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PubMed1983

The in vitro cultivation of Oesophagostomum radiatum, the nodular worm of cattle. III. Effects of bovine heme on development to adults.

High numbers of advanced stages of Oesophagostomum radiatum developed from exsheathed, infective larvae in complex, cell-free Medium API-1, with or without the addition of glutathione (reduced) or a bovine heme in the form of "unbound" hemin or the bound hemin component of Fildes' reagent (a peptic digest of defibrinated bovine blood). Based on culture periods of 28 to 52 days, O. radiatum larvae developed to fourth molt in Medium API-1, with and without a bovine heme compound. However, in medium containing bovine heme, development continued to young adult males and females within 25 to 35 days. The most advanced stages attained were young adult males and females in which mature reproductive systems showed the beginning of spermatogenesis and oogenesis. The optimal culture system for development to young adults required Medium API-1 supplemented with 20 mM glutathione (reduced) for the first 7 days, followed by nonsupplemented medium for 7 days, and thereafter medium supplemented with Fildes' reagent which contained hemin in a concentration of 48 micrograms/ml of medium. In this system, O. radiatum developed to early, young adults in 25 days and to "late," young adults by 37 to 52 days. The largest young adult male and female were 8.3 and 9.0 mm long, respectively. This system produced maximal yields of up to 25% young adults in populations of about 80,000 O. radiatum by days 28 to 42.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Measuring functional impairment associated with pain: psychometric analysis of an exploratory scoring protocol for activity pattern indicators.

Behavioral science theorists who study pain have advocated the development of measures designed to assess aspects of behavior. Recently, Diller , Fordyce , Jacobs, and Brown developed a 64-item self-report activity measure. Assessment of functional impairment associated with pain is a potentially appropriate application for the Activity Pattern Indicators (API). The API provides a description of actual functioning; frequency of behavior is the unit of measurement. Currently, no agreed upon scoring protocol is available for this measure. We propose to design, in accordance with measurement theory, a psychometrically sound yet practical scoring protocol. The API data presented allow an acceptable degree of reliability and sensitivity to group differences. Results of the present study support continued psychometric exploration of: the current scoring protocol, alternative scoring protocols, and the Activity Pattern Indicators.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1981

[Comparative study of five different methods for grouping beta-haemolytic streptococci (author's transl)].

161 strains of beta-haemolytic streptococci, that had been isolated from patients' material, and 7 reference strains were group]ed with the techniques of precipitation, direct immunofluorescence, co-agglutination (Phadebact Streptococcus Test), latex agglutination (Streptex), and biochemical tests (Api-Strep). From the reference strains one group G strain was incorrectly identified with the Api-Strep. The direct immunofluorescence test yielded a result in agreement with the precipitation method in 94% of the freshly isolated strains. Co-agglutination and latex agglutination gave corresponding results with the precipitation method in 99%, taking into consideration that the first method doesn't apply to groups D and F. The biochemical determination with Api-Strep gave correct results with all strains of groups A and B, but did not do so with some group G and most of the group C streptococcal strains. Therefore especially co-agglutination and latex agglutination can be recommended for routine diagnostic purposes as reliable, rapid, and simple methods.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Epidemiology of allergic reactions in beekeepers: a lower prevalence in subjects with more than 5 years exposure.

Beekeepers (Bks) represent a high allergic risk population against Hymenoptera because of their frequent exposure to bee stings. Most published studies show different percentage of sensitization and systemic reactions with to another groups of population. With the aim to know the prevalence and type of allergic reaction in Bks from the Canary Islands, 246 subjects were studied prospectively. A questionnaire was developed and skin test and specific IgE determination against Apis mellifera, Vespula and Polistes venom were performed. One hundred and twenty eight subjects had presented at least one reaction greater than merely local. In 83.5% of these subjects subsequent stings caused reactions of lesser intensity. Specific IgE in serum for Apis mellifera was positive in 126 BKs, for Vespula in 27 and for Polistes in 9. We found that the group of BKs sensitized to Apis was significantly higher among atopics BKs (p < 0.001) and with fewest years of working experience in beekeeping (p = 0.0134). This study showed that sensitization to Hymenoptera is higher in beekeepers with less than 5 years working experience and who are sensitized to another allergens.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Smokers exhibit an altered Doppler analog waveform during peripheral arterial examination.

