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PubMedDate not supplied

International student enrollment in US dental hygiene schools.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the international student enrollment in US dental hygiene programs, identify methods used to recruit and retain international students, and describe accommodations used for them. METHOD: A 27-item, closed-ended questionnaire was mailed to all dental hygiene program directors (n = 216) in the US. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Responses were received from 154 dental hygiene program directors for a response rate of 71%. Of the 154 returned questionnaires, 70 (45%) dental hygiene program directors indicated that international students were enrolled in their programs, totalling 4% of the total student population, with female students outnumbering males. The highest international student population came from Canada (42%) followed by Asia (32%), Europe (10%), Central America (9%), South America (3%), and Africa and the Caribbean (2%). Six percent of dental hygiene programs actively recruited international students, 3% had an articulation agreement with institutions outside the US, and 96% did not offer special orientation for incoming international students. CONCLUSION: Research showed a need for professional oral health services in other countries. US dental hygiene programs do not actively recruit nor retain international students. The benefits of US dental hygiene programs actively recruiting and retaining international students would be: 1) international students would be equipped to provide comprehensive, preventive oral health services upon returning to their native country 2) international students would foster a better understanding of cultural diversity, which could transfer to social and professional settings among students in US dental hygiene programs.

Dental Hygienists↗
PubMed1998

Turnover of thrombomodulin at the cell surface occurs at a similar rate to receptors that are not actively internalized.

Loss of thrombomodulin (TM) from the endothelial cell surface is thought to contribute to thrombosis encountered in malignant and inflammatory disease. Internalization or endocytosis of TM from the cell surface has been proposed to be one mechanism by which TM levels are reduced. Previous work has led to a view that TM is rapidly internalized using a non-conventional pathway, under the direction of a signal motif in its extracellular domain. This is contrary to the clathrin-dependent route taken by most rapidly internalized receptors that possess signals in their cytoplasmic domains. However the internalization rate of TM has never been directly compared to known internalizing or non-internalizing molecules. Here we show that the rate and amount of uptake of TM (5-10% per hour) is indistinguishable from the non-internalizing influenza virus haemagglutinin (HA), and is considerably less than the actively internalizing low density lipoprotein receptor, which reaches a steady state of approximately 50% internalized in 15 min. The low level rate of TM and HA internalization observed is comparable to the rate of normal plasma membrane turnover. Furthermore, this uptake of TM does not require a signal in its extracellular domain.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1999

Molecular mechanisms of angiotensin II receptor internalization.

Angiotensin II (AngII) initiates cellular responses by activation of type I (AT1) and type 2 (AT2) angiotensin receptors. Both AT1 and AT1 receptors have seven transmembrane structures characteristic of G protein-coupled receptors, but only the AT1 receptor undergoes rapid internalization upon agonist binding. In addition to the agonist hormone, the peptide antagonist [Sar1,Ile8]AngII can also induce internalization of the AT1a receptor expressed in mammalian cell lines, but the nonpeptide AT1 receptor blocker losartan does not internalize. AT1 receptor internalization occurs via clathrin-coated pits, but there is evidence that, in contrast to the internalization of other G protein-coupled receptors, the internalization of the AT1 receptor is independent of dynamin and beta-arrestin. Mutagenesis studies demonstrated that AT1 receptor internalization requires two regions in the cytoplasmic tail of the receptor, but it is independent of G protein activation. The dependence of AT1 receptor internalization on the presence of a serine-threonine-rich region suggests that phosphorylation of the receptor tail may regulate the internalization process. The possible role of AT1 receptor internalization in sustained signal generation has been suggested, but its relationship to nuclear AngII receptors is not completely understood.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

International aid and medical practice in the less-developed world: doing it right, what can renal organizations learn?

The delivery of health care in poorer countries is reliant on international aid organizations. This article will focus on international aid and medical practice in the developing world. It will review the general issues, practices, and problems with international aid in the medical arena and will then focus on international aid, kidney detection, and prevention programs. The article will analyze some of the existing and successful organizations and their initiatives. The first part of this article will analyze such aspects as: the access of existing resources and available aid projects; the establishment of contact with international aid projects; the access of funds for the development of the project and, once it is established, the management of those funds; the planning of projects; and the role of research in international aid and medical practice both as a means of accessing resources and of managing the project. The second part of the article will look more specifically at issues in nephrology and international aid. The focus will be on current programs in nephrology and the critical appraisal of some existing programs. The last part will focus specifically on practical tasks which are needed when accessing international aid for medical projects. It will draw on the experiences of various programs and then outline suggested phases one should consider when establishing aid projects in order to best implement them. Kidney groups with intentions to deliver prevention and management strategies to developing countries need to learn from the experiences of existing international aid organizations and chronic kidney disease programs.

