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PubMed1999

Sexually transmitted infections in Estonia.

Estonia, one of the Baltic countries, regained its independence in 1991, after the collapse of the USSR. This process led to great changes in every sphere of life--in politics, in the economy and in medicine. The service providing care for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) was involved in the process of these changes, too. However, freedom was followed not only by great happiness, but also by social destabilization and transformation of the old moral norms, the most evident features of which were the dramatic rise in crime, a sexual revolution and public prostitution. These 2 great simultaneous transformations in the STI care system and public mores led to the rapid increase of STIs in Estonia in the first half of the 1990s. Now some stabilization, and even a fall in incidence has occurred.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed2003

[Clinical analysis of 22 cases with syphilis racenta in Department of Dermatology, Nippon Medical School].

Forty-nine patients with syphilis were seen from January 1996, to June 2000 at the Dermatological Clinic of Nippon Medical School Hospital. The frequency of syphilis among all outpatients was 0.17%, and the number of male syphilis patients was almost twice that of female syphilis patients. Many sexual contacts (especially with female prostitutes) were considered to be the source of the infection in a large proportion of the syphilis patients. Chancres were observed in 50% of the 6 patients with primary syphilis. Macular or papular syphilide and psoriasis syphilitica were the most frequently observed symptoms in the patients with secondary syphilis. The Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction was observed in 18.8%. The titer of IgM-TPHA responded well to the therapy, and decreased or even disappeared after treatment. The titer of TPHA did not change markedly upon treatment. A retrospective study of syphilis from 1980 revealed that the incidence of syphilis, especially early infectious syphilis, in patients at our clinic has decreased markedly since 1991.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Social vaccine for HIV prevention: a study on truck drivers in South India.

Nearly everywhere that AIDS has been found, HIV infection is fast spreading. No one is known to have recovered from HIV infection. There is no vaccine to cure AIDS (Population Reports, 1989 and The Hindu, dated 9.3.2000). Until a cure or vaccine for HIV infection is found, the only way to prevent the spread of the disease is by changing people's behaviour through AIDS education programmes (Population Reports, 1986). Many national governments are using broadcast, print media, personal contact, counselling methods, etc., to educate people on AIDS and safer sex. Thus, the best vaccine is the 'Social Vaccine.' Social vaccine involves spreading education on how to protect oneself, hundred percent condom use, and changing sexual behaviour. In fact, the social vaccine was so successful in Thailand that the infection rate has come down by 50 per cent (The Hindu, dated 9.3.2000). Truck drivers, prostitutes, and young adults are considered high risk groups for HIV/AIDS in India. An action research study was conducted in Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh (India) among truck drivers. As part of this study, different strategies, namely mass media, personal contact, group discussion, folk media, and counselling, were adopted to provide AIDS education, to encourage increase in condom use for safer sex, and bring changes in their sexual behaviour. The strategies adopted in this study greatly enhanced the knowledge of the truck drivers on AIDS, changed their attitudes on sex, increased the use of condoms, and modified their sexual behaviour. Thus, the social vaccine would help spread education on AIDS, bring changes in the sexual behaviour of the people, increase condom use, and thus help to prevent the AIDS scourge throughout the world. The social vaccine suggested in this study can also be extended to all the high risk group population for successful prevention of this dreadful disease in the world.

Condoms↗
PubMed2003

Meeting the health care needs of female crack users: a Canadian example.

Canada is an egalitarian society committed to accessible and comprehensive health care. Although there has been a tendency to assume that its various social welfare programs have improved health conditions for lower income citizens, Canada's record in ensuring health equality remains poorer than expected (Humphries and van Doorslaer, 2000; Wasylenki, 2001). The Canadian Health Act stipulates that all residents of Canada are to have access to medically necessary hospital and physician services based on need and not the ability to pay. However, for marginalized groups such as drug users and the homeless, structural barriers to better health remain. This paper examines the health care needs and experiences of 30 women who were heavily involved in the street life of crack and prostitution in Toronto. Through their ready access to local drop-in clinics and nearby hospitals, the women reported generally positive experiences with the health care system. The study concludes that the women experienced many of the health problems that typify homeless, poorly housed and economically marginalized groups. Both positive and negative experiences with the health care system, and structural barriers that hamper its full utilization, are identified.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Sexual behaviors and HIV infection in intravenous drug users in New York City.