OBJECTIVE: To identify an analog waveform characteristic of smokers by Doppler sonography, which reflects their atherogenic state, and to determine if the presence of this aberrant waveform will increase the sensitivity of the ankle pressure index (API) peripheral Doppler examination. Also, to examine the relationship between pac-yr smoked and arterial compliance. DESIGN: A cross-sectional design was used to examine the diastolic component of the triphasic arterial analog waveform. A comparison between the Doppler studies of smokers and nonsmokers was constructed. SETTING: A university-based study from the Department of Applied Physiology, Teachers College, Columbia University. PARTICIPANTS: Studied were a total of 140 sedentary subjects consisting of 70 controls and 70 smokers. Control subjects were sedentary and never smoked. Each group consisted of an equal number of male and female subjects. Smoking subjects had smoked 37.8 +/- 21.4 mean pac-yr and were sedentary. No subject had hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia or cardiac disease. They had no evidence of myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, aortic coarctation, cardiac valve disease or peripheral arterial disease. Anthropometric measurements and percent body fat were recorded. A predictive, oxygen-consumption, bike ergometer test was performed to determine aerobic capacity. The standard API Doppler examination and arterial diastolic flow analysis were performed with A-mode Doppler ultrasound on all subjects. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The amplitude of the diastolic component of the triphasic arterial analog waveform was examined by diastolic flow analysis. This method has been shown to quantify arterial compliance, which is a correlate of arteriosclerotic disease. RESULTS: A statistically significant difference (p < .001) existed between the mean arterial compliance values of the control and smoking groups. The mean arterial compliance value for the control group was 21.3 +/- 3.7% and 4.9 +/- 4.7% for the smoking group. The mean quantity of arterial compliance in the control group was 4.3 times greater than that observed in the smoking group. A significant inverse-linear relationship was observed between pac-yr smoked and arterial compliance (p < .001). CONCLUSION: When utilizing Doppler to identify lower-extremity occlusive disease, these results demonstrate that smokers display a distinctive analog waveform. The morphology of the waveform is characterized by an attenuated diastolic component of the analog triphasic complex. This finding reflects an advanced state of arterial disease. In our study, this characteristic waveform was identified when API remained negative. When examining the results of a Doppler peripheral arterial study in a claudication patient, the identification of this waveform suggests that advanced atherogenic changes have occurred.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in 4 patients with acute decompensation of chronic respiratory insufficiency].

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (API) is a necrotising pneumonia generally occurring in profoundly immunodepressed subjects. These observations were based on four patients in the intensive care unit, suffering from chronic respiratory failure (IRC), without profound immunodepression. After a pathophysiological and clinical review, a focus on the diagnostic methods permits one to stress on the reliability, in this type of patient, of the evidence from direct examination of aspergillus filaments in the bronchoalveolar lavage (LBA) or protected bronchial brushings, taking account of the weak value of routine culture of spit or bronchial aspiration in IRC in whom patients are frequently colonised. These four cases permit one to discuss the factors which predispose to the development of API outside the usual immune suppression: IRC itself, by the disorder of mucociliary function, which it leads to; repeated antibiotic therapy which destabilises the saprophytic flora; viral infections which would be responsible for transitory immunodepression. But it is above all steroid therapy which seems to be the major factor favouring the development of API without producing profound immunodepression but probably because it inhibits phagocytosis of aspergillus spores. In these circumstances it is necessary to make an early diagnosis and to use fibre optic bronchoscopy with protected sampling and bronchoalveolar lavage with a complete microbiological. Only early treatment allows one to contemplate a cure.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1993

Enzymatic differentiation and biochemical and serological characteristics of the clinical isolates of Streptococcus angiosus, S. intermedius and S. constellatus.

Of the 29 'Streptococcus milleri' strains tested, all thirteen Streptococcus intermedius (DNA homology group 2) strains but none of the thirteen Streptococcus anginosus (group 1) strains produced beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, beta-N-acetylgalactosaminidase, alpha-N-acetylneuraminidase, beta-galactosidase, alpha-glucosidase, and hyaluronidase. The three Streptococcus constellatus (group 3) strains produced only the latter two. Glycosidase production divided 274 clinical isolates into 103 S. anginosus, 101 S. intermedius, and 70 S. constellatus strains. Generally, strains of S. anginosus and S. intermedius were non-beta-haemolytic. API II and biotype Ia (lactose positive), but the former contained almost all API III strains and belonged to Lancefield group A/serotype a (A/a), -/b, C/c, -/d, -/e, F/f or G/k, and the latter included most of biotype IId (lactose negative) and serovar -/g, -/h, -/i or -/j. S constellatus strains were beta-, alpha- or gamma-haemolytic, of API I or II but mostly biotype Ib (lactose negative), and of F/- or -/b. S. intermedius was a major member of the oral isolates. Non-oral isolates were virtually all S. anginosus (mainly urogenital isolates) or S. constellatus (the other systemic isolates).

