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PubMed2004

Multiple organ dysfunction in congenital murine toxoplasmosis.

Infection of gravid Nya: NYLAR (NYLAR), C57BL/6J (C57), and BALB/c mice with Toxoplasma gondii, on gestation day 7, resulted in fetal resorptions, abortions, and stillbirths. Fetal wastage (estimated) was 35 and 40% in the NYLAR and C57 strains and 55% in the BALB/c strain. Postnatally, pups were cachectic and growth-retarded, with some developing hind limb weakness, petechial lesions on ears and tail, and a blood-tinged nasal exudate. Only 13 of 97 BALB/c pups, 14 of 41 C57 pups, and 46 of 153 NYLAR pups survived the first month of life. At necropsy, swollen, blotched livers, enlarged spleens, pallid kidneys and pulmonary hemorrhages were observed. Cysts of T. gondii were detected in every pup, via press-smears of brain. Histologic examination revealed mineralizing cavitations, ventricular deformations, and periventricular edema in the central nervous system; extensive liver pathology marked by hepatocellular necrosis and calcification, sinusoidal dilatation, and giant cell granulomas; congestion of the spleen with blurring of red and white compartments and cavitations in the white pulp; and tubule and glomerular necrosis and calcification in the kidney. The pulmonary hemorrhages and dermal petechial lesions may reflect a bleeding diathesis due to hepatic insufficiency. The pathogenesis of congenital toxoplasmosis, in the 3 strains of mice, appears due to microvascular dysfunction characterized by dysregulation of hemostasis, perfusion failure, and multiple organ dysfunction, rather than to parasite-mediated cytopathology. We suggest that hematogenous dissemination and endothelial invasion by the parasite induced a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (i.e; toxoplasmic sepsis) leading to the microvascular dysfunction.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Seroepidemiology of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women and neonatal infants].

A serological screening among pregnant females for toxoplasmosis in the Belgorod Region has shown a rise in the incidence of this infection in them during seven years (1996-2002). There is also a more than 2-fold increase in the rate of Toxoplasma infection by the second trimester. This increases a risk for fetal congenital malformations and the severity of neonatal congenital malformations. Different awareness levels are shown in fertile-age females from different administrative areas of the region.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Importance of medical education in the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in Cuba].

The results of the National Toxoplasmosis Reference Laboratory during 1999 and 2000 were processed and the evaluations on this topic were simultaneously analyzed among 51 professionals that attended the First National Workshop held at "Pedro Kouri" Institute of Tropical Medicine at that time. Of 3 672 orders, 3 171 (86.3%) did not have the reason for serology, 36.1% had no place of origin and only 301 cases (8.1%) were indicated the matched serum. On analyzing the main causes leading to make this test, 13.5% corresponded to repeated abortions, which is not accepted at present as a clinical manifestation in the course of the disease. Coincidentally, when some professionals were evaluated through a survey about the basic aspects related to this parasitosis, only 31.3% were able to obtain satisfactory marks. Most of the mistakes were observed in the interpretation of the laboratory results.

Cuba↗
PubMed2005

[Toxoplasmosis--morphologic diagnosis options for the ever topical disease].

It has been estimated that 60 percent of people in Croatia will be infected with Toxoplasma gondii until the age of 40. The infection is most frequently asymptomatic, or presented with an lymphadenitis, acute infection during pregnancy that can cause serious damage to the fetus in 10-30 percent, depending on the gestation phase. After acute infection Toxoplasma gondii resides in the body for life, being controlled by cellular immunity. In case of the immune system compromise, reactivation of the infection and serious inflammatory changes, mostly in the central nervous system, occur. Prenatal infection and serious clinical picture in immunocompromised patients classify toxoplasmosis among ever topical infections, thus all research toward better understanding of its pathogenesis in immunocompetent patients is of utmost importance. The aim of the study was to systematically analyze the morphology and changes in cytologic smears of lymph nodes from patients acutely infected with Toxoplasma gondii, and to morphologically visualize Toxoplasma gondii in the lymph nodes by use of specific monoclonal antibodies. For this purpose, 30 aspirates of lymph nodes of patients who had definite serologic evidence for and clinical picture of acute toxoplasma infection were analyzed by use of classic cytology and immunocytochemistry methods. Results confirmed a recognizable cytologic picture of reactive hyperplasia of follicular center cells and granulomatous inflammation, with a unique finding of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoite in lymphatic cells.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Clinical basis of provocative detoxicating etiotropic therapy of chronic toxoplasmosis in pediatric cases].