Heterosexual transmission of HIV infection is closely linked with intravenous drug use. This study investigated the sexual behaviors of intravenous drug users (IVDUs) in New York City. In 1986, 284 IVDUs were recruited from newly enrolled patients in methadone treatment clinics. A questionnaire asking for information on sexual behaviors was administered and sera were collected and tested by ELISA and Western Blot techniques. Associations between behavioral data and HIV serology were evaluated using univariate methods of analysis. HIV infection was significantly associated with age (p = 0.01). Subjects not claiming prostitution were also significantly more likely to be infected (p = 0.01). Subjects reporting condom use and oral sex had lower infectivity rates. Higher infection rates were observed in subjects reporting anal sex and homosexual or bisexual sexual behavior. The findings of this study suggest that greater efforts to isolate those sexual behaviors that are predictors or correlates of heterosexual transmission of HIV infection is much needed in order to design behavioral interventions that will effectively curtail the spread of this virus.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Girls' sexual development in the inner city: from compelled childhood sexual contact to sex-for-things exchanges.

Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) has been linked to a wide variety of adverse psychological and behavioral outcomes. This paper describes girls' sexual development in the inner city based on qualitative material from a long-term ethnographic (observational) study. For many inner-city girls, early and then continued experiences of being compelled to have sex were found to be part of a pathway leading to independent sexuality that often involved prostitution, teen pregnancy, early motherhood, school dropout, limited involvement with jobs, drug abuse, multiple children by different fathers and single-parent families. Quotes from respondents illustrate the mechanics of this process and how it is sustained by the deprivations of structural disadvantage, prevailing subcultural norms, violence and illicit drug use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Chicken kills hawk: gay murders during the eighties in Amsterdam.

A relatively large number of murders in Amsterdam are of older homosexual men. Police records and personality reports by social workers for the decade of the 1980s were investigated and interviews of "potential victims" were conducted in order to study why the crimes were committed. It was found that the murderers were mostly young male prostitutes. The evidence suggests that the motive for such crimes is usually complex and is influenced by the marginal social situation of the two groups involved, in which the lack of emotional and financial support plays a large role.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Homosexuality and the Left in the Netherlands: 1890-1911.

The attitudes of the Dutch socialist left toward homosexuality are examined, drawing upon a wide range of sources. At the end of the nineteenth century, a political debate on prostitution heightened social interest in sexuality in its diverse forms. Medical literature on sexual perversion was another starting point for the growing discussion of homosexuality. These debates were joined by Dutch socialists of divergent opinions. Whereas some of them wanted to acknowledge the right of homosexuals who were born that way to express themselves, only one exceptional author defended the right to homosexual sex. But most socialists were prejudiced against homosexuality and generally endorsed Frank van der Goes's proposal to eliminate homosexual behavior while accepting the notion of an inborn homosexual orientation.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed1998

Self-esteem and supportiveness as predictors of emotional distress in gay male and lesbian youth.

Many gay male and lesbian youth experience isolation, self-hatred, and other emotional stressors related to harassment and abuse from peers and adults, leading to risk factors associated with alcohol and substance abuse, suicide, prostitution, running away, and school problems. Research findings have indicated that high levels of self-esteem and social supports may moderate gay-identified stressors. The current study examined self-esteem and satisfaction with supportiveness as predictors of emotional distress in a sample of 90 self-identified urban gay male and lesbian youth.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Sodomites and police in Paris, 1715.

The Archives of the Bastille in the Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal include hundreds of police reports, none of them currently available in English or even in print, about male same-sex relations in Paris during the first half of the eighteenth century. The documents translated here, interrogations of eight men arrested in 1715, provide information about networks and prostitution, age and class, surveillance and deception in the sodomitical subculture of the capital.

History, 18th Century↗
PubMed2005

Homosexual signification: a moral construct in social contexts.

