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At least 1,747 records · Page 97Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Gender differences in knowledge, intentions, and behaviors concerning pregnancy and sexually transmitted disease prevention among adolescents.

Gender differences in knowledge, intentions, and behaviors regarding preventing pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases were studied. Data for the study were collected from 1,033 students in 13 California high schools. Females in this sample were more likely than males to have discussed sexuality topics with parents, to have engaged in sexual intercourse more frequently, to have experienced a pregnancy scare, to have used oral contraceptives during their last sexual encounter, to perceive that a larger proportion of their peers were engaging in sex and using birth control, to obtain birth control from health facilities, and to report intentions to abstain or use protection in hypothetical situations placing them at risk for unprotected sex. In contrast, males reported that they were more likely to have always used birth control, to have used birth control during their first sexual encounter, and to have used a condom during their last sexual encounter. Furthermore, males were more likely to obtain birth control from a store or a friend. Finally, males knew more about using condoms correctly and their role in preventing sexually transmitted diseases. The efficacy of interventions designed to reduce unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases among adolescents may be increased by addressing these gender differences. Understanding gender differences may also facilitate an increased role for males in the overall prevention scheme. Further research is clearly needed to increase knowledge about these gender differences.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

A profile of young adolescents attending a teen family planning clinic.

The purpose of this study was to assess the client records of adolescents attending a teen family planning clinic to determine the reported episodes of sexually transmitted diseases, sexual abuse, alcohol and drug use, and other dysfunctional situations in the family. In addition, information about the initiation of sexual activity and sexual partners was assessed in the record review. Data were obtained from a county health department located in a metropolitan area of a southeastern state. A review of the records of 183 adolescents 15 years of age or younger provided information on ethnicity, grade in school, and assessment data from the clinic interviews and exams. Twenty-five clients said they were not sexually active when they came to the family planning clinic for the first time, and were brought to the clinic by a parent (usually the mother). Those clients who came without parents said they were sexually active. Forty-one percent had their first sexual experience between 12 and 13 years of age, 18% between the ages of 14 and 15, and the remainder before the age of 12. While over 7% specifically stated that they had been sexually abused or raped, an additional 19% described situations in the home or exhibited symptoms associated with a history of sexual abuse. Eleven percent had a history of two to three different sexually transmitted diseases, and 26% had three or more diseases. Seventy-two percent indicated that there was conflict in the home; several had left home because of abuse. Fourteen percent admitted using drugs, mostly cocaine or marijuana, and 17% reported that they used alcohol at least occasionally.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Fathering pregnancies: marking health-risk behaviors in urban adolescents.

PURPOSE: To establish self-reported rates and associated correlates of fathering pregnancies in urban teen males, and to explore the possibility of using their pregnancy history as a marker for other health-risk behaviors. METHODS: A blinded, self-administered questionnaire was given to the predominantly African-American patients of an inner-city adolescent outpatient clinic. Urine was also collected in a blinded, anonymous fashion, matched to the questionnaires, and tested for five drugs of abuse. Males were classified as having or not having a pregnancy history (PH) according to a questionnaire response item. PH and non-PH participants were compared for eight risk factors using univariate and multivariate methods. RESULTS: A total of 24.2% reported a PH. These males were about 14 times more likely to report three or more sex partners in the last year, more than five times as likely to report a sexually transmitted disease history, more than three times as likely to test positive for drugs, and more than 2.5 times as likely to be inconsistent or nonusers of condoms as compared to males without a pregnancy history. An association between violent behavior and PH is unsupported. CONCLUSIONS: Pregnancy history can be a valuable marker for other risk factors among inner-city African-American males. With some patients, it may be easier for clinicians to discuss pregnancy history or fatherhood as opposed to drug abuse and other more sensitive risk factors. The topic can then be used as a gateway for discussion of other risk factors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

The integrative neurobiology of affiliation. Introduction.

The research presented at this conference, including a series of excellent posters from junior investigators, documents the pervasive importance of affiliation and other social behaviors. Affiliative behaviors interact with, but are distinct from reproductive and aggressive behaviors. Patterns of social behaviors tend to be more species-typical than the behaviors associated with reproduction or aggression. However, neural circuits necessary for approach or avoidance also are necessary for the expression of various types of affiliative behavior such as maternal behavior or pair-bond formation. Furthermore, candidate neurochemical systems have been identified that contribute to various types of affiliative behavior. For example, studies revealing new behavioral functions for steroid hormones of the adrenal axis, such as corticosterone, and neuropeptides, including the endorphins, oxytocin and vasopressin, extend our general knowledge of neurobiology; they may also lead to studies that expand our understanding of social behavior and the connections to systems that regulate emotions. The work represented in this volume also has important implications for the study of serious neuropsychiatric disorders. For example, episodes of certain of these disorders can be induced by social stressors; in other disorders, a marked decrease in affiliative behaviors is a prominent feature of the patients' difficulties. Furthermore, abnormalities in animal systems implicated in the neurobiology of affiliation (oxytocin, vasopressin, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system) have also been documented for major depression in humans. Animal models, such as those described at this conference, offer evolutionary perspectives, from which it is possible to extract general principles. At the same time, our understanding of the mechanistic and neurobiological substrates of both constructive and destructive social behaviors is increasing. At the conference, the evolutionary and mechanistic perspectives converged on the theme that studies of affiliative behaviors cannot be fully interpreted in isolation from other social behaviors; neither can they effectively be isolated from the biological and social contexts that shape their expression. Advances in this research area seem dependent on integrating experimental research across levels of analysis. Although this task is challenging, we are confident that an awareness of integrative principles can lead to new and important research opportunities.

