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PubMed1983

Effects of unilateral castration and unilateral cryptorchidism of the Holstein bull on in vitro Leydig cell response.

The effects of unilateral castration (UC) and induced unilateral cryptorchidism (CR) on in vitro Leydig cell function were determined utilizing 36 Holstein bulls altered at either 3, 6 or 9 mo of age. Testes were removed 11 mo after gonadal manipulation and Leydig cells were dispersed in media containing 0 or 75 ng luteinizing hormone (LH). After incubation for 4 h, testosterone (T) concentration in the media was determined by radioimmunoassay. Leydig cells of UC animals produced greater (P less than .001) amounts of T than did Leydig cells of either CR or intact (IN) bulls with either 0 or 75 ng LH. Leydig cell T response was greater (P less than .001) in UC animals altered at 3 mo of age than in those altered at 6 or 9 mo of age. In a second experiment using only UC bulls altered at 3 mo of age, similar results were obtained. Leydig cells of UC bulls produced greater (P less than .05) amounts of T in vitro, both without LH or in response to 75 ng LH, than did Leydig cells of IN bulls at 10 mo after gonadal manipulation. Results indicate that UC in the bull causes increased Leydig cell capacity for T production in the remaining hypertrophied testis and this effect is greater when UC is performed at 3 mo of age than at 6 or 9 mo of age.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1977

The effect of various doses of oral oestradiolvalerate and oestriolsuccinate on urine calcium/creatinine, serum FSH and endometrium in castrated women.

The effects of various doses recommended for clinical use of oestradiolvalerate and oestriolsuccinate on urine calcium/creatinine, serum FSH and endometrium were investigated in two castrated women. Oestrogen treatments were given in 6-week periods separated by 2 weeks without treatment. After various oestrogen treatments, serum FSH generally decreased clearly and urine calcium/creatinine slightly. The proliferative effect on endometrium was investigated histologically. In no period was a hyperplastic endometrium found.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

The evolution of cervical mucus infrastructure in normal cyclic baboons (Papio anubis) and castrated females receiving hormonal supplies. A scanning electron microscope study.

The scanning electron microscope was used to study the evolution of the infrastructure of cervical mucus in normal cyclic baboons and in castrated animals treated with ovarian hormones for establishing an artificial cycle. In both groups, the results make conspicuous the progressive enlargement of the filamentous woof, which attains a maximum at midcycle and then decreases by degrees in the second part of the cycle. It was shown that the evolution of the framework is very similar during normal and artificial cycle, with only variations of slight amplitude. Moreover, the variations in the baboon mucus infrastructure closely resemble those described in the human. The results are briefly discussed in the light of known data.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Effects of estrogen deficiency in women castrated when young.

In earlier studies on the effects of castration, most of the women had been operated on late in the reproductive period of life. In the present material all the 142 women had been oophorectomized between the ages of 15 and 30 years because of advanced salpingitis. Not only the tubes but also the ovaries had been radically removed. The series was analyzed in respect of causes of death, survival, morbidity, osteoporosis and hormonal state. Complete oophorectomy was found to be followed by (i) a significant increase in the frequency of coronary heart diseases; (ii) an increase in serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels, most significantly in those aged below 60-65 years; (iii) an increase incidence of fractures; (iv) in increased frequency of nervous disorders of psychological rather than endocrinological origin.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Sex differences in the kinetic constants of ethylmorphine demethylation and type I binding to hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 in mice. The influence of castration and testosterone.

1. In the CPB-SE mouse strain sex differences were observed in the Km and Vmax of ethylmorphine demethylation and in the deltaAmax of its type I binding to cytochrome P-450. In the CPB-V strain a small sex difference in the Vmax of the demethylation was found, whereas Ks and deltaAmax of type I binding differed considerably. 2. Testosterone pre-treatment of female CPB-SE mice abolished all sex differences, as did castration of males, except in Vmax, which was partially decreased. In the CPB-V strain testosterone pre-treatment of females abolished sex differences in type I binding, but had no effect on ethylmorphine demethylation. 3. Km values exceeded the corresponding Ks in all cases and sex differences in deltaAmax far exceeded those in Vmax. It is concluded that the Km is determined not only by the Ks of type I binding and the reduction rate of the type I complex between ethylmorphine and cytochrome P-450. The larger sex differences in deltaAmax as compared with Vmax may be attributable to type I binding of ethylmorphine to cytochrome P-450 subspecies not involved in its demethylation.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Studies related to the metabolism of anabolic steroids in the horse: the phase I and phase II biotransformation of 19-nortestosterone in the equine castrate.

