SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “peer functioning”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,747 records · Page 97Linked to original sources

PubMed2000

Windows to the self in 8-year-olds: bridges to attachment representation and behavioral adjustment.

The present study investigated the links between aspects of the self (self-evaluations, self-worth), attachment representations and behavioral functioning in 8-year-old children. Self-evaluations were assessed with an interview in which children described themselves and discussed positive and negative aspects of the self; self-worth was assessed using a subscale from the Dimensions of Depression Inventory. Attachment representations were assessed using the Separation Anxiety Test. Mothers and teachers reported on children's behavior problems, school adaptation and peer competence. Following previous work with 5- (Verschueren & Marcoen, 1999; Verschueren, Marcoen, & Schoefs, 1996) and 6-year-olds (Cassidy, 1988), we predicted that aspects of the self would be positively associated with attachment security and behavioral adaptation. These predictions were confirmed. A rating of the child's ease of access to self-evaluations (EASE) during the interview was related to emotional security and coping responses during the Separation Anxiety Test. Children with greater ease of access to self-evaluations also had fewer internalizing and total behavior problems, according to both mothers and teachers, and their teachers reported more positive school adaptation, peer competence and egoresiliency.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1990

Children's perceptions of self and of relationships with others as a function of sociometric status.

We studied the relations among children's reports about their own competence, objective measures of their competence, and their views of important relationships with others as a function of sociometric status. 515 third- and fourth-grade children responded to questions about aspects of their personal competence and about their relationships with mothers, fathers, teachers, and best friends. Rejected children reported the least supportive relationships overall with their fathers of any status group; this was especially true of rejected-aggressive children. Neglected children reported the lowest perceived social competence with peers. The subjective reports of rejected but not neglected children overestimated their social competence as rated by peers. Relative to teacher reports, rejected-aggressive children also overestimated their behavioral competence. While highlighting heterogeneity among low-accepted groups, these results add to knowledge about the subjective experiences of children who are unpopular with peers.

Aggression↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Children's implicit learning of graphotactic and morphological regularities.

In French, the transcription of the same sound can be guided by both probabilistic graphotactic constraints (e.g., /epsilon t/ is more often transcribed ette after -v than after -f) and morphological constraints (e.g., /epsilon t/ is always transcribed ette when used as a diminutive suffix). Three experiments showed that pseudo-word spellings of 8-to 11-year-old children and adults were influenced by both types of constraints. The influence of graphotactic regularities persisted when reliance on morphological rules was possible, without any falling off as a function of age. This suggests that rules are not abstracted, even after massive amounts of exposure to a rule-based material. These results can be accounted for by a statistical model of implicit learning.

Child↗

PubMed2006

Cardiac autonomic control in individuals with Down syndrome.

Our goal in this study was to compare cardiac autonomic control at rest between 50 individuals with Down syndrome and 24 control participants without disabilities. Resting autonomic function was assessed using analysis of heart rate variability. Participants with Down syndrome had reduced total heart rate variability, which indicates possible autonomic dysfunction in this population. Their VO2 peak and BMI were not significantly correlated with resting cardiac autonomic control. This may suggest that fitness level and obesity differentially affect cardiac autonomic control in persons with Down syndrome compared to their healthy, nondisabled peers.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

The soluble interleukin-2 receptor: biology, function, and clinical application.

PURPOSE: To review the biologic origin, functional characteristics, and current and potential clinical applications of a novel marker of immune system activation, the soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R). DATA IDENTIFICATION: Studies reported since 1985 were identified by a computer search using MEDLINE as well as from bibliographies of published work. STUDY SELECTION: Sixty-two reports on the clinical applications of the sIL-2R, largely from peer-reviewed journals, were identified. These reports address the utility and significance of sIL-2R measurements in various conditions. Basic scientific investigations delineating the biochemical and molecular features of the human interleukin-2 receptor complex and the sIL-2R protein were reviewed. DATA EXTRACTION: The validity of sIL-2R quantitation as an index of in-vivo immune system activation and its usefulness as a measure of disease activity and outcome were examined. RESULTS OF DATA ANALYSIS: The quantitation of sIL-2R, a novel laboratory measure of in-vivo immune system activation, correlates reliably with disease activity in autoimmune inflammatory disorders, transplantation rejection, and specific infectious disorders. Markedly elevated serum sIL-2R levels are a particularly prominent feature of certain hematologic malignancies, such as human T lymphotropic retrovirus type I-associated adult T-cell leukemia and hairy cell leukemia, reflecting tumor burden and response to therapy. The sIL-2R level at disease onset may also reliably predict long-term prognosis in non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and it appears to provide an additional serologic measure in the assessment of clinical progression in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: Studies have suggested that sIL-2R levels offer a rapid, reliable, and noninvasive measure of disease activity, response to therapy, and, in some cases, prognosis in a broad spectrum of conditions associated with T- or B-cell immune activation.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1999

Project Northland: comprehensive alcohol use prevention for young adolescents, their parents, schools, peers and communities.