Australia↗
PubMed2001

The opportunity for international ophthalmology in treating blindness.

As our worldview has become more pervasive, there has been a maturation of various international ophthalmological organizations. They have created several new initiatives that have the potential to dramatically affect preventable and treatable blindness, worldwide. The first international ophthalmological organization (the International Council of Ophthalmology, established in 1927) evolved from the longest continuously held medical meeting in the world (the International Congress of Ophthalmology, first held in 1857). Subsequently, a number of supranational and international organizations have been created, and these groups are beginning to communicate with each other and with national ophthalmological societies in joint planning. The international nongovernmental organizations, lay ophthalmic international organizations (e.g., International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness), and the World Health Organization have recently joined to create a proposal called Vision 2020: The Right to Sight. The International Council in partnership with Academia Ophthalmolgica Internationalis has created a parallel and complementary plan, Vision for the Future. The potential to alleviate or prevent blindness in over 150 million people requires our attention. Understanding the seemingly complex interrelationships of these many organizations--often unfamiliar to American ophthalmology--is important for the uniquely strong ophthalmic organizations in the United States. American involvement can make a difference. This presentation describes the background, relationships, and present plans, which, if implemented, will have a tremendous impact on treatable and preventable blindness and the level and quality of ophthalmic services throughout the world.

Blindness↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Political issues in internal medicine in Europe.

What will be the future of Internal Medicine in Europe? Because of rapidly growing concerns regarding the position of Internal Medicine in many European countries, the European Federation of Internal Medicine has established a working group to analyze the situation. Being well aware of the variation of working practices in the different countries, the members of the group used an "all-European" approach to answer the following questions: Are there problems for Internal Medicine, what problems and why? Why do the health care systems of the European countries need Internal Medicine? Why do the patients need Internal Medicine? What needs to be done? Internal Medicine is the modern, clinical and scientific medical discipline taking care of adult patients with one or more complex, acute or chronic illnesses. Internal Medicine is the cornerstone of integrated health care delivery service that is needed today. Decision-makers in politics and hospitals, insurers, journalists and the general public need a better understanding of what Internal Medicine can offer to the health care system and to the individual patient.

Europe↗
PubMed1992

Internal carotid artery blood flow velocities before, during, and after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

Blood flow velocities in the internal carotid arteries were studied with pulsed Doppler in 25 neonatal patients (birth weight range, 2600 to 4100 g) who had extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Time averaged mean systolic, mean diastolic, and mean blood flow velocities were calculated. Five infants had right common carotid artery reconstruction. Blood flow velocities measured in 15 healthy full-term infants were used as controls. Findings during ECMO included the following: (1) forward flow in the right internal carotid artery in 50% of the infants; (2) significant increase in the mean diastolic and the mean flow velocities (48% and 128%, respectively) in the left internal carotid artery when compared with pre-ECMO and control infants' values; (3) the elevation in the mean and the mean diastolic velocities was associated with changes in the PaCO2 and with an increase in the diastolic blood pressure; and (4) forward blood velocities in the right internal carotid artery were comparable with blood velocities in the left internal carotid artery and with the blood velocities of control infants. After ECMO, the mean diastolic velocity in the left internal carotid artery decreased significantly, but it remained elevated when compared with pre-ECMO values. Infants with right common carotid reconstruction had blood velocities in the right internal carotid artery comparable with the simultaneous blood velocities in the left internal carotid artery and to the blood velocities of control infants. Twenty-eight percent of the infants had major neuroanatomic lesions. Right or left preponderance was not noted. No association between blood velocity values in the internal carotid arteries or flow direction and the presence or the absence of brain lesions was noted.

Blood Flow Velocity↗
PubMed2000

International Consultation on Urological Diseases: a decade of progress.