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Microbiological characteristics and spectrum of infections of 108 Streptococcus anginosus isolated].

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to assess the key microbiologic characteristics aid in the identification of Streptococcus anginosus in the laboratory and know the spectrum of clinical infections it produces. METHODS: From March 1991 to April 1992 all the isolated strains of clinical significant samples were collected. For identification the API 20 STREP (BioMérieux) system was used. The histories of the patients with infection by S. anginosus were retrospectively reviewed to collect clinical and microbiologic data of interest. RESULTS: The 108 strains of St. anginosus isolated were diminute colonies on sheep blood agar with CO2 enrichment. They had a characteristic smell, were beta-hemolitic or non hemolitic and of the Lancefield group A, C, F, G or not groupable. All had invariable biochemical features in the API 20 STREP: produced acetone and alkaline phosphatase, hydrolized arginine, did not hydrolize hypurate nor did they ferment ribose. Streptococcus anginosus produced purulent infections of different localization: abdominal, head-neck, pleuro-pulmonary, muscle-skeletal, skin and soft tissues and miscellaneous. Most of these infections were polymicrobial (81.5%). CONCLUSIONS: St. anginosus was easily identified in the laboratory by its morphologic characteristics and biochemical reaction in the API 20 STREP. It produced a wide variety of supurative infections, some being severe: cerebral, pulmonary, hepatic, empyema abscess. The identification of this microorganism at a species level should contribute to better recognition as a pathogen of occassionally severe supurative infections.

Female↗
PubMed1993

Deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness and phenotypic characteristics of oral Streptococcus milleri strains.

Strains of oral Streptococcus milleri group were compared with the type strains of Streptococcus anginosus, S. intermedius, and S. constellatus by DNA-DNA hybridization at 60 degrees C. Of the 29 strains tested, twelve, twelve, and two strains were closely related to S. anginosus ATCC 33397T, S. intermedius ATCC 27335T, and S. constellatus ATCC 27823T, respectively. Generally, the strains classified in the S. anginosus group in DNA homology were non-beta-haemolytic and belonged to API S. milleri II and biotype I (lactose fermenting), whereas the strains of S. constellatus group were beta-haemolytic and belonged to API S. milleri I and biotype II (lactose non-fermenting). The strains of the S. intermedius group were all non-beta-haemolytic and belonged to API S. milleri II and mostly biotype II (lactose fermenting). Furthermore, all except one strain of the S. anginosus group were Lancefield group A/serotype a (A/a), ungroupable/serotype b (-/b), C/c, -/d, -/e, F/f or G/k, whereas those of the S. constellatus group were F/-. The strains of the S. intermedius group were -/g, -/h, -/i, -/j, or -/-.

DNA Probes↗
PubMed1997

Behavioral Risk Factor Survey of Korean Americans--Alameda County, California, 1994.

Asians/Pacific Islanders (APIs) account for an increasing proportion of all racial/ ethnic minority groups in the United States: during 1980-1990, the number of persons in this group increased approximately 99%. Among APIs in the United States, Korean Americans are the fifth largest subgroup. In Alameda County, California, APIs comprise 15% of the population, and Korean Americans account for 5% of that group. To assess behavioral risk factors among Korean Americans in Alameda County, Asian Health Services (a nonprofit community clinic) and the Center for Family and Community Health at the University of California, Berkeley, conducted a household telephone survey from August 1994 through February 1995. This report summarizes findings from that survey, which indicate significant differences in the prevalences of some behavioral risk factors and preventive health practices between men and women and between Korean Americans and the total California population.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Role of area postrema on DOCA-salt induced hypertension in rat].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of area postrema AP on DOCA-salt induced hypertension in rat, with emphasis on renal hemodynamics. METHOD: Blood pressure, salt and water balances and renal hemodynamics were observed in AP ablated and sham-operated rats treated with DOCA-salt. RESULTS: In AP intact (API) rats, after one week of DOCA-salt treatment BP began elevating to statistical significance at the end of the second week (MAP 15.9 +/- 0.7 vs. 13.5 +/- 0.5 kPa), followed by a plateau period from the third to fifth week. In AP ablated (APX) rats, BP raised during the first week of DOCA-salt treatment. However, the elevation gradually disappeared and BP returned to baseline at the fifth week. Sodium balance study showed that DOCA-salt treatment induced significant sodium retention in API rat, while the sodium metabolism remained stable in APX group except in the first week. Basal renal hemodynamic parameters (GFR, RPF, UNaV, UV) were not changed at neither the beginning nor the end of the study. However, a small dose of hypertonic saline (7% NaCl 0.3 ml) injection caused a brisk rising of these four parameters in APX but not API group. CONCLUSION: AP plays an important role in normal salt and water metabolism and might be involved in pathogenesis of DOCA-salt hypertension through regulation for renal hemodynamics and body fluid homeostasis.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[Problems with nosematosis in reproduction apiaries].