Clinical and laboratory data on the treatment of 19 children with chronic toxoplasmosis were used for estimation of the efficacy of drug combination, such as spiramycin + lidase and lincomycin + lidase vs. the traditional therapy (co-trimoxazole, metronidazole). The combination designed by us, i.e. spiramycin + lidase, lincomycin + lidase used in consecutive courses proved to be more efficient.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Seroepidemiology of toxoplasmosis in Mexico].

This article presents to the results of the National Seroepidemiology Survey with regard to the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in Mexico. Some theoretical aspects of the disease are discussed, and the prevalences found in earlier reports are presented. The study measured 29,279 blood samples from persons in all 32 states of Mexico, for both sexes, all ages, and socio-economic groups. The samples were processed by indirect immunofluorescence for antibody titers of 1:16 and 1:128. Positivity levels were stratified by age, sex, socioeconomic level, place of residence, education level, number of persons in the family, state, and with or without rights to care in the social security medical institutions. The results pointed to greater prevalences in the costal areas, in lower socioeconomic levels, and a high incidence in women of reproductive age. Also included are a discussion of socio-economic aspects and the potential role of the domestic cat.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Some molecular aspects in schistosomiasis mansoni and toxoplasmosis.

The IL-2 and IL-4 cytokines production represent cellular Th1 & Th2 immune responses respectively were associated with chronic schistosomiasis mansoni (stages 1-4) and chronic toxoplasmosis gondii. In the hepatosplenic schistosomiasis, the level of IL-2 and disease stage increased in parallel (P<0.05, <0.01, <0.01 & <0.001 in stages 1, 2, 3 & 4 respectively), whereas, IL-4 was highly significantly increased in stage 1 than control (P<0.001), then decreased to lower levels. The mean concentrations of IL-2 & IL-4 in patients with T. gondii were higher compared to control being more marked in IL-2 (P<0.001) versus IL-4 (P< 0.01). The data indicated that there are patterns of cytokine expression characteristic of type 1 & type 2 responses in vivo, with the ultimate goal of being able to manipulate the response to minimize inflammation and fibrosis for clinical benefit.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Results of the treatment of ocular toxoplasmosis in personal experience].

Ocular toxoplasmosis manifested itself in following clinical forms: as central serous chorioretinitis, pars planitis, iritis, intrabulbar neuritis and central retinal degeneration. The diagnosis was based on the clinical picture, serological examinations, the course of the disease and the effect of the specific treatment. The authors used piridimide++ compounds, sulfonamides, steroids, folic acid and Tavegyl, Decaris as well as photo-coagulation. The efficacy of all these methods was compared.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in mothers and children in tropical Africa].

The purpose of this study was the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in Congo, Ivory Coast (IC), Niger, Centrafrican Republic, Zaïre. This statistical study was relied upon the search of IgG and IgM antibodies. In Niger, the risk connected with the first contact of the parasite was very low for children and young women, since only 2.6% of children under 15 years were carrying IgG and 5.4% of women between 15 and 30. In the other countries, the highest risk of first contact occurred before reaching 10 years and mostly between 5 and 9 (the IgG survey was confirmed by IgM survey). Nevertheless, IgM survey had indicated that for the young women there was a risk of first contact until reaching 20 years in IC and 30 years in Congo. A comparative study of antibodies developed among the couple mother-children was conducted in IC and Congo.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[The evaluations of concentrations IL-5 and IL-6 in toxoplasmosis].

