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PubMed2002

Patterns of cranial shape variation in the Papionini (Primates: Cercopithecinae).

Traditional classifications of the Old World monkey tribe Papionini (Primates: Cercopithecinae) recognized the mangabey genera Cercocebus and Lophocebus as sister taxa. However, molecular studies have consistently found the mangabeys to be diphyletic, with Cercocebus and Mandrillus forming a clade to the exclusion of all other papionins. Recent studies have identified cranial and postcranial features which distinguish the Cercocebus-Mandrillus clade, however the detailed similarities in cranial shape between the mangabey genera are more difficult to reconcile with the molecular evidence. Given the large size differential between members of the papionin molecular clades, it has frequently been suggested that allometric effects account for homoplasy in papionin cranial form. A combination of geometric morphometric, bivariate, and multivariate methods was used to evaluate the hypothesis that allometric scaling contributes to craniofacial similarities between like-sized papionin taxa. Patterns of allometric and size-independent cranial shape variation were subsequently described and related to known papionin phylogenetic relationships and patterns of development. Results confirm that allometric scaling of craniofacial shape characterized by positive facial allometry and negative neurocranial allometry is present across adult papionins. Pairwise comparisons of regression lines among genera revealed considerable homogeneity of scaling within the Papionini, however statistically significant differences in regression lines also were noted. In particular, Cercocebus and Lophocebus exhibit a shared slope and significant vertical displacement of their allometric lines relative to other papionins. These findings give no support to narrowly construed hypotheses of uniquely shared patterns of allometric scaling, either between sister taxa or across all papionins. However, more general allometric trends do appear to account for a substantial proportion of papionin cranial shape variation, most notably in those features which have influenced traditional morphological phylogenies. Examination of size-uncorrelated shape variation gives no clear support to molecular phylogenies, but underscores the absence of morphometric similarities between the mangabey genera when size effects are controlled. Patterns of allometric and size-uncorrelated shape variation indicate conservatism of cranial form in non- Theropithecus papionins, and suggest that Papio represents the primitive morphometric pattern for the African papionins. Lophocebus exhibits a divergent morphometric pattern, clearly distinguishable from other papionins, most notably Cercocebus. These results clarify patterns of cranial shape variation among the extant Papionini and lay the groundwork for studies of related fossil taxa.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

A graph-theoretic approach to the identification of three-dimensional patterns of amino acid side-chains in protein structures.

This paper discusses the use of graph-theoretic methods for the representation and searching of three-dimensional patterns of side-chains in protein structures. The position of a side-chain is represented by pseudo-atoms, and the relative positions of pairs of side-chains by the distances between them. This description of the geometry can be represented by a labelled graph in which the nodes and the edges of the graph represent the pseudo-atoms and the sets of inter-pseudo-atomic distances, respectively. Given such a representation, a protein can be searched for the presence of a user-defined query pattern of side-chains by means of a subgraph-isomorphism algorithm which is implemented in the program ASSAM. Experiments with one such algorithm, that due to Ullmann, show that it provides both an effective and a highly efficient way of searching for patterns of side-chains. The method is illustrated by searches for the serine protease catalytic triad, for residues involved in the catalytic activity of staphyloccocal nuclease, and for the zinc-binding side-chains of thermolysin. The catalytic triad pattern search revealed the existence of a second Asp-His-Ser triad-like arrangement of residues in trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen, in addition to the catalytic residues. In addition the program can be used to search for hypothetical patterns, as is shown for a pattern of three tryptophan side-chains. These searches demonstrate that the search algorithm can successfully retrieve the great majority of the expected proteins, as well as other, previously unreported proteins that contain the pattern of interest.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1990

The in vivo pattern of firefly luciferase expression in transgenic plants.

Expression of the firefly luciferase gene in transgenic plants produces light emission patterns when the plants are supplied with luciferin. We explored whether in in vivo pattern of light emission truly reveals the pattern of luciferase gene expression or whether it reflects other parameters such as the availability of the substrate, luciferin, or the tissue-specific distribution of organelles in which luciferase was localized. The tissue-specific distribution of luciferase activity and the in vivo pattern of light were examined when the luciferase gene was driven by different promoters and when luciferase was was redirected from the peroxisome, where it is normally targeted, to the chloroplast compartment. It was found that the distribution of luciferase activity closely correlated with the tissue-specific pattern of luciferase mRNA. However, the in vivo light pattern appeared to reflect not only tissue-specific distribution of luciferase activity, but also the pattern of luciferin uptake.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Patterns of nucleotide substitutions inferred from the phylogenies of the class I major histocompatibility complex genes.