Nosemosis is on the list B of International Animal Disease Office. Nosema apis was found in Poznań voivodship apiaries. The level of invasion of this parasite was 0-40% of investigated colonies in particular apiaries. According to the Polish programme only 20% of colonies can be N. apis positive in a honeybee breeding apiary. It is suggested that the minimum should be 30% in a reproduction apiary. Such a level could be found in former Czechoslovakia in a honeybee breeding apiary (30-50%). In the author's opinion the invasion level of N. apis--20% of colonies--is too hard a programme for Polish conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[The value of surgery in the treatment of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in neutropenic patients].

The aim of the study is to specify the indication for surgery in the treatment of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (API). From January 1991 to October 1996 nineteen patients who had been treated with chemotherapy and associated marrow aplasia and suffering from API were operated on. At the time of the surgical intervention all of the patients were treated with antifungal drugs. The delay between the start of their symptoms and the start of treatment was 2.6 days (range: 0-17 days). 1. The risk of a massive haemoptysis by contact between the fungal infection and the pulmonary artery led to eight urgent surgical operations: six lobectomies and two lobectomies associated with segmentectomy. The mean level of polymorphonuclear neutrophils was 296 cell/mm3 (0-1,000). Plastic surgery on the pulmonary artery was carried out in three patients. One patient died after the operation with progression of the API. The duration of postoperative stay was 13 days (6-18). 2. Planned surgery consisted of a resection of the residual mass after antifungal treatment and a diagnostic approach to the intraparenchymatous mass of indeterminate aetiology. A resection of the residual masses (in spite of antifungal treatment) was carried out in seven patients: before further haematological therapy in six cases and in one case for a superinfected lesion. The type of resection was: a lobectomy (n = 4), a lingulectomy (n = 1) and an atypical resection (n = 2). No postoperative deaths were reported. The patients left the surgical service between the seventh and twentieth day postoperatively. The surgery was used in four patients as the diagnostic approach in view of intraparenchymal masses of unknown aetiology and had enabled a fungal mycelium to be isolated at the centre of persisting inflammation. Antifungal treatment sometimes associated with surgery allowed for a better prognosis in patients suffering from invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ribotyping of Staphylococcus caprae isolated from goat milk.

The usefulness of the API-STAPH system and a method based on ribosomal fingerprinting was evaluated by studying 89 coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from goat milk. The bacteria were supposed to belong to the species Staphylococcus caprae. The results obtained from the API-STAPH system showed variations in their phenotypic features. DNA cleavage with EcoRI yielded six ribotypes and three distinct patterns were generated when the DNA of the strains was digested with HindIII. Forty-six strains were correctly characterized as S. caprae by the two methods. In addition, 37 isolates having atypical biochemical profiles with the API-STAPH system were confirmed as being S. caprae by the ribotyping. Three strains remained unclassified by both methods. Ribotypes generated by HindIII were found to be the most informative for species determination, whereas the number of bands generated by EcoRI indicated the usefulness of this enzyme in S. caprae typing.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

A profile of six community-based HIV prevention programs targeting Asian and Pacific Islander Americans.