The International Consultation on Urological Diseases (ICUD), under the cosponsorship of the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Society of Urology (SIU), and the International Union Against Cancer (UICC), is active in the organization of global consultations on urological diseases. The major urological associations from the five continents (the American Urological Association (AUA), the Urological Association of Asia (UAA), the Confederation Americana Urologia (CAU), and the European Association of Urology (EAU)), together with societies with expertise in specific programs such as the International Continence Society, the International Society for Impotence Research, the International Prostate Health Council, the American Cancer Society, the International Union Against Cancer, and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer, came together in the late 1980s on the basis of their proven record in organizing successful international meetings on urological cancer to initiate the concept of the ICUD. At the suggestion of the WHO, a First International Consultation on Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH) was organized in 1991, not only to provide recommendations to medical practitioners but also to define and plan future research on the subject. The formula, based on global multiprofessional collaboration and expertise, exceeded expectations, and other consultations were to follow, e.g., on prostate cancer, incontinence, erectile dysfunctions, and nosocomial infections. In 1994 it became necessary to establish a legal nongovernmental organization to foster the goals of the ICUD, essentially for the creation of awareness, knowledge, and recommendations on the diagnosis and treatment of urological diseases.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Prevalence and correlates of asthma in children with internalizing psychopathology.

Our objective was to determine the prevalence rate of parent-reported asthma in children with internalizing disorders seeking psychological treatment, and to study the level of internalizing and externalizing problems in these patients compared to patients without asthma. Participants were 367 children (ages 5-18 years) with internalizing disorders seeking psychological treatment. Children's psychiatric diagnosis was established with the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV-Child and Parent versions. Parents reported on their child's asthma diagnosis, medical history, and medication usage. Child psychopathology was assessed with the Child Behavior Checklist and by child self-report with the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children and the Children's Depression Inventory. We assessed internalizing psychopathology of the mothers with the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale. An additional diagnosis of parent-reported asthma was established for 15% of the children diagnosed with an Axis I internalizing disorder, a prevalence rate markedly higher than reported for current parent-reported childhood asthma in the U.S. population. Patients with asthma showed higher levels of internalizing problems than their nonasthmatic counterparts. Internalizing psychopathology was not higher for mothers of patients with asthma. Asthma is a significant problem within the population of patients with childhood internalizing disorders. It can be accompanied by a greater severity of internalizing problems and may require specific precautions in the treatment protocol. Though parent report of asthma diagnosis is commonly used in surveys of childhood asthma, our findings have to be viewed in the light of its limitations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Doppler sonography of normal fetal vertebral and internal carotid arteries during pregnancy.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the resistance index (RI) in the fetus in both the vertebral artery and the internal carotid artery and to evaluate the relationship of those RIs with that of the umbilical artery. METHODS: In this prospective study, color Doppler examinations of the vertebral, internal carotid, and umbilical arteries were performed in fetuses with normal growth between 17 and 41 weeks' gestational age. For every week, the 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles of the RIs in the 3 arteries plus the ratios of the RIs of the vertebral and umbilical arteries and of the internal carotid and umbilical arteries were calculated. RESULTS: In 225 examinations in 114 women, the vertebral and internal carotid arteries showed similar RI patterns, with higher RIs at mid gestation. The only difference was that the RIs in the internal carotid artery reached maximum values at a slightly later gestational age (26-28 weeks) than did those in the vertebral artery (24-25 weeks). Also, the RIs in the vertebral artery were slightly higher than were those in the internal carotid artery. RI values in the umbilical artery decreased progressively throughout gestation. Conversely, the ratios of the RIs in the vertebral and umbilical arteries and those of the RIs in the internal carotid and umbilical arteries increased slightly until the end of pregnancy, with the former ratios always higher than the latter ones. CONCLUSIONS: In normal fetuses, the pattern of blood flow resistance in the vertebral artery resembles that in the internal carotid artery. However, compared with the internal carotid artery, the vertebral artery shows higher absolute RIs with maximum values appearing earlier in the course of pregnancy.

Carotid Artery, Internal↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A longitudinal description of patterns of certification in internal medicine and the subspecialties.