Patterns of nucleotide substitutions in human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I genes were estimated by using phylogenetic trees of DNA sequences. The pattern is defined as a set of 12 parameters, each of which represents the relative frequency of substitutions from a particular nucleotide to another. The pattern at the antigen recognition sites (ARS) in functional MHC genes was remarkably different from that at the remaining coding region (non-ARS). In particular, the proportion of transitions among all the nucleotide substitutions (Ps) was extremely low at the third codon positions of ARS. In the HLA-A genes, Ps at the third codon positions was only 6% in ARS, whereas it was 69% in non-ARS. In HLA-B, the corresponding values were 30% in ARS and 80% in non-ARS, respectively. On the other hand, Ps in a class I pseudogene (HLA-H) was 57%, which was in good agreement with Ps in other pseudogenes. Because pseudogenes are selectively neutral, the pattern in pseudogenes is regarded as the pattern of spontaneous substitution mutations. In general, the pattern in functional genes that are subject to selective forces deviates from the pattern in pseudogenes. At the third codon positions in coding regions, transitions scarcely cause amino acid replacements, whereas about half of transversions do cause replacements. Accordingly, Ps at the third codon positions decreases if amino acid replacements are accelerated by natural selection but increases if amino acids are conserved by functional constraint. Our observations imply that the ARS region is subject to natural selection favoring amino acid replacements, whereas the non-ARS region is subject to functional constraint.

Codon↗
PubMed1992

A segmented pattern of cell death during development of the chick embryo.

During the early development of the chick embryo, specific groups of cells die in characteristic patterns. In this study, Nile Blue sulphate staining was used to reveal a novel pattern of segmentally repeated cell death in the paraxial mesoderm of the chick prior to stage 23. This pattern varies according to the developmental stage of the embryo and shifts rostrocaudally, corresponding to progressing somite differentiation. Initially, during early somite differentiation, cell death is restricted to the rostral half of the somite (the rostral pattern of cell death). After the somite has differentiated into dermomyotome and sclerotome, dead cells appear in superficial tissues in a pyramidal pattern which lies in register (rostrocaudally) with the central part of the sclerotome. Finally, small bands of dying cells are seen between the neural tube and the expanding sclerotome. This third pattern (the ventral path) lies in register with the rostral part of the caudal half of the sclerotome. We show by fluorescent labelling of the migrating neural crest that these patterns of cell death correspond to the routes of neural crest migration. In addition, serial sectioning of stage 23 chick embryos confirms that the position of dying cells correlates with the known routes of neural crest migration and with the sites of development of certain neural crest-derived tissues.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Intestinal T-cell lymphoma: a reassessment of cytomorphological and phenotypic features in relation to patterns of small bowel remodelling.

Intestinal T-cell lymphoma (ITCL) is an uncommon entity among primary gastrointestinal lymphomas. In this study we evaluated tumours from 20 patients presenting with (n = 8) or without (n = 12) a history of coeliac disease (CD). Neoplastic lesions were composed of predominantly small (n = 4), small-to-medium (n = 2), medium/mixed-to-large (n = 7) or large and anaplastic (n = 7) cells. Different patterns of tumour growth and remodelling of the small bowel wall were observed. Pattern a (n = 4) was characterized by an intramucosal spread of small tumour cells with a small growth fraction. This pattern resembles mucosal inflammation in CD. In pattern b (n = 2), ulcerated solitary or multiple tumours composed of small to medium-sized cells were observed. The adjacent or distant mucosa showed a nearly normal architecture. In pattern c (n = 7), ulcerated lesions were composed of medium-sized to large cells. Mucosal flattening occurred in all segments infiltrated by lymphoma. In pattern d (n = 7), bowel remodelling was observed along the small intestine even at sites not affected by lymphoma. The main neoplastic lesions were composed of pleomorphic large or anaplastic cells frequently expressing the CD30 molecule. Intramucosal spread of a small epitheliotropic T-cell population was observed in the vicinity or even at distant segments of the small bowel. The demonstration of clonal rearrangements of T-cell receptor genes helped to trace widespread occurrence of this small intraepithelial neoplastic component. We suggest that different features of tumour cells such as the expression of activation antigens may contribute to the remodelling of small bowel mucosa. The addition of immunophenotyping data to macroscopic and microscopic features of specimens provided evidence that this uncommon lymphoma exhibits a spectrum in cytological composition and growth patterns. However, despite the considerable heterogeneity of the cases analysed, most of them shared a characteristic immunohistochemical profile (CD3+, CD8+/-, CD103+), further substantiating the view that ITCL is the neoplastic equivalent of an intraepithelial T-cell subset of the small intestine. This phenotype and the intraepithelial accumulation of lymphoma cells observed in the surviving mucosa are clues to the diagnosis of this clinicopathological lymphoma entity characterized by a broad range of morphological expressions.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Are eye movement evoked potentials different from pattern reversal evoked potentials?

