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PubMed1986

Four themes in fertility research.

This study is concerned with four main themes that have been combined to describe U.S. fertility trends since 1920. These themes are identified as a time adjustment mechanism, income, the wife's labor force activities, and some intergenerational factor. "In order to obtain an unambiguous picture each theme will be represented by only one variable. After selecting the variables and estimating a model, an examination of the changing role these variables have had in explaining changes in fertility (the total fertility rate) throughout much of this century will be made. Finally, the implications these themes have for future fertility will be examined." The authors conclude that "in interpreting historical U.S. fertility rates, the results seem to indicate that much of the early decline in U.S. fertility was due to falling infant mortality. After the Second World War, fertility rose sharply as the age-structure variable declined and income rose. Eventually both women's labor force participation rates and the age-structure variable rose and, consequently, fertility fell." They also suggest that the age structure variable may cause a temporary upward swing in fertility in the near future.

Americas↗
PubMed1988

Manpower problems in a capital-rich country: the case of Saudi Arabia.

"In order to provide an insight into the possible problems that face Saudi Arabia in its Fourth Five-Year Plan (1985-1990), this paper assesses several aspects of the manpower problems encountered in the Third Five-Year Plan (1980-1985). In general, it appears that the country's abundance of fixed capital, or at least the means to acquire it, only emphasizes the scarcity of other resources in the Kingdom, notably the shortage of indigenous labour and the absence of the skills required to run new industries.... The paper argues that it is apparent from the performance of the Third Plan that the Government will probably use the size of the foreign labour force as a safety valve to ensure the attainment of its priorities."

Asia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Labor supply and economic fluctuations: Brazil, 1979-1986].

"The purpose of this article is to study how the Brazilian labor supply responded to the business cycle of the period 1979-1986. In doing so, the article analyzes the growth and the structure of the Brazilian labor force as well as its demographic traits over that time span. The analysis focuses on the cyclical sensitivity of the labor force participation rate (LFPR) of particular labor force groups. The study breaks down the LFPR by age, sex, schooling and family income. The main finding is that the labor supply measured by the time series behavior of the LFPR is sensitive to the business cycle although the direction and the degree of responsiveness varies among labor force groups." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Age Factors↗
PubMed1993

Social modernization and the increase in the divorce rate.

The author develops a micro-model of marital interactions that is used to analyze factors affecting the divorce rate in modern industrialized societies. The core of the model is the concept of production of marital gain and mutual control of this production. "The increase of divorce rates, then, is explained by a steady decrease of institutional and social embeddedness, which helps to solve this kind of an 'assurance game.' The shape of the individual risk is explained by the typical form of change of the 'production functions' of marriages within the first period of adaptation. The inconsistent results concerning womens' labor market participation in linear regression models are explained as a consequence of the (theoretical and statistical) 'interaction' of decreases in embeddedness and increases in external alternatives for women." Comments are included by Karl-Dieter Opp (pp. 278-82) and Ulrich Witt (pp. 283-5).

Developed Countries↗
PubMed1993

How to answer the fertility/employment question (and how not to).

"The chapter reviews briefly the history of inquiries into the relationship between women's employment and fertility, at the individual level. Research on the subject appears to have reached an impasse....The first aim of the present chapter is to clarify why this is so and to present a view regarding what can be done to move the subject forward....A core problem is considered that impedes progress in investigating the individual-level relationship between labour force activity and fertility and how this may be resolved. A second aim is to put forward a schematic theory that might form the basis for organizing ideas on the subject. The chapter draws mainly on research carried out in developed countries...."

Demography↗
PubMed1988

Aer Lingus Teoranta v. Labour Court, 26 February 1988.

The plaintiffs were airline hostesses who claimed that they had been discriminated against on the basis of sex by their employer. On appeal of a lower court decision, the High Court of Ireland held the following, among other things: 1) the plaintiffs could seek relief with respect to new acts of discrimination that are the direct result of an original act even if a complaint about the original act would be time-barred; 2) the Labour Court need not hold a preliminary hearing to decide whether a complaint is receivable before trying to settle the complaint or referring it to an equality officer for investigation; and 3) the plaintiffs had been subject to discrimination in 1) being forced to resign on marriage; 2) being refused permanent employment when other married women who married later were taken back into service; and 3) when taken back, being refused recognition for past service and experience in calculating seniority when other married women had been given full recognition. It ruled that, under the Employment Equality Act 1977, discrimination could occur with respect to the same sex on the basis of marital status.

Developed Countries↗
PubMed1988

Judgment, 22 January 1987.

The Italian Constitutional Court held that a law prohibiting employers from discriminating on the basis of sex could be invoked against an employer when a third party causes the employer to dismiss a female employee because of her sex, even though this discriminatory motive on the part of the third party is unknown to the employer. It also held that Article 18 of Law No. 300/70, which prohibits discrimination on the basis of politics, religion, or participation in a labor union, should be read in connection with other statutes and interpreted as prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sex.

Developed Countries↗