, rabies, salmonellosis, toxoplasmosis and tuberculosis. Due to their behaviour patterns and morphological adaptations, these species are capable of transmitting various opportunistic infections by biting or scratching. These characteristics mean that Canidae and Felidae are difficult to keep in captivity, and require special health precautions, particularly protection from contact with stray carnivores.
Animals↗
Grooming reflexes and Brown-Séquard epilepsy in cats with pontile lesions.
The literature on the relation between the scratch reflex and Brown-Séquard epilepsy in the guinea pig indicates that the scratch reflex is a stimulus-induced myoclonus that is the first component of a complete seizure. Cats with pontile lesions and cats with frontal neocortical lesions exhibit the scratch reflex and other grooming reflexes. The grooming reflexes in cats with pontile lesions develop over a period of a year or more into complete seizures that are similar to Brown-Séquard epilepsy as described for the guinea pig by Brown-Séquard and others. Cinematographic analyses revealed that the scratch reflex in cats with pontile lesions and in cats with frontal neocortical lesions has the same frequency and the same complex spatial and temporal pattern as normal scratching behavior. In addition, the myoclonus of the complete seizures is identified as the scratch reflex, representing a very vigorous and long-lasting afterdischarge. Reconstruction of the pontile lesions indicate that the lateral and rostral portions of the paralemniscal tegmental fields were destroyed along with portions of the pontile gray and pyramidal tract.
Animals↗
Broad-range polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of Bartonella henselae endocarditis.
We present a case of subacute bacterial endocarditis in a 10-year-old girl with Di-George syndrome, congenital heart disease, and mild immunodeficiency. She was afebrile at initial presentation but was found to have massive splenomegaly, and signs of congestive heart failure. No causative organism could be identified on routine blood and tissue cultures. A detailed clinical history revealed a history that she had been scratched by a cat and developed intermittant fevers over 3 months. Bartonella henselae was identified by broad-range 16S r-DNA polymerase chain reaction on valvular tissue specimens.
Bartonella henselae↗
Eruptive and tubero-eruptive xanthomas of the skin arising on sites of prior injury. Two case reports.
Eruptive and tubero-eruptive xanthomas arising at the site of previous minor skin injury are described in two patients with type IV and type III hyperlipidemia, respectively. In one case, the lesions appeared following a cat scratch, while in the second, massive bee stinging preceded the appearance of a constellation of xanthomas.
Adult↗
Cat-transmitted sporotrichosis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Sporotrichosis is an emerging zoonosis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. From 1998 to 2003, 497 humans and 1,056 cats with culture-proven sporotrichosis were studied. A total of 421 patients, 67.4% with a history of a scratch or bite, reported contact with cats that had sporotrichosis.
Adolescent↗
Cowpox/catpox infection.
A 19-year-old veterinary nurse developed a cowpox/catpox virus (CPV) infection of her right third finger following a scratch from a tom cat suffering from pneumonia. The clinical course and investigation of the infection are described and the differential diagnosis discussed.
Adult↗
Pediatrics: cervical adenopathy in children.
Cervical adenopathies are common in children. The four categories, based on clinical findings are acute unilateral adenitis, acute bilateral adenitis, subacute (chronic) adenitis, and cervical node cancers. Most cases of acute pyogenic adenitis-both unilateral and bilateral-respond well to early antibiotic treatment. Penicillin is the drug of choice unless Staphylococcus aureus is thought to be the infecting organism. S aureus is trated with dicloxacillin or erythromycin. Subacute adenitis due to cat scratch fever usually resolves spontaneously. Nodes due to infection with atypical mycobacteria require excision. Because cervical node cancer is usually asymptomatic, excision and pathologic study should be done for any cervical node persistently enlarged without apparent reason.
Acute Disease↗
Capnocytophaga canimorsus infections in human: review of the literature and cases report.