Contemporary attempts to define homophobia argue that it is a composite prejudice reflecting attitudes toward masculinity, sexual license, and social norms. Influenced by studies of other forms of prejudice, researchers have focused on trying to identify characteristics of a "homophobic personality". Strategies to reduce homophobia emphasize education and tolerance. There has yet to be an engaged, respectful discussion of the validity of the fears which constitute the phobia in homophobia. This paper suggests a taxonomy of moral themes which recur in arguments against homosexuality. Judeo-Christian writers quote the scriptural proscription of male anal intercourse and the particularly Christian notion of homosexuality as sin (although it is but one particular in a general denunciation of all non-reproductive sexual acts). Secular concern with masculinity, sex and gender role conformity is also a source of homophobic angst. The contention that homosexual acts are against nature is premised on the biological imperative toward reproduction of the species. It does not address the possibility that human sexuality may have other ends and it certainly is not against an individual nature. Clerical and civic authority exist to maintain social order and to restrain individual license and that to justify the establishment of a normative sexuality. Among marginalized groups, the practice of exclusive homosexuality may provoke fears of ethnic extinction. Lastly, homosexuality has a history associated with social evils, debauchery, prostitution, criminality and pathology. That heritage still affects the desirability or fear of identification as a homosexual or association with homosexuals. It is my intent that this paper will contribute to understanding the etiology of antagonistic attitudes toward homosexuality and promote an overdue acceptance.

Christianity↗
PubMed2005

Some myths and anomalies in the study of Roman sexuality.

This paper seeks to dispel several myths prevalent in the scholarship on Roman sexuality: that a freed slave was still obligated to serve his former master's sexual demands (I.A.), that the cinaedus cannot be the same as the modern male homosexual because the cinaedus was thought capable of performing cunnilinctus (I.B.), that exoleti were male prostitutes (I.C.), that the Romans were implacably hostile to lesbianism and that they constructed the lesbian as a phallic monstrosity (II.). It also draws attention to some neglected, unfamiliar, or misinterpreted evidence-anomalous on the current understanding of Roman sexuality, where women, boys, and lower-class men are supposed to have equal standing as potential passive sexual partners for adult men-for adult men whose sexual partners are exclusively male, and either active or passive: exoleti as active partners (I.C.), a puer delicatus who is prized for a masculine appearance rather than a feminine one (I.D.), and the Warren Cup, which glorifies a world of exclusively male-male sexuality (I.E.).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Sex research at the borders of gender: transvestites, transsexuals, and Alfred C. Kinsey.

Sex researcher Alfred Kinsey's vision of sexual taxonomy continued to evolve after he published his first landmark volume on human sexuality, and his research into sexual subcultures went beyond his initial studies of homosexuality and prostitution. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, he developed a new interest in cross-dressing and cross-gender identification. This article outlines how and why he began to interview transvestites and transsexuals, and places his emerging vision of gendered behavior and gender identity within the scientific theories of his day. Kinsey rejected the prevailing views, preferring instead a behaviorist model of gender. He saw cross-dressing and crossgender identification as male phenomena and used them to speculate about sex differences in the capacity for psychological conditioning. In his usual style, he did not condemn transvestites or transsexuals, but he disapproved of the genital surgery requested by male-to-female transsexuals. It was here that Kinsey hit the limits of his well-known sexual liberalism in which he approved of all sexual variations that did not involve coercion.

Female↗
PubMed2004

Religious affiliation and extramarital sex among men in Brazil.