The averaged lambda wave elicited by saccadic eye movements across a checkerboard pattern has been reported to differ from checkerboard reversal evoked responses, even when the electroencephalographic responses were corrected for the artefact caused by the movement of the dipole moment of the eye itself. Because of these differences it was suggested that the recording of the lambda wave might provide extra information in pathological circumstances. We performed experiments in which the parameters of the pattern (high contrast checkerboard pattern, 20' checks, large field 72 x 72 degrees) shift across the retina were carefully adjusted. For instance, eye movements were made across an integer and odd number of checks in order to mimic the pattern reversal. Furthermore, the timing of the pattern movement in the pattern reversal condition was adjusted so as to simulate the saccadic eye movement. The results seem to suggest that the reported dissimilarities between pattern reversal and eye movement evoked responses can be accounted for by the small differences of the retinal shift in the two conditions.

Evoked Potentials↗
PubMed1995

Flight initiations in Drosophila melanogaster are mediated by several distinct motor patterns.

We have monitored the patterns of activation of five muscles during flight initiation of Drosophila melanogaster: the tergotrochanteral muscle (a mesothoracic leg extensor), dorsal longitudinal muscles #3, #4 and #6 (wing depressors), and dorsal ventral muscle #Ic (a wing elevator). Stimulation of a pair of large descending interneurons, the giant fibers, activates these muscles in a stereotypic pattern and is thought to evoke escape flight initiation. To investigate the role of the giant fibers in coordinating flight initiation, we have compared the patterns of muscle activation evoked by giant fiber stimulation with those during flight initiations executed voluntarily and evoked by visual and olfactory stimuli. Visually elicited flight initiations exhibit patterns of muscle activation indistinguishable from those evoked by giant fiber stimulation. Olfactory-induced flight initiations exhibit patterns of muscle activation similar to those during voluntary flight initiations. Yet only some benzaldehyde-induced and voluntary flight initiations exhibit patterns of muscle activation similar to those evoked by giant fiber stimulation. These results indicate that visually elicited flight initiations are coordinated by the giant fiber circuit. By contrast, the giant fiber circuit alone cannot account for the patterns of muscle activation observed during the majority of olfactory-induced and voluntary flight initiations.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Functionally complex muscles of the cat hindlimb. I. Patterns of activation across sartorius.