OBJECTIVE: To document the timings, frequencies, and outcomes of attempts at certification in internal medicine and the internal medicine subspecialties in the years following residency training for two cohorts of residents. DESIGN: Residents who had completed residency training and had been admitted to an American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) certifying examination in 1982 or 1983 were tracked through the ABIM database for five years. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 10,568 residents were studied. Of the cohort, 79% were men, 21% were women, 79% were graduates of U.S./Canadian medical schools (USMGs), and 21% were graduates of foreign medical schools (FMGs). MAIN RESULTS: Ultimately, 85% of the residents achieved certification in internal medicine. Cumulative pass rates were 87% for men, 81% for women, 92% for USMGs, and 60% for FMGs; rates increased minimally after the second attempt. Most (87%) residents first attempted the internal medicine examination in the year in which training had been completed. Delaying the first examination was associated with lower pass rates. Half of the candidates who had passed the internal medicine examination attempted subspecialty certification. Over all nine subspecialty examinations, the two-cycle cumulative pass rate was 87%. Higher percentages of FMGs than of any other subgroup attempted subspecialty certification. CONCLUSIONS: The detailed description extends the body of knowledge about certification in internal medicine and the nine internal medicine subspecialties. Questions are raised, such as why some candidates delay the first internal medicine examination and why some residents never seek certification. Future research could explore these issues as well as explanations for the observed differences in pass rates.

Certification↗
PubMed2005

[Political issues in internal medicine in Europe].

What will be the future of Internal Medicine in Europe? Because of rapidly growing concerns regarding the position of Internal Medicine in many European countries, the European Federation of Internal Medicine (EFIM) has established a working group to analyze the situation. Being well aware of the variation of working practices in the different countries, the members of the group used an "all-European" approach to answer the following questions: -- Are there problems for Internal Medicine, what problems and why? -- Why do health care systems of the European countries need Internal Medicine? -- Why do the patients need Internal Medicine? -- What needs to be done? Internal Medicine is the modern, clinical and scientific medical discipline taking care of adult patients with one or more complex, acute or chronic illnesses. Internal Medicine is the cornerstone of integrated health care delivery service that is needed today. Decision-makers in politics and hospitals, insurers, journalists and the general public need a better understanding of what Internal Medicine can offer to the health care systems and to the individual patient.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Specificity of relations between adolescents' cognitive emotion regulation strategies and Internalizing and Externalizing psychopathology.

OBJECTIVE: Of the study was to examine the extent to which cognitive emotion regulation strategies were 'common determinants' of Internalizing and Externalizing problems and/or 'specific determinants' distinguishing one problem category from the other. METHOD: The sample comprised 271 12- to 18-year-old secondary school students. Internalizing and Externalizing problems were measured by the Youth Self-Report (YSR) and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies were measured by the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), in a cross-sectional design. RESULTS: First, adolescents with Internalizing problems, Externalizing problems, comorbid Internalizing and Externalizing problems and a control group were compared on their specific cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Results showed that adolescents with Internalizing problems (both pure and comorbid) scored significantly higher on the cognitive emotion regulation strategies of self-blame and rumination than those with Externalizing (pure) problems or the control group. Unique relationships between the separate cognitive strategies and Internalizing and Externalizing problems were tested by means of Multiple Regression Analyses. Specific relationships were found between Internalizing problems and self-blame, rumination and positive reappraisal and between Externalizing problems and positive refocusing. No 'common' correlates were found. CONCLUSIONS: Theoretical models designed for the prediction of Internalizing problems might not simply be used for the prediction of Externalizing problems. Different (cognitive) intervention strategies should be used for adolescents with Internalizing problems and Externalizing problems.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Effect of vacuum-assisted closure on blood flow in the peristernal thoracic wall after internal mammary artery harvesting.