The immune system, its cellular and humoral response, is engaged by the host organism to fight against parasitic invasions. The group examined consisted of 38 women aged 19-39 years infected with Toxoplasma gondii. The diagnosis was established basing on serologic examination. Blood for analysis was collected before antiparasitic treatment. Control group consisted of 40 healthy women aged 18-46 years. The concentrations of IgM, IgG and IgE were assayed using a set of VIDAS (bioMerieux) according to the ELFA method. The concentrations of IL-5, IL-6 were assayed using a set of Quantikine human (R&D Systems) according to the immunoenzymatic methods with labeled antibodies. The present study revealed that in toxoplasmosis the concentration of IgE, IL-5 and IL-6 contents in blood serum was 2-times higher, than in healthy controls.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Analysis of comparative immunological profiles of intraocular fluid and serum samples in patients suspected of ocular toxoplasmosis or toxocarosis].

High seroprevalence of Toxoplasma and Toxocara spp. in populations of children and adults in Poland constitutes a significant risk of supradiagnosed parasitic eye infections. We described the clinical characteristics in relation to the analysis of comparative immunological profiles of T. gondii-specific antibodies in aqueous humour and serum samples in patients with reactivated retinochoroiditis, and of Toxocara spp. ones in cases with posterior granuloma, fibrotic and calcified tumor-like masses simulating retinoblastoma, detected by ophthalmoscopy and echography. Intraocular synthesis of specific IgG antibodies was detected in anterior eye chamber fluid in 1/2 and 2/3 of patients respectively, strongly suspected of ocular toxoplasmosis or toxocarosis. The evidence of a local production of specific antibodies in intraocular fluid shown by the Western blot seems to be a valuable immunodiagnostic method for a final confirmation of eye lesions of parasitic origin and crucial in the choice of an appropriate treatment regimen.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Aspects of diagnostics and prevention of toxoplasmosis].

The infection of humans with opportunistic protozoon Toxoplasma gondii is severe for immunocompromised individuals (AIDS patients, transplant recipients, fetuses). Because of the lack of protective vaccines, the rules of primary (avoidance) prevention have to be introduced. The principles of such prevention, particularly important for seronegative pregnant women, as well as new data on the possibility of T. gondii reinfection in seropositive humans and animals were presented in the article. The attention was also focused on laboratory diagnostics of toxoplasmosis, associated, among others, with prolonged persistence of specific IgM antibodies and delayed maturation of IgG antibodies. The psychic and physical consequences of chronic Toxoplasma gondii infections were mentioned (lowered IQ, schizophrenia etc.).

Female↗
PubMed2001

[Evaluation of the postnatal treatment efficacy in congenital toxoplasmosis identified by the newborn screening programme].

The effectiveness of neonatal screening for anti-Toxoplasma IgM or IgA and IgM specific antibodies followed by an intensive anti-parasitic therapy for a prevention of clinical and immunological reactivations of congenital infection was studied. Thirty-five congenitally infected infants were included into clinical and serological follow-up. The children were mostly asymptomatic at birth or they expressed some non-specific reversible clinical abnormalities in neonatal period. Clinically overt toxoplasmosis occurred in 10 patients, including one infant with a severe form; 2 children had co-existing CMV infections. During the follow-up period, no clinical relapses were reported. Asymptomatic immunological rebounds of IgG or of IgG and IgA specific antibodies were observed in 16 patients. Anti-parasitic treatment initiated soon after birth seems to be promising in a prevention of early clinical sequelae of congenital T. gondii infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[New molecular approaches to the diagnosis and prevention of toxoplasmosis].