The cat sartorius (SA) can be divided functionally into an anterior (SAa), knee extensor portion and a medial (SAm), knee flexor portion; it can be further subdivided anatomically by multiple nerve branches into parallel longitudinal columns that terminate in a distributed insertion at the knee with a continuous range of moment arms. Thus, SA may be controlled by a discrete number of motoneuron task groups reflecting a small number of central command signals or by a continuum of activation patterns associated with a continuum of moment arms. To resolve this question, the activation patterns across the width of the SA were recorded with an electrode array during three kinematically different movements--treadmill locomotion, scratching and paw shaking, in awake, unrestrained cats. Uniformity of activation along the longitudinal axis was also examined because individual muscle fibers do not extend the length of the SA. In addition, the cutaneous reflex responses were recorded throughout all regions of the SA during locomotion. Two fascial surface-patch arrays, each carrying 4-8 pairs of bipolar EMG electrodes, were sutured to the inner surface of the SA, one placed proximally and the other more distally. Each array sampled separate sites across the anterior to medial axis of SA. During locomotion, two basic EMG patterns were observed: the two burst-per-step-cycle pattern typical of SAa and the single burst pattern typical of SAm. There was an abrupt transition in the pattern of activation recorded in the two parts of SA during locomotion, and no continuum in the activation pattern was observed. Stimulation of both sural and saphenous cutaneous nerves during locomotion produced reflex responses that were uniformly distributed throughout SA, in contrast to the regional differences noted during unperturbed walking. Similarly, during scratching and paw shaking all parts of the SA were active simultaneously but with regional differences in EMG amplitude. The abrupt functional border between SAa and SAm coincided with the division of the SA into a knee flexor vs. a knee extensor. In all cases, the quantitative and qualitative differences in SAa and SAm EMGs were uniformly recorded throughout the entire extent of SAa or SAm; i.e., there was no segregation of activity within either SAa or SAm. Furthermore, the time course of EMG from each proximal recording site was nearly identical to the corresponding distal site, indicating no segregation of function along the longitudinal axis of SA. These results indicate that SAa and SAm constitute the smallest functional modules that can be recruited in SA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1986

GABAergic neurotransmission within the reticular part of the substantia nigra (SNR): role for switching motor patterns and performance of movements.

In order to investigate the role of GABAergic neurotransmission within the reticular part of substantia nigra (SNR) in the switching of motor patterns and the performance of movements, cats trained to walk on the running belt of a treadmill at constant speed were subjected to three different tests: a food dispenser test measuring the animals' capacity to switch motor patterns in order to get access to food during walking; an obstacle test measuring the animals' capacity to switch motor patterns in reaction to incoming obstacles; EMG recording of two representative antagonistic muscles of the hindlimb during walking on the treadmill. Local injection of a moderate dose of the GABA antagonist picrotoxin (PTX; 250-500 ng/0.5 microliter) into the SNR disrupted the animals' capacity to switch motor patterns in the food dispenser test, but not in the obstacle test. These animals displayed normal EMG patterns during walking. Higher doses of intranigral injections of PTX, however, impaired the execution of movements per se as detected by an increased number of 'faults' in the obstacle test and pathological EMG patterns during walking. These experiments support the view that the SNR plays a distinct role for switching motor patterns; the SNR is involved in the control of movements per se; the degree of motor disorder depends on the degree of pathology within this brain structure.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

The pattern specificity of velocity aftereffects.

Interactions between two different visual patterns, a coarse grating and a fine texture pattern, were investigated in the context of velocity aftereffects in human subjects. The perceived velocity shift, in which the perceived velocity of a moving test pattern is reduced following exposure to a similarly moving adaptation pattern, is apparent when the adaptation and test patterns are of the same or different types. The aftereffect transfers interocularly in both cases. The directional tuning of the aftereffect is broad, and has a different profile for texture adaptation than for bar adaptation. When adaptation is to a composite stimulus comprising independently moving bars and texture, the aftereffect varies according to the nature of the test pattern. The results are discussed with reference to interactions between the responses of neurones in feline striate cortex to the two types of pattern.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1994

The spatial patterns of beta/A4 deposit subtypes in Down's syndrome.

The spatial patterns of diffuse, primitive and classic beta/A4 deposits were studied in coronal sections of the hippocampus and adjacent gyri in 11 cases of Down's syndrome (DS) varying in age from 38 to 67 years. The objectives of the study were first, to compare the spatial patterns of beta/A4 deposits revealed in DS with those reported in cases of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and second, to study how the spatial patterns of beta/A4 deposits may develop in the tissue. The spatial patterns revealed in DS exhibited a number of similarities with those reported in AD: (1) the range and frequency of the different types of spatial pattern revealed were similar, (2) beta/A4 deposits occurred in clusters and in many cortical tissues, the clusters were distributed in a regular pattern parallel to the pia, (3) the clusters of diffuse and primitive beta/A4 deposits occurred in an alternating pattern along the cortex, and (4) the clusters of classic beta/A4 deposits were not correlated with the clusters of the diffuse and primitive deposits. Primitive deposits may develop from the diffuse deposits in regions of the cortex where extracellular paired helical filaments were formed. However, clusters of the classic beta/A4 deposits, which are formed in older cases, appear to develop independently of the diffuse and primitive deposits.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Enzyme patterns in D. melanogaster imaginal discs: distribution of glucose-6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase.

