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PubMed1992

Relationship of self-efficacy and binging to adherence to diabetes regimen among adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that poorer adherence to diabetes care is related to four variables associated with self-concept in adolescents with diabetes: self-esteem, self-efficacy, depression, and binging behavior. In addition, we expected adolescent females to be less adherent to diabetes care. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We recruited 193 consecutive patients (aged 13-18 yr) with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus during their regular quarterly visit to a diabetes clinic in a large urban hospital. Participants completed the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the Children's Depression Inventory, an assessment of the frequency of binging in the past 3 mo, and parallel forms of an adherence scale and a self-efficacy scale that were developed for use in this study. RESULTS: Adolescents who reported lower adherence tended to report lower self-esteem (r = 0.45, P less than 0.001) and self-efficacy (r = 0.57, P less than 0.001), more depressive symptoms (r = -0.50, P less than 0.001), more binging (r = -0.36, P less than 0.001), and had higher HbA1c (r = -0.24, P less than 0.001) than those with higher adherence scores. Together, the psychological variables accounted for 50% of the variance in adherence. There was no sex difference in reported binging, but, as expected, adolescent females reported less adherence overall (F[7,184] = 2.5, P = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS: Treatment adherence in adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is associated with behavioral and psychological variables. These findings suggest that specific behavioral and cognitive interventions could be used to improve adherence in those individuals who lack confidence in their ability to perform diabetes-related tasks.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

The relationship of dysfunctional attitudes to personality in depressed patients.

AIM: To examine the relationship between dysfunctional attitudes and personality in depressed patients. METHOD: One hundred depressed patients completed both the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale (DAS) and the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). RESULTS: Scores on the DAS correlated with duration of depression, age of onset of depression, age, harm avoidance and self-directedness. In a multiple regression analysis three measures explained 45% of the DAS score. These were duration of depression, reward dependence and self-directedness. In both the univariate analyses and multiple regression the strongest predictor of dysfunctional attitudes was the character dimension of self-directedness. CONCLUSION: The character dimension of self-directedness in the TCI which assesses an individuals' self-concept, relates highly with the dysfunctional attitudes score on the DAS. Given that the TCI assesses personality within a broader framework of a psychobiologic and developmental model, self-directedness may have a wider application as a measure of self-concept than the DAS.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Student-instructor relationships in nursing education.

The nursing instructor who assumes a colleagial or facilitator role in the student-instructor helping relationship assists students to learn and develop both personal and professional competence. In an attempt to attain power, female faculty members may exert power over students, causing students to feel threatened, powerless, and incompetent. Research studies indicate that there is a direct correlation between a student's self-concept and academic performance. When an instructor manifests open communication with students and demonstrates an interest in their learning, the instructor may facilitate a positive self-concept in students and enhance their cognitive abilities. Nursing practice is based on utilizing therapeutic communication, which is authentic, open, and personal. Students may acquire these skills and simultaneously increase their competence in nursing practice more readily when faculty members serve as role models in a helping relationship through sharing and developing trust. By applying the principles of the helping relationship, nursing instructors may facilitate students' personal and professional growth.

Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate↗
PubMed1989

A causal model of mathematics performance in early adolescence: the role of sex.

Using path analysis, the present investigation was done to clarify possible causal linkages among general scholastic aptitude, academic achievement in mathematics, self-concept of ability, and performance on a mathematics examination. Subjects were 122 eighth-grade students who completed a mathematics examination as well as a measure of self-concept of ability. Aptitude and achievement measures were obtained from school records. Analysis showed sex differences in prediction of performance on the mathematics examination. For boys, this performance could be predicted from scholastic aptitude and previous achievement in mathematics. For girls, performance only could be predicted from previous achievement in mathematics. These results indicate that the direction, strength, and magnitude of relations among these variables differed for boys and girls, while mean levels of performance did not.

Achievement↗
PubMed1994

Effects of alcohol on self-appraisal.

The present study explored the effects of alcohol on the content of a self-disclosing speech. Subjects were male social drinkers who received either a 0.85 g/kg dose of alcohol or a placebo. Subjects presented a 3-minute speech about what they liked and disliked about their physical appearance. Audiotapes of these speeches were rated by two raters for number and duration of positive and negative items disclosed during the speech. Intoxicated subjects disclosed fewer negative items than sober subjects. In addition, intoxicated subjects were more likely to present negative attributes in a manner that was isolated from their self-concept than sober subjects. Alcohol did not affect disclosures of positive items. These results suggest that one negatively reinforcing effect of intoxication may be the strengthening of self-protective biases.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1996

Borderline personality disorder in adolescents: affective and cognitive features.