OBJECTIVE: Vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) is a recently introduced method for the treatment of poststernotomy mediastinitis. The aim was to examine the effects of VAC negative pressure on peristernal soft tissue blood flow after internal mammary artery harvesting. METHODS: Microvascular blood flow was measured using laser Doppler velocimetry in a porcine sternotomy wound model. The effect of VAC negative pressure on blood flow to the wound edge was investigated on the right side, where the internal mammary artery was intact, and on the left side, where the internal mammary artery had been removed. RESULTS: Before removal of the left internal mammary artery, the blood flow was similar in the right and left peristernal wound edges, 2.5 cm from the edge (27+/-4 perfusion units (PU) on the right side and 32+/-3 PU on the left side, in muscle tissue). When the left internal mammary artery was surgically removed, the blood flow on the left side decreased (19+/-3 PU, in muscle tissue), while the skin blood flow was not affected. VAC negative pressure induced an immediate increase in wound edge blood flow both on the right side (43+/-9 PU, in muscle tissue at -75 mmHg), where the internal mammary artery was intact, and on the left side, where the internal mammary artery had been removed (49+/-11 PU, in muscle tissue at -75 mmHg). The increase in blood flow was similar on both sides at -75 mmHg and at -125 mmHg. CONCLUSIONS: The peristernal wound edge microvascular blood flow is decreased when the left internal mammary artery is removed. VAC therapy stimulates blood flow in the peristernal thoracic wall after internal mammary artery harvesting.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[History of internal medicine].

The concept of Internal Medicine was introduced recently and stems from the Internal Pathology which dates back to Antiquity. This concept spread out during the XIXth century with the concomitant progress of clinical science and heurism within a global and humanistic medicine. In France, Internal Medicine was not recognized until 1966. The criteria of eligibility for certification in this specialty were issued in 1970. The Syndicat National des Médecins Spécialistes de Médecine Interne, the Société Nationale Française de Médecine Interne and the diploma of certification in Internal Medicine were respectively created in 1975, 1979, 1984. The field of interest of Internal Medicine is wide and ambiguous. It includes a specific hard core and less specific allocations that encroach on "organ" specialties. French internist practitioners are not numerous and most of them are practising in hospitals. Internal Medicine is highly regarded in Anglo-Saxon countries and in Germany. In the European Community, the future of this medical specialty depends on the success of the harmonization of training programs and the development of medical students exchange. There is currently a controversy about the recognition of Internal Medicine as a full specialty. To bring out this specialty, French internists should benefit from reforms at several levels: university, hospital and French health service contract.

History, 16th Century↗
PubMed1997

Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion by permanent internal carotid ligation produces learning impairment without brain damage in rats.

To investigate the influence of cerebral hypoperfusion on learning behaviours, we developed a novel rat cerebral hypoperfusion model, in which the bilateral internal carotid arteries were permanently ligated to reduce the cerebral blood flow, and examined its behavioural and histopathological consequences in comparison to those occurring after bilateral common carotid ligation. In the Morris water maze task, rats with common carotid ligation exhibited a learning deficit, whereas rats with internal carotid ligation exhibited normal learning. Both models exhibited significant learning impairments in the eight-arm radial maze task, although the impairment was less severe in internal carotid-ligated rats than in common carotid-ligated rats. The cerebral blood flow of rats with common carotid ligation was reduced significantly both two and 10 days after ligation, and was still below normal three months after ligation. A milder, but significant reduction in the cerebral blood flow was observed in internal carotid-ligated rats. Shrinkage of the optic nerves and a circadian activity rhythm desynchronized to the light/dark cycle were exhibited by the rats with common carotid ligation, whereas these parameters remained unaffected in the rats with internal carotid ligation, suggesting that permanent ligation of common carotid arteries but not internal carotid arteries impairs visual functions. The main pathological changes observed in the brain following common carotid ligation were rarefaction and gliosis of the white matter and neuronal loss in the hippocampal CA1 region. On the other hand, the rats with internal carotid ligation had no significant brain damage. Chronic treatment with idebenone (1.5 and 15 mg/kg/day), a cerebral energy metabolism enhancer, over a three-month period, commencing five days after ligation, ameliorated the impairment of water maze learning in rats with common carotid ligation. The treatment also significantly improved the learning impairment in the radial maze task of internal carotid-ligated rats. Idebenone had no effect on the histopathological changes that followed cerebral hypoperfusion. It is concluded that cerebral hypoperfusion induced by permanent internal carotid ligation impairs the working memory without causing pathological damage to the brain tissues and the visual system, and the learning impairment can be ameliorated by a cerebral energy metabolism enhancer. These findings have the clinical implication that a reduction in blood flow may be an important factor that causes or exacerbates cognitive decline in dementias.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of a technique to occlude the internal carotid artery of horses.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate an occlusion technique for the internal carotid artery of horses using an intravascular, detachable, self-sealing, latex balloon distally and ligatures proximally. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental study. ANIMALS: Six healthy adult horses. METHODS: In each horse, the left internal carotid artery was occluded by placement of an intravascular, detachable, self-sealing, latex balloon distally and two ligatures proximally. Radiographs were taken on days 2, 5, 10, and 30 after surgery to evaluate balloon inflation and position. Endoscopic examination of the left guttural pouch was performed 10 days after surgery to evaluate the integrity of the internal carotid artery and surrounding tissues. At 30 days, the left and right, common, internal, and external carotid arteries were examined grossly and then processed for histologic evaluation. RESULTS: Immediate and long-term occlusion of the left internal carotid artery was achieved in all horses. The surgical procedure was technically straightforward and no intraoperative or postoperative complications were encountered. The balloons remained inflated and in their original position throughout the study. Maturing to mature, organized thrombi were present in the left internal carotid artery in all horses at 30 days. The cerebral arterial circle and common carotid artery were patent at their junctions with the internal carotid artery in all horses. CONCLUSIONS: Use of an intravascular, detachable, self-sealing, latex balloon distally and ligatures proximally is an effective technique for occluding the internal carotid artery of horses. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This technique may be useful for prevention of fatal hemorrhage in horses with lesions of the internal carotid artery.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Doppler ultrasound diagnosis of increased intracranial pressure by comparison of 2 blood flow velocities in the extra- and intracranial segment of the internal carotid artery. 2: Findings in children with increased intracranial pressure].