Distribution of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and 6-phospho-gluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) in imaginal discs of Drosophila melanogaster was determined. Differential patterns of staining were found in all discs examined, i.e., eye-antennal, wing, leg, labial and genital. By using null mutants for either G6PD or 6PGD, the enzymes were shown to have the same distribution patterns. Staining with glucose-6-phosphate as a substrate resulted in the detection of both G6PD and 6PGD. Results of staining discs from homoeotic mutants indicate that the enzyme distribution patterns are under genetic control. In the presence of the homoeotic engrailed (en) mutation which transforms posterior wing compartment into anterior, the G6PD pattern of the posterior compartment of the wing disc was specifically transformed toward that of the anterior compartment. The bithorax series of homoeotic mutants was similarly investigated. The bithorax (bx3) mutation transforms the anterior part of the haltere to anterior wing blade. Similarly the G6PD pattern in the anterior haltere disc transforms to that of anterior wing disc. The complimentary transformation, postbithorax (pbx) results in a change of the posterior part of the haltere to posterior wing, which is likewise reflected in an altered staining pattern for G6PD in the posterior portion of the haltere disc. The combination of the bx3 and pbx resulted in a staining pattern of the haltere disc virtually indistinguishable from the normal wing disc.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Does assignment of orientation to dot patterns reveal optimization processes in the visual system?

Sixty subjects were tested to assign orientation to ten dot patterns differing in their overall form and the number of dots in the pattern. The patterns were presented in four different positions in the visual field and their orientation was estimated in two ways. It was demonstrated that the assignment of orientation did not depend on the position of the pattern in the visual field as well as on the method of estimation used. A quantitative measure for the elongation of a dot pattern is proposed which correlates with the degree of ambiguity in orientation estimation. The greater the elongation the smaller the standard deviation of the estimates given. The distributions of the estimates for the ten patterns were analyzed. It was shown that they can be presented as superpositions of two or more groups of normally distributed estimates determined by some salient characteristics of the stimuli. Data are discussed from the point of view that assignment of orientation to dot patterns reveals the existence of optimization mechanisms in human brain that extract perceptual invariants from external stimulation.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Spatial firing patterns of auditory neuron network modelling by computer simulation.

This communication examines, in digital computer simulated network, input signals and response patterns established at excitatory neurons' level i.e. the membrane potential of neuron soma. It is restricted to spatial patterns of the auditory neuron networks and time factor for nervous conduction and transmission is neglected compared with long maintained membrane potentials of neuron somas. The model analyzes the change in the spatial patterns of the membrane potential in the two dimensional networks of the auditory system. In order to evaluate the contribution of the various parameters, it is started that the simplest model has only one parameter, lateral inhibition. The other parameters are then added, one at a time, to successive models. The lateral inhibition is a necessary condition in the auditory nervous system if any sharpening of the response areas in the single neurons is to occur. A necessary condition for the validity of the model is that is should be applicable to the other senses such as vision and chemical patterns, taste. The threshold feature of auditory neurons aids in producing a sharpening in the neuron of the auditory relay nuclei. It does this clipping the spatial response patterns in one dimensional arrays of excitatory neurons. Recurrent inhibition seems a necessary condition in the sensory nervous system that any kinds of input signals are to be preserved over a wide range of stimulus intensity. In other words, this network has a wide dynamic range against any kinds of input signals. A simple self-recurrent negative feedback does not contribute to the sharpening, but more complex socalled averaged type does. A neuron network is capable of responding stably to stimuli with a wide range of intensity and with any kind of spatial patterns if there is a simple negative feedback mechanism. When there is no negative feedback, input signals soon disappear or saturate in the neuron network. Therefore, recurrent inhibition is the most important mechanism. Spontaneous activity appears to aid in the sharpening by providing a kind of contrast, that is by reducting the amount of activity in neurons adjacent to the excitatory area. Moreover, the effect of spontaneous activity in the model seems to make repples around the excitatory area and suggests that an introduction of activity at any stage of the networks, from whatever source for example reticulum formation and thalamus, might appreciably alter the response patterns at subsequent neuron network. This suggests that the mechanism of the consciousness that might be controlled by the thalamus and or reticular formation. These two dimensional neuron networks may be expanded to three dimensional neuron networks. The former might simulate the auditory nervous system while the latter might simulate the visual system.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Recognition of general patterns using neural networks.