The metabolism of 19-nor[4-14C]testosterone has been studied in the equine castrate. Following XAD-2 extraction of aliquots of the 0-24 h urine samples, the glucuronic acid and sulphate conjugates were separated by Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. After hydrolysis of the conjugates, the neutral phase I metabolites of 19-nortestosterone were extracted, purified and identified by g.l.c.-mass spectrometry. In phase I metabolism stereospecificity was observed in the reduction of the A-ring with the formation of the 5 alpha, 3 beta-isomers of estranediol. Epimerization at C-17 and hydroxylation at C-16 were the other major pathways. In phase II metabolism the C-17 alpha steroid epimers were predominantly conjugated with glucuronic acid and the C-17 beta epimers with sulphuric acid. One animal showed a slight variation in metabolism with a tendency towards the formation of polar metabolites.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Comparative effect of x-ray and ultrasound (inducing hyperthermia) on the testes of rats--a rationale for male castration by ultrasound.

The testes of rats were treated by x rays, or ultrasound. 2000 rads single dose of x ray led to tubular atrophy, which was defined as destruction of all spermatogenic cells but Sertoli cells. Ultrasound of 1 W/cm2 for 15 min led to tubular necrosis, which was designated as complete disorganization of the seminiferous tubules with disappearance of spermatogenic as well as sertoli cells. The possibility of male castration by ultrasound is raised.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Effect of cyproterone acetate on adenohypophysis of castrated mice.

Pituitaries from castrated male mice injected with cyproterone acetate were examined ultrastructurally. LH gonadotrophs showed two types: (a) those containing a dilated RER, a hypertrophied Golgi, and decreased granular content; and (b) those presenting an electron lucent cytoplasm and a nonhypertrophied RER. Following cyproterone acetate treatment both LH cell types showed increased RER cisternal hypertrophy and absence of Golgi membranes. In LH type (a) gonadotroph-increased granular content was noted. No detectable alterations were noted in FSH gonadotrophs following cyproterone acetate treatment. Cyproterone acetate may have stimulated the synthesis of the protein component but inhibited the incorporation of the carbohydrate moiety and LH release.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

The effect of unilateral castration on plasma and testicular testosterone in rabbits from birth to 60 days.

Male rabbits were hemigonadectomized every 10 days from 1 to 50 days of age and were sacrificed 10 days after the operation. Non-operated controls were sacrificed at the same stages. Plasma and testicular testosterone were quantified by radioimmunoassay. Compensatory testicular hypertrophy was not observed in hemicastrated rabbits. Hemicastration has variable effects on testicular and plasma testosterone levels as a function of age. When it is performed at birth, there is a significant increase in testicular and plasma concentrations of testosterone. Similar results are obtained if the operation is performed at 30 days. Unilateral castration performed at 10, 20 and 50 days reduces testicular and plasma testosterone levels. When hemicastration is performed at 40 days or at the adult age, testicular and plasma testosterone levels are not modified.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1979

The influence of sex, of castration in new-born males and of androgen treatment in new-born females on the mouse-killing behaviour of the rat.

The results we have got on the mouse-killing behaviour of the rat point out the remarkable percentage difference between control males and control females, between integral males and males castrated at birth, and between normal females and females under the effects of androgens. Such results make us believe that the appearance of the killer behaviour is affected by the presence of testosterone in the first days of life of the rat.

Aggression↗
PubMed1983

Changes in plasma gonadotrophins after neurotropic stress in the postnatal castrated male rat. Influence of adrenalectomy.

In 60-day-old postnatal castrated male rat, neurotropic stress increased plasma levels of LH, FSH, ACTH, corticosterone, testosterone and 17 beta-oestradiol. The possible influence of ACTH in the observed increase in plasma sex steroids was discussed. After adrenalectomy, performed at 50 days of age, neurotropic stress no longer affected plasma gonadotrophin level significantly. Adrenalectomy, raising plasma level of corticotrophin and decreasing plasma levels of testosterone and 17 beta-oestradiol, created conditions favorable to inhibition of gonadotrophin function.

