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At least 1,765 records · Page 98Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Acid-base disturbances in cardiogenic pulmonary edema.

Eighty-one consecutive cases of uncomplicated cardiogenic pulmonary edema (CPE) were retrospectively graded for severity of chest roentgenogram (CXR) changes and grouped according to primary acid-base abnormalities, either single or mixed. Mean age was 72, 50 male, 31 female. Twenty-three percent had no acid-base disturbances (ABD). Isolated respiratory alkalosis was most common (41%), followed by metabolic acidosis, 22%; metabolic alkalosis, 10%, and respiratory acidosis, 9%. Age, sex, race distribution, morbidity and mortality were not significantly different between the groups. Overall mortality was 17%. Significantly higher mortality was associated with age over 70, pH less than 7.4, and presence of acute myocardial infarction. CXR scores did not correlate with pH, pCO2 or pO2, mortality or morbidity. Some patients with the most severe ABDs recovered while others, who had no ABD on presentation, eventually died. Thus, in 81 consecutive episodes of uncomplicated CPE, isolated respiratory alkalosis was the commonest ABD, occurring in 41%. No correlation was found between ABD and severity of CPE, morbidity or mortality.

Acid-Base Imbalance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Changes in the dynamic compliance coefficient of the lungs and breathing mechanics during administration of diethyl ether and halothane for general anaesthesia with spontaneous respiration.

Changes of the dynamic compliance coefficient of lungs were studied during diethyl ether and halothane anaesthesia. Determining lung compliance at the same time it was possible to show the effect of these agents on changes in the magnitude of breathing work necessary to overcome elastic and non-elastic resistances. The investigations were carried out on 31 patients during general anaesthesia with spontaneous respiration. The determinations revealed that the tidal volume (TV) was decreased in relation to the initial values (before anaesthesia) indicating a depressing effect of these agents on the processes of respiration. Changes in the tidal volume and intrapulmonary pressure decided on the changes of the pulmonary compliance coefficient and the magnitude of breathing work. The coefficient of pulmonary compliance decreased during diethyl ether administration by 18.8% and during halothane by 30.9%. On the other hand the work necessary to overcome respiratory resistances increased mainly during ether anaesthesia owing to a significant rise in the non-elastic resistance (bronchial secretion).

Acidosis, Respiratory↗
PubMed1991

Noninvasive face mask mechanical ventilation in patients with acute hypercapnic respiratory failure.

Mechanically assisted intermittent positive-pressure ventilation effectively provides ventilatory support in patients with respiratory failure but it requires placing an artificial airway. We have previously reported our successful experience delivering mechanical ventilation via a face mask (FMMV) rather than with an endotracheal tube in a pilot study of patients with acute respiratory failure. The present investigation evaluated an additional 18 patients with hypercapnic respiratory failure to determine the efficacy of FMMV in a more homogeneous group and to determine factors predicting its success. FMMV was successful in avoiding intubation in 13 of the 18 patients. A significant initial improvement in PCO2 (greater than 16 percent decrease) and in pH (from less than 7.30 to greater than 7.30) predicted success. The five patients who failed on FMMV required endotracheal intubation because of inability to improve gas exchange (three patients), apnea due to sedatives (one patient), and management of secretions (one patient). FMMV was generally well accepted with only two patients withdrawn because of intolerance of the mask. The mean duration of FMMV was 25 h. Complications were seen in only two patients (11 percent): aspiration (one patient) and mild skin necrosis (one patient). Seven patients entered the study by meeting entrance criteria after an unsuccessful extubation attempt and therefore received both forms of mechanical ventilation. All but one patient avoided reintubation, and the face mask proved to be as effective as the endotracheal tube as a conduit for delivering the mechanical tidal volume and improving gas exchange. Our findings indicate that FMMV is a viable option for short-term (one to four days) ventilatory support of patients with hypercapnic respiratory failure and insufficiency.

Acidosis, Respiratory↗
PubMed1998

Combined lung injury, meningitis and cerebral edema: how permissive can hypercapnia be?