Based on a framework (i.e., research and evaluation, prevention and services, and advocacy and policy), the goal of this article is to profile six community-based HIV prevention programs targeting Asian and Pacific Islander (API) Americans, especially among men who have sex with men. These six programs were chosen based on one or more of the following three criteria: (a) epidemiological profiles of AIDS cases among Asian and Pacific Islander Americans, (b) ethnic diversity, and (b) community development among Asian and Pacific Islander Americans in the fight against HIV. The six programs are (a) the Kokua Kalih Valley Health Center, Honolulu; (b) the Asian and Pacific Islander Wellness Center, San Francisco; (c) the Asian Pacific AIDS Intervention Team, Los Angeles; (d) the Asian and Pacific Islander Coalition on HIV and AIDS, New York City; (e) the AIDS Services in Asian Communities, Philadelphia; and (f) the Massachusetts Asian AIDS Prevention Project, Boston. The present analysis reveals that five programs have their roots in the gay or bisexual communities. Two programs have existed for about 3 years (the epidemic is going into its 17th year). Major financial support for the six programs are federal, state, or county sources; private support is generally minimal. All six programs offer a wide range of culturally competent and linguistically appropriate prevention activities and services (including two national projects) targeting a diverse API population. However, gaps in services exist in the younger programs. In addition to a paucity of epidemiological, surveillance, and empirical data, most reported that barriers fall into one or two interrelated categories: (a) structural (e.g., lack of governmental or private funding) or (b) cultural (e.g., denial of risk, homophobia, fear of confidentiality). These findings suggest that HIV prevention activities and services for Asian and Pacific Islander Americans should be based on empirical and cultural data, and that API Americans should become more actively involved in social and political activities. Asian and Pacific Islander American agencies are challenged to integrate HIV with other health and social issues pertinent to the communities.

Asian↗
PubMed1998

Asians and Pacific Islanders and HIV prevention community planning.

Since 1993, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has required state and local health departments to engage in a community planning process and to develop HIV prevention plans to spend federal HIV prevention funds. This analysis reviews the HIV prevention plans from 29 states, 5 local governments, and 6 Pacific Island jurisdictions (61.5% percent response rate). The plans from these 40 jurisdictions reflect the uneven implementation of HIV prevention community planning efforts and the uneven progress is achieving CDC's core objectives for HIV prevention community planning. Specifically, Asians and Pacific Islanders (APIs) often are not represented in state and local HIV prevention community planning groups. There also are significant gaps in the manner in which HIV and AIDS surveillance data are collected and reported for APIs. Finally, API populations are rarely included in HIV prevention priorities.

Asian↗
PubMed1998

[Susceptibility of clinical strains of gram-positive bacteria to selected beta-lactam antibiotics].

The aim of the study was to determine the activity of four beta-lactam antibiotics against nosocomial strains of Gram-positive bacteria. Two antibiotics combined with beta-lactamase inhibitors: timentin (TIC/CLAV) and tazocin (PIP/TZB) and two carbapenems: imipenem and meropenem were applied. The clinical strains were isolated from patients hospitalized in surgical ward of the National Clinical Hospital No 1 in Warsaw. The strains were identified in the automatic ATB system using ID 32 STAPH, API STREP, API CORYNE and API 20 A strips. The susceptibility of isolates to antibacterial agents was determined in the automatic ATB system using ATB STAPH, ATB STREP and ATB ANA strips. The susceptibility of strains to timentin, tazocin, imipenem and meropenem was tested with disc diffusion method. 111 strains of Gram-positive bacteria were cultured. Staphylococci (49) and enterococci (44) dominated among isolated strains. 33 Staphylococcus spp. strains were identified as methicillin-resistant. The obtained results indicate a significant role of Gram-positive cocci (staphylococci and enterococci) in the aetiology of nosocomial infections. Antibiotics combined with beta-lactamase inhibitors and carbapenems demonstrate broad antibacterial spectrum against clinical strains of Gram-positive bacteria except E. faecium strains.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1996

Predictors of transcutaneous oxygen tension in the lower limbs of diabetic subjects.

We examined neuropathy, ankle pressure index (API), and other factors as predictors of transcutaneous oxygen (TcPO2) in the lower limbs of 657 diabetic subjects. Eligible subjects underwent a clinical assessment that included three standard measures of autonomic neuropathy. TcPO2 measurements were performed at 37 degrees C and 44 degrees C at four lower limb locations. Associations between potential predictors and TcPO2 were tested using univariate and multivariate statistics. Mean TcPO2 at any site did not differ by presence of autonomic neuropathy at either temperature, except for a significantly lower value at 44 degrees C below the knee (56.5 versus 59.2 mmHg, p = 0.021). In multivariate analysis, autonomic neuropathy was significantly and independently related to leg 44 degrees C TcPO2 only (coefficient = -2.6734, p = 0.0182). Much stronger associations were seen between TcPO2 and age, ankle blood pressure, and relative body weight on the plantar foot; and between API, glycosylated haemoglobin, ankle blood pressure, and pedal oedema on the dorsal foot and leg. We conclude that factors related to lower limb TcPO2 vary depending on measurement site. Autonomic neuropathy is not an important determinant of TcPO2 in the feet of diabetic subjects. Although several predictors of TcPO2 were identified, most of the variance of this measurement remains unexplained.

Algorithms↗