Adrenal Cortex↗
PubMed1975

Acute and chronic effects of sulpride on serum prolactin and gonadotropin levels in castrated male rats (38581).

The effect of the acute or chronic administration of sulpiride on serum prolactin and gonadotropin levels was studied in castrated male rats. Sulpiride administered in acute intravenous injections induced a quick increase in serum prolactin levels and no significant changes in serum gonadotropins. The peak in serum prolactin was observed 30 min after the injection of sulpiride, with a decrease of serum prolactin levels at 60 and 120 min. The subcutaneous administration of sulpiride for 13 days induced a significant increase in serum prolactin levels at the end of the treatment, and no significant changes in serum FSH and LH levels.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Investigation of putative androgen-like activity of alpha 2u-globulin in castrated and estrogen-treated male rats.

alpha 2u-Globulin, a male sex-dependent protein of the rat, was tested for its ability to produce androgenic or anabolic responses. Castrated rats were injected with alpha 2u-globulin isolated from urine or kidney and the effects on urinary nitrogen excretion, body weight, and weight of ventral prostate, seminal vesicles, and levator ani muscle were studied. alpha 2u-Globulin had no effect but testosterone propionate gave the expected stimulation of nitrogen retention, body growth, and growth of androgen-responsive tissues. alpha 2u-Globulin injected into estrogen-treated male rats (animals with suppressed serum levels of alpha 2u-globulin, gonadotropins, and testosterone) was also found to be without effect on body weight and on the weight of ventral prostate, seminal vesicles, levator ani muscle, and testes. We conclude that the alpha 2u-globulin molecule, by itself, is incapable of producing, directly or indirectly, androgenlike responses.

Alpha-Globulins↗
PubMed1979

Effects of danazol on gonadotropin levels in castrated rhesus monkeys.

Danazol is widely used in the management of endometriosis and mammary dysplasia. However, its mechanism of action is still obscure because of the few studies done and the controversial results obtained. Antigonadotropic activity has been postulated by some investigators, whereas others have observed no effect on the gonads. In the present study, three castrated female rhesus monkeys received 400 mg of danazol daily, by gavage for 19 days, while 2 controls received 400 mg of lactose daily. Blood samples were drawn every other day from 2 weeks prior to 3 weeks after the administration of the drug. Plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) decreased rapidly and then were maintained until danazol was discontinued. Prompt return to pretreatment levels occurred 1-2 days after the discontinuation of therapy. Prolactin levels were normal during therapy. Luteinizing hormone releasing factor (LH-RF), 100 microgram, administered intravenously during danazol therapy, caused a normal, prompt release of gonadotropins, demonstrating an intact pituitary response. The authors conclude that 1) danazol is a potent antigonadotropic agent, 2) its effect is abolished promptly after discontinuation, and 3) its probable biological action is at the hypothalamic level.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Castration and other factors affecting the risk of equine laminitis.

The characteristics of a series of equine laminitis cases were compared with that of other Equidae examined at the University of Missouri Veterinary Hospital and Clinic during May, 1965 through December, 1971. The model age for ponies with laminitis was 7-9 years and for all other cases the model age was 4-6 years. Also the predominant age for mares was 4-6 years and for males was 7-9 years. After controlling for age and breed differences, there were significantly fewer castrated males among the affected males than expected (P small than 0.02), indicating that hormonal factors may play a role in laminitis. Ponies had a significantly greater risk of laminitis (P smaller than 0.001) and their relative risk was 4.3 times greater than all other Equidae combined. There were more laminitis cases diagnosed during May than during other months.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1975

[Does estradiol act in a unique way during progestation in the female rat? I. Uptake and retention of estradiol 17beta in the uterus of castrated rats under the influence of uterine distension].

In castrated female rats, uterine distension resulted in an increased uptake of tritiated oestradiol within the period studied (from 10 minutes to 24 hours after distension), whereas progesterone 14C incorporation was not increased. Using cold hormones (progesterone or oestradiol) before injection of radioactive ones, wer were able to demonstrate the specificity of this uptake 3.5 hours or 24 hours after initiation of distension. These results suggested that the oestradiol receptor may be synthetized without direct hormonal action. They are discussed with regard to oestradiol action, particularly during progestati-n and at the time of ovum implantation.

Animals↗