Aggression↗
PubMed1989

Nuptial and childbearing customs of the ethnic minorities in China.

The current nuptial customs of the ethnic minorities in China are examined. "Although monogamous marriage has now been adopted by all but a few ethnic communities, variations still exist between different nationalities in the specific forms of marriage and range of intermarriage owing to the uneven nature of historical development. Such variations are shaped by various factors of the given locality and given time such as the socioeconomy, religion, culture and education, and exert direct influence on the childbearing behavior and reproduction of the ethnic population."

Asia↗
PubMed1997

Sexually transmitted disease and family planning counselling of psychiatric patients in New Zealand.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine the attitudes and behaviours of mental health professionals (MHPs) including psychiatrists towards identifying and reducing their own patients' risk for sexually transmitted diseases and unwanted pregnancies. METHOD: 102 of all of the 162 mental health professionals serving predominantly chronically psychiatrically ill adult outpatients and inpatients in Waitemata district responded to an anonymous questionnaire (response rate = 63%), concerning their own attitudes and behaviours towards identifying and counselling patients on their risk for sexually transmitted diseases and unwanted pregnancies. RESULTS: Mental health professionals reported that, on average, they had counselled 14% of their own male patients and 21% of their own female patients on sexually transmitted diseases, including AIDS prevention, and that more of their own patients were at risk than were counselled. They also reported that they had counselled 5% of their own male patients and 17% of their own female patients about family planing. Forty-two per cent of mental health professionals indicated that they had insufficient knowledge about sexually transmitted diseases to educate patients, 72% indicated that when it came to risky sexual behaviours chronic psychiatric patients were much the same as other people, and 33% or more felt uncomfortable discussing topics of condom use and patients' sexual preferences. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that family planning and sexually transmitted diseases risk preventive interventions for psychiatric patients need to overcome mental health professionals' own barriers to risk prevention.

Counseling↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ethics and the reproductive process.

Changes in reproductive technology and contraceptive availability have resulted in ethical reconsiderations in many countries. The United States has been no exception. A discussion of the applicable ethical principles for contraceptive research and family planning programs is presented. Each country must decide its own individual response to a given ethical problem. The paper does not propose solutions but is designed to raise the necessary questions.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1990

Courtship behavior and control of reproductive isolation in Drosophila mojavensis: genetic analysis of population hybrids.

Drosophila mojavensis from the Sonora region and Baja California show asymmetrical sexual isolation in the laboratory: males from Sonora mate equally frequently with Sonora and Baja females, while the mating success of Baja males with Sonora females is reduced. This failure has been localized to three separate behavioral landmarks occurring during courtship. Genetic analysis was conducted using reciprocal F1 hybrids of Sonora and Baja strains to examine inheritance patterns of the responsible courtship behaviors. Mating success and propensity of F1 males were similar to Sonora males. F1 females mated with males of Sonora and Baja races equally, although mating propensity of F1 females was intermediate between that of Sonora and Baja females. Males of Baja strains presented with F1 females showed a relatively high level of failure at attempted intromission. Genes for mating behaviors are located in the autosomes, but different loci responsible for the sexual isolation appear to act in males and females.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

The sexual health of travelers.

Sex and travel do not infrequently coincide as pleasurable occupations. This articles explores the possible risks of unsafe sexual activity in a travel-related context, gives guidelines on how to decrease risks for both partners, and outlines how to manage the exposed or infected traveler on his or her return home. Both sexually transmitted infections and contraception are covered.

Contraception↗
PubMed2006

Basic reproduction number for HIV model incorporating commercial sex and behavior change.

The basic reproduction number is obtained for an HIV epidemic model incorporating direct and indirect commercial sex as well as behavior change by the female commercial sex workers (CSWs) and their male customers in response to the proliferation of the disease in the community. A recent result by van den Driessche P., and Watmough J. (Math. Biosci. 180:29-48, 2002) is utilized to compute the threshold parameters for the local asymptotic stability of the Disease-Free Equilibrium (DFE), by considering the transfers in and out of the infective classes. Numerical examples are used to describe the uniqueness and global properties of the endemic equilibrium when DFE is unstable. Biological interpretation of the results obtained in this work is discussed, as are the implications of our results for the design of public health policies such as targeting strategy to target intervention and control measures toward specific high-risk population groups in order to reduce infections. We show that targeting any one sector of the commercial sex alone for prevention will be difficult to have a decided effect on eradicating the epidemic. However, if the aim of the targeted intervention policy is not eradication of the epidemic but decrease in HIV incidence of a particular high-risk group, then concentrated targeting strategy could be sufficient, if properly implemented. This work also demonstrates the usefulness of the theorem of van den Driessche and Watmough (Math. Biosci. 180:29-48, 2002) in obtaining threshold parameters for complicated infectious diseases models.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1993

Mate choice and reproductive success in the red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa).

Behavioral patterns, reproductive success, and concentrations of plasma-luteinizing hormone, testosterone, and estrogen were compared in pairs of red-legged partridges which had either selected their own mates or had been randomly paired. Males in self-selected pairs called more frequently than males in non-self-selected pairs. Females in self-selected pairs but not those in non-self-selected pairs guarded their nests. Females in self-selected pairs had a greater egg production and laid more of their eggs in nests than females in non-self-selected pairs. There was a significant difference between the two groups in the concentration of plasma testosterone in males, which was higher in males from self-selected pairs prior to the onset of egg laying. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that mate choice affects both reproductive parameters and nest defense in monogamous birds.

Animals↗