OBJECTIVE: Project Northland is an ongoing prevention trial with the objective of reducing underage drinking and related problems. Phase I focused on early adolescence and this study describes the multiple interventions, highlighting its parent components. METHOD: A cohort design was used with sixth graders from 24 school districts (N = 2,35 1: 97% of the eligible population: 51.3% boys), randomly assigned to intervention or reference condition. Phase I ended in eighth grade (N = 1,901: 81% retention rate). Both demand and supply reduction guided the interventions. This study examined Project Northland's impact using MMPI-A scales assessing clinical problems related to adolescents' alcohol and other drug use (Alcohol/Drug Problems Proneness scale; Alcohol/Drug Problems Acknowledgement scale), as well as MMPI-A scales related to school functioning (Adolescent-School Problems Content scale: Adolescent-Low Aspirations Content scale) and family functioning (Adolescent-Family Problems Content scale). RESULTS: Results showed significant reductions on the MMPI-A Proneness scale for those exposed to the interventions. The greatest program effects were among baseline nonusers of alcohol. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that the impact of Project Northland is not only on specifically targeted alcohol and drug use behaviors and their predictive factors, but also on intra-individual and familial factors generally considered precursors of more extensive problem behaviors and more resistant to change. Furthermore, the engaging home-based sixth-grade intervention, the Slick Tracy Home Team Program, is a promising population-based prevention approach that may generalize to other serious problems within a young person's family.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

The role of perceived control and overconfidence in pathological gambling.

Two studies sought to determine whether perceived control has different effects on confidence assessment and betting decisions among pathological and problem gamblers than among non-problem gamblers. In Study 1, 200 college students who were frequent gamblers (80 female and 120 male, median age 20) completed the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) and then engaged in a task in which they answered questions, assessed confidence in each answer, and considered bets on their answers that were fair if they were well-calibrated, but unfavorable if they were overconfident. Probable pathological and problem gamblers earned significantly fewer points than non-problem gamblers. This was due to greater overconfidence among pathological and problem gamblers, which led to systematically less favorable bets. In Study 2, using 384 participants (105 female and 279 male, median age 20), control was independently manipulated and bets were constructed to make point value independent of overconfidence. Problem and pathological gamblers showed both greater overconfidence and greater bet acceptance. They were less affected by control in their betting decisions than non-problem gamblers, but more affected in the slope of their betting function. It is concluded that pathological and problem gamblers process information about confidence and control differently from non-problem gamblers.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Perceived social support and adjustment of children with newly diagnosed cancer.

The negative impact on psychologic adjustment from the stress of living with newly diagnosed cancer is hypothesized to be affected by perceived social support. Thirty children with newly diagnosed cancer completed standardized assessment instruments measuring depressive symptoms, state anxiety, trait anxiety, social anxiety, general self-esteem, and perceived social support from classmates, parents, teachers, and friends. Their parents completed a standardized assessment instrument measuring internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. Perceived classmate, parent, and teacher social support were variously correlated with the psychologic adjustment parameters in the hypothesized direction of greater support predicting lower psychologic distress and higher self-esteem. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses identified perceived classmate social support as the most consistent predictor of adaptation, providing further evidence of the essential function of the social environment of the school setting in affecting the adjustment of children with newly diagnosed cancer.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1988

The striatal dopamine dependency of life span in male rats. Longevity study with (-)deprenyl.

Long-term experiments on male rats revealed that better performers in the mating test are better learners in the shuttle box and the more active animals live significantly longer than their less active peers. It was established by the aid of (-)deprenyl, a highly specific chemical tool, which increases superoxide dismutase activity in the striatum, facilitates the activity of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons with utmost selectivity, and protects these neurons from their age-related decay, that the efficiency of a male rat in behavioral tests, as well as the duration of its life are striatal dopamine dependent functions. As a measure of striatal function, sexual activity was tested once a week in a group of male rats (n = 132) from the 24th month of their life. Because of the age-related decay of this function none of the 2-year-old animals displayed full scale sexual activity. By dividing the group equally the rats were treated with saline (1 ml/kg, s.c.) and deprenyl (0.25 mg/kg, s.c.), respectively, three times a week. In the saline-treated group (n = 66) the last signs of sexual activity vanished to the 33rd week of treatment. (-)Deprenyl treatment restored full scale sexual activity in 64 out of 66 rats. The longest living rat in the saline-treated group lived 164 weeks. The average lifespan of the group was 147.05 +/- 0.56 weeks. The shortest living animal in the (-)deprenyl-treated group lived 171 weeks and the longest living rat died during the 226th week of its life. The average lifespan was 197.98 +/- 2.36 weeks, i.e. higher than the estimated maximum age of death in the rat (182 weeks). This is the first instance that by the aid of a well-aimed medication members of a species lived beyond the known lifespan maximum.

