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PubMed1999

[Skull and mandible. On Joseph Beuys' "ancient sled." Medical art history observation].

Few people are aware that Joseph Beuys (1921-1986), one of the most important artists at the end of the twentieth century, studied various aspects of the human skull. Beuys used teeth (especially molars), antlers, and horns as organically differentiated formations of solid substances of the viscerocranium, associating them in a very visual way with the "streaming circulation" principle. In addition, in his early drawings, in particular, Beuys replaced the lower jaw with a sledge. The artist has thus created interesting and strange constructions concerned with the structure of the jaw and the craniovertebral transition. Certain characteristic structural elements of sledges show a remarkable formal analogy to the ramus of mandible. The base of the body of mandible becomes a sliding surface, the iron runners of the sledge. Replacing the lower jaw with a sledge raises questions concerning movement and the effect of energy on the skull and on the earth. The artist's understanding of anatomy goes for beyond than that of normal medicine. It is formed by his thinking, his energy plan, and by his own theory of metamorphosis. With his skull and Urschlitten motif, Beuys makes us aware of the transitory layers of consciousness between life and death. "Head" and "sledge" are early forms of sculptural thinking in the work of Joseph Beuys.

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PubMed2004

Analysis of drying oils used as binding media for objects of art by capillary electrophoresis with indirect UV and conductivity detection.

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) was applied to analyse the long-chain fatty acid composition of vegetable oils, and their degradation products formed upon ageing when drying oils are used as binding media. The analytes were detected with contactless conductivity detection (CCD) and indirect UV absorption, both detectors positioned on-line at the separation capillary. The long-chain fatty acids were resolved in a background electrolyte (BGE) consisting of phosphate buffer (pH = 6.86, 15 mM) containing 4 mM sodium dodecylbenzensulfonate, 10 mM Brij 35, 2% (v/v) 1-octanol and 45% (v/v) acetonitrile. As in this system dicarboxylic analytes, the products of oxidative degradation of unsaturated fatty acids, cannot be determined, a suitable background electrolyte was developed by the aid of computer simulation program PeakMaster. It makes use of a 10 mM salicylic acid, 20 mM histidine buffer, pH 5.85, which combines buffering ability with the optical properties obligatory for indirect UV detection. This buffer avoids system eigenpeaks, which are often impairing the separation efficiency of the system. Separation of the dicarboxylic analytes was further improved by a counter-directed electroosmotic flow (EOF), obtained by dynamically coating the capillary wall with 0.2 mM cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. Long-chain fatty acids and their decomposition products could be determined in recent and aged samples of drying oils, respectively, and in samples taken from two paintings of the 19th century.

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