AIM: We investigated the correlation between intracranial pressure and flow parameters by simultaneous Doppler sonographic flow measurements in the internal carotid arteries and estimation of the intracranial pressure over the anterior fontanelle. METHOD: 12 infants (7 boys and 5 girls) with increased intracranial pressure were investigated. The corrected gestational age at investigation was 42 +/- 14 weeks, the weight was 3080 +/- 2540 g. Intracranial pressure was measured by applanation tonometry over the anterior fontanelle. The infants were subdivided into two groups: Group 1 (9 infants) with slightly increased intracranial pressure (16.9 +/- 3.3 cm H2O) and group 2 (3 infants) with moderately increased intracranial pressure (21.6 +/- 3.3 cm H2O). In all infants Doppler sonographic flow measurements within the intra- and extracranial segments of the internal carotid arteries were performed. From the flow profile, the peak systolic flow velocity Vs, the enddiastolic flow velocity Ved as well as the time average flow velocity TAV and the resistance index RI were measured. From the flow velocities, the I/E-ratio was calculated. The measured variables were compared with the values of matched pairs of a healthy control group of similar age and weight. RESULTS: Group 1 with slightly increased intracranial pressure displayed no significant difference of the RI within intracranial and extracranial sections of the internal carotid artery and the control group. The flow velocities, however, showed a significant increase within the intracranial segment of the internal carotid artery in comparison with the extracranial part of the internal carotid artery as well as the healthy control group. I/E-ratio for Vs increased significantly to 1.29 +/- 0.19, for Ved to 1.24 +/- 0.27 and for TAV to 1.08 +/- 0.27. Group 2 with moderately increased intracranial pressure displayed a significant increase of RI within the intracranial section of the internal carotid artery to 0.89 +/- 0.08 in comparison to the extracranial section with 0.79 +/- 0.07 and to the healthy control group with 0.75 +/- 0.07. All flow velocities decreased significantly within the intracranial section of the internal carotid artery in comparison to the extracranial part of the internal carotid artery and the healthy control group. The I/E-ratio was significantly reduced in group 2 with 0.76 +/- 0.11 for Vs, 0.38 +/- 0.21 for Ved, and 0.58 +/- 0.16 for TAV. CONCLUSION: Flow measurements in extra- and intracranial sections of the internal carotid arteries are an accurate method for semiquantitative estimation of increased intracranial pressure. This method is superior to the measurement of the RI. Slightly increased intracranial pressures below 20 cm H2O cause an increase of the I/E-ratio above 1, whereas the RI does not change. Moderately increase of the intracranial pressure above 20 cm H2O lowers the I/E-ratio significantly below normal values of 0.8, whereas the RI increases.

Blood Flow Velocity↗