Toxoplasmosis, a world wide distributed parasitic disease, is known to cause severe complications in foetuses or newborns from mothers acutely infected during pregnancy. More recently, an increased interest for Toxoplasma infection has come from the high incidence of Toxoplasma encephalitis in patients suffering from AIDS. For many years, research aiming at the development of a vaccine strategy has been concentrating on the identification and molecular characterization of surface antigens of the proliferative stage of the parasite, the tachyzoite. On the basis of our previous experience in other parasitic diseases we have based our research strategy with a particular emphasis given to excretory-secretory antigens (ES), to common epitopes expressed both on tachyzoites and bradyzoites, and to isotype selection. The development of a novel experimental model based on the use of athymic (nude) rats has, on the other hand, allowed by selective reconstitutions with antibodies or cells a detailed analysis of the effector mechanisms involved in resistance. Passive transfer experiments of antibodies or T cells from animals immunized with ES antigens have shown their remarkable immunogenicity whereas direct immunization with ES has led to a highly significant degree of protection in mice. Four major immunogens of 43 kD, 39 kD, 28.5 kD and 23 kD have been identified in E.S. products and shown by various techniques including colloidal gold labelling using monoclonal antibodies, to be common to the tachyzoite and bradyzoite stages and localized in their dense granules. Molecular cloning of proteins has been undertaken.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Role of endogenous transplacental transmission in toxoplasmosis in sheep.

To investigate the potential role of endogenous transplacental transmission of Toxoplasma gondii, 31 seropositive ewes presumed to be persistently infected with the parasite and 15 seronegative ewes were mated and monitored throughout pregnancy and lambing. Antibody titres were determined in precolostral sera from the liveborn lambs and in thoracic fluid from the dead lambs. A PCR for the B1 gene of T gondii was applied to the placentas from all the ewes and to the brains of the stillborn lambs. Samples of brain, lung, liver, spleen and heart from the dead lambs were examined by histopathology. No evidence of toxoplasmosis was detected by histopathology or PCR in any of the samples, but low titres of antibody to T gondii were detected in two liveborn, healthy offspring of a seropositive ewe by the immunofluorescent antibody test (3.2 per cent of pregnancies and 4.1 per cent of lambs in the seropositive group). Antibody to specific antigens of T gondii was demonstrated in sera from these two lambs by Western blotting.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Immunohistochemical demonstration of extracerebral toxoplasmosis in AIDS].

Tissue slides obtained at autopsy from 80 cases with AIDS were studied immunhistochemically for infection with Toxoplasma gondii. In 35 cases (43.75%) toxoplasmosis could be found: in 22 cases (27.5%) only cerebral, in 9 cases (11.25%) cerebral and extracerebral and in 4 cases (5%) only extracerebral. Necrotizing lesions, due to the parasite could be seen in brain, heart, lungs, pancreas, adrenal glands and testis, only intracellular trophozoites without tissue damage in GIT, liver, lymphnodes, spleen, prostate, kidney and gl. parotis. The trophozoites and pseudocysts could be clearly demonstrated by immunohistochemistry.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1991

Review of toxoplasmosis in Malaysia.

Various studies on toxoplasmosis in Malaysia have shown that specific antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii are common among Malaysians. Among the ethnic groups, the Malays have the highest prevalence rate followed by Indians, Orang Aslis (aborigines) and Chinese. Antibody is acquired early in life and increases with age. There is no significant difference in the prevalence rate between males and females. The disease is apparently more prevalent among rural dwellers and those in the lower socioeconomic group. It appears that the prevalence rate is also influenced by environmental conditions, occupation, diet and cultural habits. Studies with animals have shown the presence of antibody to T. gondii, but this does not seem to be the source of infection since Malaysians normally cook their meat well.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1991

[Disseminated toxoplasmosis in a patient with HIV infection].

The authors describe a case of toxoplasmosis occurring in a subject who is HIV positive who presented with a cough and an infectious syndrome. Toxoplasma gondii was identified in the broncho-alveolar lavage even though the X-ray, the fibroscopy, blood gases and the broncho-alveolar lavage were normal. The frequency of pulmonary disease in the course of a toxoplasma infection in HIV subjects was underlined. Amongst the non invasive diagnostic methods the authors stress the value of broncho-alveolar lavage with a close search for toxoplasma even in the absence of any suggestive paraclinical anomalies.

Adult↗