The Hopfield model of neural network stores memory in its symmetric synaptic connections and can only learn to recognize sets of nearly "orthogonal" patterns. A new algorithm is put forth to permit the recognition of general ("non-orthogonal") patterns. The algorithm specifies the construction of the new network's memory matrix Tij, which is, in general, asymmetrical and contains the Hopfield neural network (Hopfield 1982) as a special case. We find further that in addition to this new algorithm for general pattern recognition, there exists in fact a large class of Tij memory matrices which permit the recognition of non-orthogonal patterns. The general form of this class of Tij memory matrix is presented, and the projection matrix neural network (Personnaz et al. 1985) is found as a special case of this general form. This general form of memory matrix extends the library of memory matrices which allow a neural network to recognize non-orthogonal patterns. A neural network which followed this general form of memory matrix was modeled on a computer and successfully recognized a set of non-orthogonal patterns. The new network also showed a tolerance for altered and incomplete data. Through this new method, general patterns may be taught to the neural network.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1992

Doxorubicin sensitivity pattern in a panel of small-cell lung-cancer cell lines: correlation to etoposide and vincristine sensitivity and inverse correlation to carmustine sensitivity.

The aim of our investigations is to evaluate whether the sensitivity patterns of small-cell lung-cancer (SCLC) cell lines in vitro can be used in evaluating new drugs and in selecting drugs for the optimization of combination therapy. In our attempts to obtain a panel of cell lines demonstrating differential patterns in sensitivity, we have developed three SCLC lines exhibiting different types of multidrug resistance (MDR). In the present investigations we compared the sensitivity patterns shown by five wild-type SCLC lines and three MDR lines in response to six different types of drugs: doxorubicin, cytarabine, carmustine, cisplatin, vincristine, and etoposide. In the wild-type SCLC cell lines, the range of variation in sensitivity to all drugs was within a factor of 10. Cell lines showing low sensitivity to doxorubicin also exhibited low sensitivity to etoposide and vincristine, and vice versa. In contrast, the pattern of sensitivity to carmustine was almost the opposite of that to doxorubicin. A tendency to an inverse relationship between doxorubicin and carmustine sensitivity was also observed when doxorubicin sensitivity was reduced in near stationary cells and in cells exposed to the metabolic inhibitor 2-deoxy-D-glucose. In agreement with the pattern observed for the wild-type lines, all of the MDR sublines demonstrated collateral sensitivity to carmustine. As to cytarabine, the wild-type lines expressed a sensitivity pattern similar to that shown in response to doxorubicin. Interestingly, the opposite pattern was found in the MDR lines, as all three demonstrated cytarabine hypersensitivity. The combination of alkylating agents and "MDR" drugs are of proven clinical benefit in the treatment of solid tumors, as is the combination of anthracycline and cytarabine in acute myeloid leukemia. The experimentally derived sensitivity data on cytarabine, alkylating agents, and MDR drugs (i.e., etoposide, doxorubicin, vincristine) thus resemble the clinical experience with these drugs, and we conclude that the use of a clonogenic assay on the described panel of SCLC cell lines can give valuable information for the selection of agents for combination therapy.

ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Mem↗
PubMed1981

Development of complex patterns of behavioral orientation to social and physical stimuli in kindergarten children.

The effects of school attendance on the behavior orientation patterns exhibited by children at kindergarten entrance were examined by contingency analysis of videotaped behaviors observed during the first and the seventh month of school attendance. Results indicated that the dependency relations between motor areas do not change from the first to the seventh month, and that behaviors oriented to physical stimuli are organized in two broad patterns which remain unchanged. Teacher-oriented behaviors form a pattern of inactive attention which becomes more pronounced during the seventh month, and seem to be negatively related with work behaviors. Behaviors directed to peers are the most subject to changes during the school year, and tend to overlap with work behaviors in mixed patterns. The patterns which emerge in the second observation period indicate more active social contacts with peers in the seventh school month. They suggest also a progressive differentiation between patterns of social interaction and attention patterns.

Child↗