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PubMed1992

Central auditory processing disorders in the elderly: the effects of pure tone average and maximum word recognition.

We previously examined central auditory processing disorders and the effect of age in 1026 64- to 93-yr-olds. Here, we correlated three indices of central auditory processing disorders with age, pure tone averages (PTA) and maximum word recognition scores. With one exception, correlations of indices with PTA equaled or exceeded those with age. With one exception, correlations with word recognition scores were insignificant or smaller than those with age. Although statistically significant, the magnitudes of most effects were small (0.003 less than r2 less than 0.146). However, PTA accounted for approximately 30% of the variability in corrected Staggered Spondaic Word test error scores.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2002

Intrusive effects of implicitly processed information on explicit memory.

This study described the interference of implicitly processed information on the memory for explicitly processed information. Participants studied a list of words either auditorily or visually under instructions to remember the words (explicit study). They were then visually presented another word list under instructions which facilitate implicit but not explicit processing. Following a distractor task, memory for the explicit study list was tested with either a visual or auditory recognition task that included new words, words from the explicit study list, and words implicitly processed. Analysis indicated participants both failed to recognize words from the explicit study list and falsely recognized words that were implicitly processed as originating from the explicit study list. However, this effect only occurred when the testing modality was visual, thereby matching the modality for the implicitly processed information, regardless of the modality of the explicit study list. This "modality effect" for explicit memory was interpreted as poor source memory for implicitly processed information and in light of the procedures used. as well as illustrating an example of "remembering causing forgetting."

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Topography of the auditory evoked potential in humans reflects differences between vowels embedded in pseudo-words.

To study the processing of vowels embedded in more complex linguistic structures, we compared cortical responses for pseudo-words. Auditory evoked potentials were recorded in 11 right-handed females using a passive oddball paradigm, with /pemu/ and /pomu/ as standard stimuli, differing only with respect to the first syllable. Topographic differences in the N100 were observed between the standards: /pemu/ had larger amplitudes than /pomu/ at more posterior electrode sites whereas a reverse pattern was found at more anterior positions along the midline. This topographic difference can be explained by different generators for the two stimuli. Different vowels and/or the initial formant transition possibly activate different neural populations in the auditory cortex, also when the vowels are embedded in pseudo-words.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2006

Simulating the pattern of right-hemisphere-damaged patients for the processing of the alternative metaphorical meanings of words: evidence in favor of a cognitive resources hypothesis.

Lately, many studies have suggested that communication impairments in brain-damaged individuals might be explained--at least in part--in terms of cognitive resource allocation. Reproducing a clinical pattern in normal subjects by using a dual-task treatment might be a way of evaluating the role of cognitive resources in the right hemisphere's contribution to verbal communication. This study suggests that the RH's presumed specific contribution to the processing of the alternative metaphorical meanings of words is, at least to some extent, the expression of the RH's complementary, and necessary, contribution to the pool of attentional resources needed for the most effortful processing.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Two routes for the processing of verbal numbers: evidence from the SNARC effect.

The functional locus of the semantic system is an important issue in number processing. In the present article, the necessity of addressing a central semantic magnitude system in the processing of printed verbal number words is evaluated by looking at the presence of a spatial-numerical association of response codes or SNARC effect. This effect consists of an association of number magnitude and response-preference (preferred responses to small numbers with the left hand and to large numbers with the right hand) and reflects semantic access. Two experiments were run. In Experiment 1, participants performed a parity judgment task which requires access to number semantics. A SNARC effect was observed. In Experiment 2 a phoneme monitoring task was used, which can, in principle, be performed through direct asemantic transcoding. No SNARC effect occurred. Apparently, written number words access the semantic system only if this is necessary for correct task completion. Hence, a semantic and an asemantic route can be postulated for the processing of word numerals. These observations contrast with the processing of Arabic numerals for which semantic effects are omnipresent. Implications of this explicit demonstration of a dissimilarity between the processing of digits and of number words are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Selective processing of food and body size words: application of the Stroop Test with obese restrained eaters, anorexics, and normals.

The specificity of the retardation effect on the Stroop Naming task with eating disorder clients was examined by comparing anorexic patients and normal weight controls with obese restrained eaters. Although the expected differences between normal weight controls and anorexics were found for color naming of food and body size words, obese restrained eaters were not differentiated from the clinical sample. It is suggested, therefore, that the Stroop phenomena do not have a precise relationship to the extent of psychopathology and that factors such as the ability to "fake" the test and poor concentration leading to general slowing, may explain the results.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

[Nuclear medicine diagnosis of osteomyelitis].