Capnocytophaga canimorsus, formerly designated Dysgonic fermenter 2 (DF-2) was first described in 1976; it is a commensal bacterium of dogs and cats saliva, which can be transmitted to man by bite (54% of cases), scratch (8.5%), or mere exposure to animals (27%). We present a review of the clinical and microbiological characteristics of the Capnocytophaga canimorsus infections and 12 cases of infection in France. Over 100 cases of human infections have been reported, mainly septicemia in patients with diminished defences, due to splenectomy (33%), alcohol abuse (24%), immunosuppression (5%). However 40% of septicemia occur in patients with no predisposing conditions. Other infections are less frequent: meningitis, endocarditis, arthritis, pleural and localized eye infections. These infections range from mild to fulminating disease, with shock, respiratory distress, disseminated intravascular coagulation. Dermatological lesions (macular or maculopapular rash, purpura) or gangrene are common. This fastidious Gram-negative bacterium grows slowly on chocolate agar or on heart infusion agar with 5% rabbit blood incubated in 5% CO2. In spite of a great susceptibility of bacteria to antibiotics, the mortality is of 30%. Because of the severity of these infections, taking into account this organism in the management of bites is necessary, especially in patients with predisposing factors.
Adult↗
[Clinicobacteriological study of Pasteurella multocida infection as a zoonosis. (2)--Comparisons of P. multocida separated from patients and their pet dogs and cats].
A total of 17 strains of Pasteurella multocida, of which 13 were isolated from patients treated at Nihon University Itabashi Hospital or Nihon University Surugadai Hospital between April, 1984 and March, 1991 and 4 from 1 dog and 3 cats kept by the patients, were evaluated with respect to their biochemical properties, sensitivity to drugs, and serotype. The isolated strains were all considered to be Pasteurella multocida subsp. multocida because of the agreement of their responses to indole, sorbitol and dulcitol with those of this subspecies, except for 1 sorbitol-negative strain of Pasteurella multocida subsp. septica isolated from 1 patient who had been bitten by a cat. All the isolated strains showed high sensitivities to various drugs. The serotype was capsular type A, which is often observed in cats and dogs, in 7 strains, which consisted of 6 of the 7 strains derived from the airway of the patients and 1 of the 6 strains derived from bit or scratch wound. The remaining strains could not be classified. Five morphological types, namely 1, 3, 3.8, 6, and 8 were observed. In 2 patients, Pasteurella multocida subsp. multocida of the same serotype was also isolated from their cats. One of these patients had intimate contact with the cat including kissing. Our findings suggest that: 1) Pasteurella multocida subsp. multocida has been responsible for most conventional cases of Pasteurella multocida infection. 2) Strains isolated from patients differ in the capsular type according to the disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Animals↗
'Wound cat'.
'Wound man' refers to a stylised diagram used in early medical textbooks to illustrate the various injuries that the human body can sustain in battle. We have adapted this concept to create 'Wound cat', as a way to emphasise the type and location of injuries cats may inflict on one another during combat. We have further extended this concept to include wounds that may result from interactions with rodents and snakes. It is hoped that our 'Wound cat' concept will assist less experienced clinicians locate sites of cat bites and scratches, and to recognise why certain infections arise in particular stereotyped locations. In addition, this approach should assist veterinarians in determining which pathogens are most likely to be involved in wounds located in a given anatomical region.
Animals↗
The Koebner phenomenon in eruptive xanthoma.
A 49-year-old woman with Type V hyperlipidemia had yellow papules smaller than 3 mm in diameter with red haloes on her elbows, shoulder, buttocks, and hands. Two linear lesions composed of papules arising at the sites of skin previously injured by a cat scratch were observed. Histopathological examination of these papules revealed the presence of many foam cells in the dermis which stained positively with oil red O stain. A survey of the literature found only 5 cases of the Koebner phenomenon in xanthoma.
Animals↗
Problems associated with the coexistence of man and animals in urban areas.
The different aspects of the coexistence of man and animals in towns are discussed. The animals living in urban areas are classified as: a) Pets; b) Synanthropic, appreciated by man: c) Synanthropic, disregarded by man; d) Synanthropic, disliked by man. The detrimental effects are: a) Transmission of diseases; b) Bites, scratches and other lesions; c) Animal wastes; d) Noise; e) Use of feeds, medicines, etc.; f) Abandoned animals. The positive effects are: a) Ecological balance; b) Animals and mental health; c) Other positive aspects. A positive solution of the problem is sought which avoids both the zoomaniac and the zoophobic attitudes.
Animal Feed↗