Aging↗

PubMed1984

Auditory perception in early lateralized brain damage.

In a study of hemispheric dominance for the perception of speech the performance of 28 young children with congenital or infantile hemiplegia was compared with that of their normal peers and recently brain damage nonaphasic adults. Our results confirm Goodglass's findings that in children with early left hemisphere damage the transfer of dominance for speech processing is completed in childhood, and they show that this process of hemispheric transfer can be completed by 3 years of age. Comparison with results on adults with CVA provides additional evidence that in early lateralized brain cognitive functions normally dominant in one cerebral hemisphere are developed in the alternative hemisphere in a way that apparently does not happen later in life.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Developing secure Web-based medical applications.

The EUROMED-ETS pilot system offers a number of security functionalities using off-the-shelf available products, in order to protect Web-based medical applications. The basic concept used by the proposed security architecture is the Trusted Third Party (TTP). A TTP is used in order to generate, distribute and revoke digital certificates to medical practitioners and healthcare organizations that wish to communicate securely. Digital certificates and digital signatures are used to provide peer and data origin authentication and access control. The paper demonstrates how TTPs can be used effectively in order to develop medical applications that run securely over the World Wide Web.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2006

Alzheimer's Quick Test cognitive screening criteria for West African speakers of Krio.

OBJECTIVES: To obtain normative data for Alzheimer's Quick Test (AQT) measures of perceptual and cognitive speed from West African speakers of Krio. SUBJECTS: Normal adults, who were functionally independent, from Sierra Leone (n = 164) aged 25-79 years. METHODS: Perceptual and cognitive speed were measured with AQT single- and dual-dimension colour-number (C-N) and colour-animal (C-A) naming tasks. Tests were administered individually in the participants' communities. RESULTS: Men and women performed similarly (P>0.05), whereas literate speakers used significantly less time than preliterate peers (P<0.01). Correlations between age and colour naming were low (P<0.01) and speed decreased by <0.1 s per year. Dual-dimension naming remained stable across ages. Correlations with years of education were low for dual-dimension naming (P<0.01) and speed increased approximately 0.4 s per added year. Correlations between age and education and AQT naming were non-significant for literate participants. Criterion time cut-offs (seconds) for screening were developed for preliterate and literate speakers of Krio for typical (<+1 SD), slower-than-typical (between +1 and +2 SD) and atypical (>+2 SD) performance. CONCLUSION: AQT C-N and C-A naming are time efficient (3-5 min each), objective and reliable and can be administered in Krio to West African adults in Africa, Europe or North America to screen for cognitive impairments and facilitate referral for medical workup.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Pursuit eye movement deficits in autism.

Oculomotor studies provide a novel strategy for evaluating the functional integrity of multiple brain systems and cognitive processes in autism. The current study compared pursuit eye movements of 60 high-functioning individuals with autism and 94 intelligence quotient, age and gender matched healthy individuals using ramp and oscillating target tasks. Individuals with autism had normal pursuit latency, but reduced closed-loop pursuit gain when tracking both oscillating and ramp targets. This closed-loop deficit was similar for leftward and rightward pursuit, but the difference between individuals with autism and their age-matched peers was more apparent after mid-adolescence, suggesting reduced maturational achievement of the pursuit system in autism. Individuals with autism also had lower open-loop pursuit gain (initial 100 ms of pursuit) and less accurate initial catch-up saccades during a foveofugal step-ramp task, but these deficits were only seen when targets moved into the right visual field. Pursuit performance in both open- and closed-loop phases was correlated with manual praxis in individuals with autism. Bilateral disturbances in the ability to use internally generated extraretinal signals for closed-loop pursuit implicate frontostriatal or cerebellar circuitry. The hemifield specific deficit in open-loop pursuit demonstrates a lateralized disturbance in the left extrastriate areas that extract visual motion information, or in the transfer of visual motion information to the sensorimotor areas that transform visual information into appropriate oculomotor commands.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Asperger syndrome: to be or not to be?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Asperger syndrome is a pervasive developmental disorder characterized by impairments in social interactions, such as nonverbal behaviors, failure to develop peer relationships, and lack of social reciprocity with restricted, repetitive and stereotyped patterns of interest or behavior. The diagnosis of Asperger syndrome is increasingly common, and it is timely to review its phenomenology and treatment. RECENT FINDINGS: As there is a growing public awareness and acceptance of Asperger syndrome, clinical research has produced mixed results that do not clearly discriminate Asperger syndrome from high-functioning autism. However, research does indicate that children with pervasive developmental disorder achieve better outcomes when diagnosis is made early and appropriate community supports can be marshaled. SUMMARY: The history and phenomenology of Asperger syndrome is briefly reviewed, and recent literature relating to assessment and treatment is highlighted.