Scintigraphic imaging identifies pathophysiological processes; in other words it assesses regional perfusion, permeability, leukocytic accumulation and bone turnover. These processes precede morphological changes and this accounts for the high sensitivity of nuclear medicine procedures as well as the low specificity for the differential diagnosis of different diseases with similar pathophysiological characteristics. This review (1) describes and evaluates the currently used scintigraphic procedures, (2) suggests their differential use in certain clinical settings in comparison with alternative radiological methods and (3) addresses new developments in diagnosis using nuclear medicine procedures. In summary, we advise dynamic bone scanning as a primary scintigraphic investigation. A negative scan excludes osteomyelitis in most cases. The comparison is made with conventional radiology and clinical history. In cases with short clinical histories (= granulocytic inflammation), leukocyte scintigraphy should be the next diagnostic step; in chronic processes (lymphomonocytic inflammation), gallium scintigraphy is advisable. Other scintigraphic methods might be of additional use in experienced hands. SPECT is useful for clarifying inconclusive planar scans of the head, spine and large joints.

Bone and Bones↗
PubMed1993

Effect of depression on psychomotor skills, eye movements and recognition-memory.

In this study 12 depressed outpatients were compared to 12 healthy controls with respect to their performance on a number of cognitive tasks, including a recognition-memory task, and their eye movements and pupil size were recorded while watching a traffic film. The recognition-memory task consisted of words with intermediate hedonic tone (neutral words), words with high hedonic tone ('good' words) and words with low hedonic tone ('bad' words). Patients performed slower on perceptual-motor tasks which could be characterized as effort-demanding, while no difference between groups was found on effortless tasks. In addition, the range of horizontal eye movements, an indication of visual span, was found to be less in patients. Signal-detection analysis on the recognition-memory data showed an impairment of 'pure' memory in depressives. Analyses on response bias indicated that patients had more false alarms, but only with respect to good words. It is concluded that patients exhibit cognitive deficits, including memory impairment, a narrower visual span and a risky response strategy on good words, which may be an indication of the trouble patients have in processing emotionally toned words.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The processing of semantic meaning in Chinese words and evoked brain topography.

The connotative meaning of words can be quantified statistically by the "semantic differential technique" resulting in statistically defined, independent dimensions where every word is uniquely located on the three dimensional evaluation. In an earlier study on German subjects we demonstrated that there are electrophysiological correlates of these meaning dimensions. Here a group of 55 Chinese adults was investigated in two experiments: first, 210 nouns were rated by 32 subjects, and factor analysis on the questionnaire data yielded three independent semantic dimensions. Semantically unique words stemming from these results were then used as stimuli in electrophysiological experiments in another group of 23 healthy right-handed adults. Words of similar physical appearance belonging to different semantic classes were presented visually in random order. The EEG was recorded from 29 channels, and evoked brain activity was computed for each semantic class. Significant differences in electrical brain activation between these semantic word classes were observed as early as 80 ms after stimulus onset, confirming earlier reports on similar findings in German subjects. Further similarities were revealed by a direct comparison of the topographical distribution of potential components elicited by words, and by the results of spatial PCA performed on both sets of data. These results illustrate similar early neural activation based on semantic class, in subject groups of different language and culture.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

The effects of imminent minor surgery on the cognitive processing of health and interpersonal threat words.

Women in hospital for a laparoscopy and control subjects were examined on a version of the Stroop test in which the distracting effect of word content on speed of colour naming was examined. Both laparoscopy patients and controls were slowed by words related to interpersonal threat but only the laparoscopy patients were slowed by words that related to health threats. This suggests that a specific temporary threat can alter attentional biases.

Abdominal Pain↗
PubMed2001

The myth of ballistic processing: evidence from Stroop's paradigm.

The Stroop effect is widely considered to be compelling evidence that skilled readers cannot prevent themselves from reading the irrelevant word or even delay such processing. In contrast, several reports indicate that the Stroop effect can be eliminated by various simple manipulations. These reports have been criticized on several grounds, among them that the baseline condition is suspect. These criticisms are addressed by showing that when (1) a neutral baseline is replaced by congruent trials, (2) single letter cuing and coloring manipulations are combined, (3) attentional window conditions are blocked, and (4) the congruent/incongruent trial ratio is 20/80, the Stroop effect is eliminated. A second major finding is that despite no Stroop effect, negative priming is observed, consistent with the hypothesis that a distinct but delayed perceptual act processes the word. The default set may be to process to the highest level (semantics), but these reading processes are (contextually) controlled rather than ballistic.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

High-frequency cortical responses reflect lexical processing: an MEG study.

Meaningful words and matched pseudowords, such as moon vs. noom, are of equal perceptual complexity, but invoke different cognitive processes. To investigate high-frequency cortical responses to these stimuli, biomagnetic signals were recorded simultaneously over both hemispheres of right-handed individuals listening to words and pseudowords. Consistent with earlier EEG studies, evoked spectral responses recorded from the left hemisphere revealed depression of spectral power in the low gamma band (around 30 Hz) after pseudowords but not after words. Similar differences between stimulus categories were present in the beta range. These results indicate that distinct patterns of high-frequency cortical responses correspond to the different cognitive processes invoked by words and pseudowords. It is hypothesized that differential high-frequency cortical responses signal the activation or activation failure of distributed Hebbian cell assemblies representing words and other elements of cognitive processing.

Adult↗