CONTEXT: Since 1990, HIV infection in Brazil has spread among the heterosexual population, particularly in the north. Containment of the epidemic can be informed by a better understanding of men's sexual risk behavior. METHODS: Logistic, Poisson and multilevel logit models were applied to data on married and cohabiting men who had participated in the 1996 Brazilian Demographic and Health Survey. RESULTS: Twelve percent of married or cohabiting men reported having had at least one extramarital partner in the previous 12 months; half of these had had two or more. The majority (77%) of partners were described as friends or lovers; 4% had been prostitutes and 15% strangers. Among men who had had sex with an extramarital partner in the last year, 40% reported having used condoms during last extramarital sex. Compared with members of evangelical religions, other men were significantly more likely to report having had an extramarital partner (odds ratios, 3.0-4.7) and unprotected extramarital sex in the last 12 months (3.4-7.9). Region of residence was also strongly correlated with extramarital sex: Compared with men in southern or central Brazil, those in the north had more than three times the odds of having had extramarital sex and unprotected extramarital sex in the last year (3.1-3.8). CONCLUSION: In Brazil, religious affiliation and region of residence exert a major influence on risk behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Aids knowledge and risk behaviors among Midwest migrant farm workers.

The objectives of this study were to investigate the AIDS/HIV knowledge of Latino adolescent and adult migrant farm workers in Michigan, to determine risk behaviors related to HIV, and to determine differences in generational norms regarding sexual activity. For the most part, the Latino migrant population seemed knowledgeable about sexual modes of HIV transmission, although casual contact, through kissing and going to school or work with an infected individual, was also seen as a possible route of transmission for some. Several condom beliefs were identified that may be barriers to use, including the beliefs that condoms are only for use with prostitutes (35 % agreed) and that condoms are only for gay men (54% agreed). Only a small proportion (10%) agreed that condoms were good protection from AIDS. Most respondents knew what condoms were, although only 51% of the sample knew friends who used them. Adolescent females in the camps generally disapproved of premarital sex, while males and older females were more accepting. All these factors make it pertinent to implement HIV/AIDS education programs that are culturally sensitive, gender-specific, and effective in both generations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Secret encounters: black men, bisexuality, and AIDS in Alabama.

Black men suffer the highest rates of HIV infection in Alabama. However, little is known about the HIV risks of this sector of the population, primarily because the current public health focus is on women and children. The dearth of research on HIV risk among black men in Alabama is addressed by drawing on focus group, elicitation, and key informant data from an ongoing epidemiologic study on AIDS in that state. These hypothesis-generating qualitative interviews were used to identify three high-risk scenarios: "sex for money or drugs"; "prison sex"; and "sneaky sex" by married or nominally heterosexual men. It was found that covert and unprotected sex among bisexually active black men was commonplace for reasons that included prostitution, habituation to same-sex relations during incarceration, and the desire to maintain a facade of heterosexuality in homophobic communities. It was concluded that bisexual activity is highly correlated with secrecy and unprotected sex. The risks of bisexuality among black men are exacerbated by incarceration, homophobia, drug use, and the prison and public health focus on surveillance rather than prevention.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Nurse's image: review of the literature].

The society's image about the nurses is permeated of stereotypes that include figures like saints, prostitutes, witches, heroines and are related to the function of assisting doctors and to a lack of social life. Moreover, the image that the nurses have of themselves and of their work is negative, causing frustration for the lack of autonomy found on the professional reality. Seeking for a better understanding of this problem, a literature review was proceeded, aiming to characterize and analyze the nurse's image. The national scientific production is considered small on the subject. Conclusions indicate that stereotypes negatively influence nursing practice and that in Nursing history it is found many reasons for the existing distortions.

Brazil↗
PubMed1994

[Capture and recapture method: a new methodology for epidemiological research].

Although capture-recapture method is not new, their use in epidemiological studies has so far been limited. The method was developed by animal ecologists to estimate the size of various species populations, but in recent years it has been used to measure the incidence and prevalence of a variety of non-communicable diseases. Capture-recapture allows more accurate estimates to be made than is the case with traditional methods and is more cost-effective. The method is ideally suited to studying rare or elusive populations, such as intravenous drug misusers; but they are highly adaptable and have been used to study populations as diverse as street working prostitutes and the human red-cell volume. The objectives of this review are to explain the mathematical theory behind capture-recapture, give examples of its use and application in clinical epidemiology and out line some of the modifications that have been made to the theory, which take into account the complex nature of samples used in clinical research. An increasing number of medical epidemiologists have started to use the method, and its potential for future epidemiological research is enormous.

Epidemiologic Methods↗