OBJECTIVE: To examine systematically the affective and cognitive features of borderline personality disorder (BPD) in adolescence, using standardized measures of these constructs and controlling for depression. METHOD: Nineteen depressed female adolescents with BPD were compared with 21 non-BPD depressed inpatients on measures of affect and cognitive style. RESULTS: Both BPD and non-BPD adolescents endorsed significantly elevated levels of self-reported depression, anger, anxiety, hopelessness, self-deprecatory attributional style, and external locus of control. Adolescents with BPD endorsed significantly poorer self-concept than their non-BPD peers; this difference was not an artifact of depressive severity. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that adolescents with BPD experience significant impairments in self-concept, suggestive of pervasive emptiness and identity disturbance associated with BPD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The case for episodic memory in animals.

The conscious recollection of unique personal experiences in terms of their details (what), their locale (where) and temporal occurrence (when) is known as episodic memory and is thought to require a 'self-concept', autonoetic awareness/conciousness, and the ability to subjectively sense time. It has long been held that episodic memory is unique to humans, because it was accepted that animals lack a 'self-concept', 'autonoetic awareness', and the ability to 'subjectively sense time'. These assumptions are now being questioned by behavioral evidence showing that various animal species indeed show behavioral manifestations of different features of episodic memory such as, e.g. 'metacognition', 'conscious recollection' of past events, 'temporal order memory', 'mental time travel' and have the capacity to remember personal experiences in terms of what happened, where and when. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview on the current progress in attempts to model different prerequisites and features of human episodic memory in animals and to identify possible neural substrates of animal episodic memory. The literature covered includes behavioral and physiological studies performed with different animal species, such as non-human primates, rodents, dolphins and birds. The search for episodic memory in animals has forced researchers to define objective behavioral criteria by which different features of episodic memory can be operationalized experimentally and assessed in both animals and humans. This is especially important because the current definition of episodic memory in terms of mentalistic constructs such as 'self', 'autonoetic awareness/consciousness', and 'subjectively sensed time', not only hinders animal research on the neurobiology of episodic memory but also research with healthy human subjects as well as neuropsychiatric patients with impaired language or in children with less-developed verbal abilities.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Long-term effects of biofeedback-induced facial relaxation on measures of asthma severity in children.

We studied the effects of electromyographic biofeedback on measures of asthma severity in children. Fifteen children received biofeedback training to reduce facial tension, and 14 children, who served as controls, received biofeedback training to maintain facial tension at a stable level. Assignment to experimental condition was random. As a result of training, electromyographic levels decreased in children trained in facial relaxation and remained fairly constant in children trained in facial tension stability. Biofeedback training was augmented for children in both groups by having them practice their facial exercises at home. Each child's condition was followed for a five-month period subsequent to biofeedback training. Throughout the experiment, the following measures of asthma severity were monitored: lung function, self-rated asthma severity, medication usage, and frequency of asthma attacks. In addition, standardized measures of attitudes toward asthma, self-concept, and chronic anxiety were recorded at regular intervals. As compared to the facial stability subjects, the facial relaxation subjects exhibited higher pulmonary scores, more positive attitudes toward asthma, and lower chronic anxiety during the follow-up period. Subjects in the two groups, however, did not differ on self-rated asthma severity, medication usage, frequency of asthma attacks, or self-concept. Based on the improvements we observed in pulmonary, attitude, and anxiety measures, we concluded that biofeedback training for facial relaxation contributes to the self-control of asthma and would be a valuable addition to asthma self-management programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Bioethics and history.

Standard bioethics textbooks present the field to students and non-experts as a form of "applied ethics." This ahistoric and rationalistic presentation is similar to that used in philosophy of science textbooks until three decades ago. Thomas Kuhn famously critiqued this self-conception of the philosophy of science, persuading the field that it would become deeper, richer, and more philosophical, if it integrated the history of science, especially the history of scientific change, into its self-conception. This essay urges a similar reconceptualization for bioethics, arguing that the analysis of moral change ought to be integral to bioethics (and to ethics generally). It proceeds by suggesting the sterility of the ahistoric, rationalist applied ethics model of bioethics embraced by standard bioethics textbooks. It also suggests the fecundity of alternative conceptions of the bioethics that focus on the history of successful and failed attempts to negotiate moral change, and the history of multifaceted relations between moral philosophy and practical ethics.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed1982

Accounting for oneself: meanings of self-descriptions and inconsistencies in self-descriptions.

Changes in one man's evaluations and expectations of himself are explored using new interview procedures, based on the implication grid, that readily reveal inconsistencies in an individual's view of him or himself. The process of negotiating inconsistencies with the individual concerned resulted in considerable clarification, and some redefinition of his self-concept. Analysis of his protocol demonstrated the viability of 'accounting for self' in terms of 'enabling conditions' (after Harré & Secord) and individually determined 'worth' (after Taylor).