Asperger Syndrome↗

PubMed2004

Immunity & Ageing: a new journal looking at ageing from an immunological point of view.

In the elderly, many alterations of both innate and clonotypic immunity have been described. Alterations to the immune system in the elderly are generally viewed as a deterioration of immunity, leading to the use of the term immunosenescence. However, although many immunological parameters are often notably reduced in the elderly, retained function of both innate and clonotypic immunity in the elderly is tightly correlated to health status. Recognising the important role of the immune system in ageing, over the last few years, journals oriented towards gerontology and geriatric sciences have increasingly published articles dealing with the immunology of ageing, but a specialised journal in this area does not exist. Immunity & Ageing is a new Open Access, peer reviewed journal that aims to cover all the topics dealing with innate and clonotypic immunity which are relevant to ageing. The journal will provide an opportunity to focus on this topic, which is emerging as one of the critical mechanisms of ageing. Furthermore, as an online, Open Access journal, Immunity & Ageing will promote immediate accessibility to research, which is generally not possible for articles published in printed journals. We hope this forum, concentrating on the themes of ageing and immunology with a strong focus on human studies, will create a new perspective for viewing a world that is inevitably becoming older.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2003

Measuring the impact of health research.

Measuring the decision-making impact of applied health research should constitute a core function for many research funders and research organizations. Different target audiences warrant different measures of impact. The target audiences for applied health research include the general public, patients (and their families), clinicians, managers (in hospitals, regional health authorities and health plans), research and development officers (in biotechnology firms) and public policy-makers (i.e. elected officials, political staff and civil servants). Making meaningful assessments within peer groups that fund or produce similar types of research knowledge for similar types of target audiences makes more sense than a one-size-fits-all approach to impact assessment. User-pull and interactive measures of impact (i.e. measures of cultural shifts that would facilitate the on-going use of research knowledge to inform decision-making) can supplement more traditional producer-push measures that assess researchers' active efforts to inform decision-making and the outcome of these efforts. Cultural shifts may include the creation of a research-attuned culture among decision-makers and a decision-relevant culture among researchers. Moving beyond whether research was used to examine how it was used is also important. Research knowledge may be used in instrumental, conceptual or symbolic ways. These actions, coupled with on-going refinements to the proposed assessment tool as research evidence evolves, would take us a long way towards assessment and accountability in the health sector.

Decision Making, Organizational↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The new boundaries of the "boundaryless" company.

In an economy founded on innovation and change, one of the premier challenges of management is to design more flexible organizations. For many executives, a single metaphor has come to embody this managerial challenge and to capture the kind of organization they want to create: the "corporation without boundaries." According to Larry Hirschhorn and Thomas Gilmore of the Wharton Center for Applied Research, managers are right to break down the boundaries that make organizations rigid and unresponsive. But they are wrong if they think that doing so eliminates the need for boundaries altogether. Once the traditional boundaries of hierarchy, function, and geography disappear, a new set of boundaries becomes important. These new boundaries are more psychological than organizational. They aren't drawn on a company's organizational chart but in the minds of its managers and employees. And instead of being reflected in a company's structure, they must be "enacted" over and over again in a manager's relationships with bosses, subordinates, and peers. In this article, Hirschhorn and Gilmore provide a guide to the boundaries that matter in the "boundaryless" company. They explain how these new boundaries are essential for both managers and employees in coping with the demands of flexible work. They describe the typical mistakes that managers make in their boundary relationships. And they show how executives can become effective boundary managers by paying attention to a source of data they have often overlooked in the past: their own gut feelings about work and the people with whom they do it.

Administrative Personnel↗

PubMed1992

A preliminary diagnostic and treatment protocol.

The objectives of the preliminary diagnostic and treatment protocol are 1. To reveal retention or resistance form deficiencies. 2. To reveal need for augmentive periodontal crown-lengthening surgical procedures. 3. To evaluate pontic form for the existing space. 4. To preplan occlusal plane deficiencies and methods of corrective treatment to establish Curve of Spee. 5. To preplan occlusal scheme, i.e., canine guidance, group function, mutually protected occlusion, and cross-bite conditions. 6. To aid in preplanning sequence of treatment and method of preservation of occlusal vertical dimension. 7. To serve as a visual aid for discussion of treatment recommendations with patient prior to actual treatment. 8. To act as a medicolegal record to document the clinician's pretreatment planning in complex treatment situations for possible use in peer review or litigation. 9. To aid in fabrication of an elastomer reduction guide for use during crown preparation. 10. To aid in fabrication of a vacuum-formed template for provisional restoration of crown and abutment teeth after preparation.

Clinical Protocols↗