We describe a patient with combined meningococcal septicemia and meningitis, cerebral edema and acute respiratory distress syndrome, in whom we balanced the conflicting carbon dioxide strategies for optimal pulmonary and neurological management using jugular oxygen saturation (SjvO2) monitoring to identify the upper limit of "tolerable" hypercapnia. Our observations suggest that significant acidosis was not well tolerated; however, cautious induction of pH down to 7.32 and an arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) < 5.9 kPa was tolerated acutely without significant cerebral hyperemia. Moreover, with the development of metabolic compensation and normal pH, higher levels of PaCO2 could be permitted. In similar cerebro-pulmonary circumstances we suggest that these findings warrant consideration. Alternatively, invasive monitoring of SjvO2 could be undertaken so that patient-specific criteria for permissive hypercapnia can be determined.

Acidosis, Respiratory↗
PubMed2004

Bilateral consolidation of the lungs in a preterm infant: an unusual central venous catheter complication.

We describe a case of bilateral parenchymal consolidation with sudden respiratory distress in a preterm baby as a complication of peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) dislocation. The X-rays showed bilateral pulmonary consolidation with the catheter tip initially located in the right, and later in the left pulmonary artery. The catheter was withdrawn. As soon as the catheter was repositioned all clinical signs and symptoms disappeared. Neonatologists should consider the possibility of dramatic respiratory distress deriving from PICC dislocation. Careful tip catheter placement and conscientious monitoring may reduce morbidity.

Acidosis, Respiratory↗
PubMed1975

Effects of aminophylline on the threshold for initiating ventricular fibrillation during respiratory failure.

Cardiac arrhythmias have frequently been reported in association with respiratory failure. The possible additive role of pharmacologic agents in precipitating cardiac disturbances in patients with respiratory failure has only recently been emphasized. The effects of aminophylline on the ventricular fibrillation threshold during normal acid-base conditions and during respiratory failure were studied in anesthetized open chest dogs. The ventricular fibrillation threshold was measured by passing a gated train of 12 constant current pulses through the ventricular myocardium during the vulnerable period of the cardiac cycle. During the infusion of aminophylline, the ventricular fibrillation threshold was reduced by 30 to 40 percent of the control when pH and partial pressures of oxygen (PO2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) were kept within normal limits. When respiratory failure was produced by hypoventilation (pH 7.05 to 7.25; PC02 70 to 100 mm Hg: P02 20 to 40 mm Hg), infusion of aminophylline resulted in an even greater decrease in ventricular fibrillation threshold to 60 percent of the control level. These experiments suggest that although many factors may contribute to the increased incidence of ventricular arrhythmias in respiratory failure, pharmacologic agents, particularly aminophylline, may play a significant role.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Role of the acid-base status on the changes of haemoglobin oxygen affinity in arterial hypoxemia (author's transl)].

Fifty-seven patients, all with chronic respiratory insufficiency and hypoxemia, have been classified in five groups according to their acid-base status, determined by the intra-erythrocytic pH (pHi) : A. normal acid-base balance ; B. chronic alkalosis ; C. acute alkalosis ; D. acute acidosis ; E. chronic acidosis. We have measured in the arterial blood : Po2, PCO2, plasmatic pH (pHp1), pHi, P50(7,40) and 2,3-DPG. From these values. the base-excess (B.E.) and the P50 to real pH [P50 I.V.] have been computed. There is a good correlation between 2,3-DPG and P50 (r = 0.707), none between P50 and Pao2. For a normal acid-base balance, P50 and 2.3-DPG also are normal. Increased in chronic alkalosis, the amount of DPG is decreased in chronic acidosis. The DPG-pHi correlation is very good (r = 0.691 ; pless 0.001) and the changes of the acid-base balance seem to be the main factors for controlling the DPG synthesis : it increases it in chronic alkalosis and reduces it in chronic acidosis. Thus the P50(I.V.) returns to the normal range on account of the Bohr effect adjustement. On the contrary, in acute acidosis and alkalosis, the amount of DPG is normal and the P50(I.V.) is increased or reduced. Therefore the duration of the acid-base lack of balance also interfers.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1975

Cardiac output response to altered acid-base status during diethyl ether anaesthesia.

The effects of acid-base changes on cardiac output during diethyl ether anaesthesia were studied in 25 mongrel dogs prepared by surgically implanting a plastic encased non-ferrous core electromagnetic probe on the ascending aorta. The findings are: (1) Metabolic acidaemia produced only slight decrease in cardiac output but a more marked fall became evident with decreasing pH(2) Respiratory acidaemia led to a slight rise in cardiac output. (3) Respiratory alkalaemia decreased cardiac output. (4) Metabolic alkalaemia also produced a decline in cardiac output.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