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Evaluation of a pilot service designed to provide support following stroke: a randomized cross-over design study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a day service for people aged 18-55 years who had a stroke. DESIGN: A randomized cross-over study design was used, randomly allocating individuals to attend the service for six months followed by a period of no attendance for six months. SETTING: A day service pilot project was launched in Cardiff in July 1995 for people who were aged between 18 and 55 years and had a stroke. It met one day a week. SUBJECTS: Twenty-six participants were recruited to the study between June 1998 and February 2000. Their mean age was 48 years (SD = 7). INTERVENTIONS: The service aimed to offer participants the opportunity to identify and pursue meaningful and realistic opportunities within the community. A range of activities occurred at the service including creative activities and social outings. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The Barthel ADL Index, Extended ADL Scale, Nottingham Leisure Questionnaire, Short Form 36, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure, the Role Checklist and the Semantic Differential Self Concept Scale were used to assess the outcomes from the service. RESULTS: Attending the service increased occupational performance and satisfaction with performance but there was no evidence that depression and anxiety were reduced or that quality of life and self-concept were improved. CONCLUSION: Although there were some gains from attending the service there were also many unmet needs. Further research is required to continue to identify how best to meet the needs of individuals post stroke under retirement age.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Gender aspects in the planning of psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to generate hypotheses for examining gender-specific variables with predictive value for the planning of successful psychotherapy in patients with borderline personality disorder. METHODS: Anxiety, aggression, interpersonal problems, locus of control and self-concept were investigated in twenty psychiatric inpatients before and after psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy lasting for six weeks. RESULTS: Women in gender-matched patient-therapist dyads gained insight into relationships between anxiety, aggression and interpersonal problems to the extent that they experienced them as ego-syntonic problems and as a concern of their own self-concept, and were therefore able to engage in further outpatient psychotherapy. Men more often remained in regressive resistance and in narcissistically boosted conviction of self-efficacy, with simultaneous persistence of aggression and non-engagement in further psychotherapy. CONCLUSION: The results underline the importance of considering gender role stereotypes and suggest the significance of gender-sensitive attitudes in dealing with aggression and exploring attachment styles and reflective functioning.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Academic learning problems and Rorschach indices: a Spanish replication.

This study compared the Rorschach responses of Spanish children who were and who were not judged by their teachers to be experiencing significant reading problems. With controls exacted on gender, social class, chronological age, and IQ, the responses of 15 pairs of subjects were examined; group differences in perceptual accuracy, self-concept, and reactivity were assessed. Consistent with American studies involving profiles of learning disabled and nonlearning disabled subjects, despite some differences being small, responses of children with reading problems were characterized by lower perceptual accuracy and lower self-concept; inconsistent findings appeared on measures of reactivity. Empirical problems in conducting cross-cultural investigations with the Rorschach are discussed.

Achievement↗
PubMed1993

The office visit and the self-help concept in treating the patient with psoriasis: a strategy revisited.

All dermatologists and physicians who care for patients with psoriasis should be aware that their patients may have an insufficient understanding of their disease. Every effort should be made to help patients fully comprehend their condition: to become aware of factors that can improve self-care and environmental events that can exacerbate the disorder. Strategies for self-help instructions can be modified from the highly structured approach in a university setting to the more informal atmosphere of a physician's office using the abundant patient educational resources available today. Improving communication between patient and physician will benefit the patient, by providing knowledge about psoriasis, encouraging the patient to acquire specific skills in dealing with the disease, and instilling a sense of responsibility for the patient's involvement in self-care.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

The palm IAT: a portable version of the implicit association task.

The Implicit Association Test (IAT) uses reaction times to measure implicit linkages among concepts or between concepts and attributes. The Palm IAT is a simplified version of the IAT that runs on Palm Pilot or Handspring Visor personal digital assistant devices. The Palm IAT is portable, provides precise measurement, and allows for efficient data collection inside or outside the laboratory. Three studies were conducted to asses its practical usefulness. Study 1 (N = 1 2) replicated a previous demonstration of more favorable implicit associations for flowers than for insects. Study 2 (N = 9) found individual differences in linking the self-concept to characteristics of agency and communion. Study 3 (N = 23) found individual differences in linking the self-concept to characteristics of boldness and friendliness. Reliability of the Palm IAT is similar to reliability of theoriginal desktop computer version. Using the Palm IAT, one can study hard-to-reach populations in unusual settings.

Association Learning↗
PubMed1998

Analyst subjectivity, analyst disclosure, and the aims of psychoanalysis.

It is preferable to think of what we directly disclose to our patients as "analyst disclosure" rather than as the commonly used "self-disclosure." The author suggests this change because, to some extent, we have equated the analyst's subjectivity with the self-concept in ways that fail to distinguish how disclosure both overlaps and is distinct from other forms of interpretation. What distinguishes the analysts's subjectivity in disclosure is her or his deliberate attempt to reveal a construction of the self to the patient so that something new can be explored. This paper elaborates these issues by examining some of the therapeutic aims of analyst disclosure.

Humans↗