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Program transitions from sheltered workshop to community-based endeavors.

Individuals with disabilities who move from one day program to another frequently show decreases in social adaption. Peter had four weeks of transition while James had none. After one month in the new program, James showed a 99% decrease in targeted behaviors and Peter a 100% decrease. Is a long transition necessary to move smoothly from one day setting to another?

Adaptation, Psychological↗

Science, ethics, and the future of research into maternal infant transmission of HIV-1. Perinatal HIV Intervention Research in Developing Countries Workshop participants.

Effective, feasible interventions to prevent perinatal transmission of HIV-1 in developing nations are an urgent necessity. Scientific issues of concern include a need to identify other effective antiretroviral agents; to define the shortest effective course of therapy; to assess interventions other than antiretroviral agents; and to investigate interventions that may reduce HIV-1 transmission via breastfeeding. Sound scientific design is fundamental to all research studies. Ethical standards must guide such studies and include the necessity that the problem studied be a health priority in the host country; that the highest standard of care attainable in the country be assured to participants; that the health-care resources of the country not be harmed; that the informed consent of participants be obtained; and that a process of discussion ensure that a successful intervention will be considered for implementation. There are circumstances in which a no-antiretroviral comparison may be ethically justified.

Developing Countries↗