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At least 1,747 records · Page 97Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Menopausal hormone replacement therapy and risk of ovarian cancer.

CONTEXT: The association between menopausal hormone replacement therapy and ovarian cancer is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether hormone replacement therapy using estrogen only, estrogen-progestin only, or both estrogen only and estrogen-progestin increases ovarian cancer risk. DESIGN: A 1979-1998 cohort study of former participants in the Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project, a nationwide breast cancer screening program. SETTING: Twenty-nine US clinical centers. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 44 241 postmenopausal women (mean age at start of follow-up, 56.6 years). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Incident ovarian cancer. RESULTS: We identified 329 women who developed ovarian cancer during follow-up. In time-dependent analyses adjusted for age, menopause type, and oral contraceptive use, ever use of estrogen only was significantly associated with ovarian cancer (rate ratio [RR], 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-2.0). Increasing duration of estrogen-only use was significantly associated with ovarian cancer: RRs for 10 to 19 years and 20 or more years were 1.8 (95% CI, 1.1-3.0) and 3.2 (95% CI, 1.7-5.7), respectively (P value for trend <.001), and we observed a 7% (95% CI, 2%-13%) increase in RR per year of use. We observed significantly elevated RRs with increasing duration of estrogen-only use across all strata of other ovarian cancer risk factors, including women with hysterectomy. The RR for estrogen-progestin use after prior estrogen-only use was 1.5 (95% CI, 0.91-2.4), but the RR for estrogen-progestin-only use was 1.1 (95% CI, 0.64-1.7). The RRs for less than 2 years and 2 or more years of estrogen-progestin-only use were 1.6 (95% CI, 0.78-3.3) and 0.80 (95% CI, 0.35-1.8), respectively, and there was no evidence of a duration response (P value for trend =.30). CONCLUSION: Women who used estrogen-only replacement therapy, particularly for 10 or more years, were at significantly increased risk of ovarian cancer in this study. Women who used short-term estrogen-progestin-only replacement therapy were not at increased risk, but risk associated with short-term and longer-term estrogen-progestin replacement therapy warrants further investigation.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

Chemotherapy followed by consolidation radiation therapy for the treatment of clinical stage II aggressive histologic type non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Sixty-three eligible patients with Ann Arbor clinical Stage II or IIE aggressive histologic type non-Hodgkin's lymphomas received combination chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone [COPA]) as the primary treatment technique. Moderate-dose radiation therapy (2500 to 3000 cGy in 2 to 3 weeks) was given to anatomic areas involved initially by lymphoma in patients demonstrated to be in complete remission after chemotherapy. Fifty-seven percent of the patients were free of lymphoma clinically after induction chemotherapy. The minimum patient follow-up from the start of chemotherapy is 3.7 years, and the median follow-up for patients still alive is 4.7 years. The progression-free survival is projected to be 62% at 4 years, and 86% of the patients achieving a complete response are projected to be in continuous remission at 4 years from the completion of all therapy. There were no treatment-related fatalities. This treatment sequence has produced durable tumor control in the majority of patients with acceptable toxicity. The need for consolidation radiation therapy is being studied currently in a controlled clinical trial.

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols↗
PubMed2006

Large-scale pyrosequencing of synthetic DNA: a comparison with results from Sanger dideoxy sequencing.

Pyrosequencing is a relatively recent method for sequencing short stretches of DNA. Because both Pyrosequencing and Sanger dideoxy sequencing were recently used to characterize and validate DNA molecular barcodes in a large yeast gene-deletion project, a meta-analysis of those data allow an excellent and timely opportunity for evaluating Pyrosequencing against the current gold standard, Sanger dideoxy sequencing. Starting with yeast genomic DNA, parallel PCR amplification methods were used to prepared 4747 short barcode-containing constructs from 6000 Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene-deletion strains. Pyrosequencing was optimized for average read lengths of 25-30 bases, which included in each case a 20-mer barcode sequence. Results were compared with sequence data obtained by the standard Sanger dideoxy chain termination method. In most cases, sequences obtained by Pyrosequencing and Sanger dideoxy sequencing were of comparable accuracy, and the overall rate of failure was similar. The DNA in the barcodes is derived from synthetic oligonucleotide sequences that were inserted into yeast-deletion-strain genomic DNA by homologous recombination and represents the most significant amount of DNA from a synthetic source that has been sequenced to date. Although more automation and quality control measures are needed, Pyrosequencing was shown to be a fast and convenient method for determining short stretches of DNA sequence.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Automated atlas-based clustering of white matter fiber tracts from DTMRI.

A new framework is presented for clustering fiber tracts into anatomically known bundles. This work is motivated by medical applications in which variation analysis of known bundles of fiber tracts in the human brain is desired. To include the anatomical knowledge in the clustering, we invoke an atlas of fiber tracts, labeled by the number of bundles of interest. In this work, we construct such an atlas and use it to cluster all fiber tracts in the white matter. To build the atlas, we start with a set of labeled ROIs specified by an expert and extract the fiber tracts initiating from each ROI. Affine registration is used to project the extracted fiber tracts of each subject to the atlas, whereas their B-spline representation is used to efficiently compare them to the fiber tracts in the atlas and assign cluster labels. Expert visual inspection of the result confirms that the proposed method is very promising and efficient in clustering of the known bundles of fiber tracts.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2006

Age dependence of fusion of primary occipital sutures: a radiographic study.

PURPOSE: When linear lucency is present in the occipital bone on radiographs throughout childhood, differential diagnosis becomes important because some primary sutures are similar to fractures. The authors here chronicled the normal development of ossification centers, sutures, and synchondroses in the chondrocranium by radiographic examination. METHODS: One hundred and twenty-seven children, aged from newborns to 6 years and without any skull base deformities, were referred to for radiographs of Towne's projection. RESULTS: In the occipital bone at birth, three primary sutures could be identified. At the age of 0-3 years, occipital and innominate sutures started to fuse, this being complete by 4 years, whereas mendosal sutures persisted until 6 years of age, after which no primary sutures could be seen. CONCLUSION: The complex process of skull base development features a step-wise process sutural closure for which radiographic standards allow differential diagnosis from fractures with judgment of the timing.

Aging↗
PubMed1993

A classification of nursing and midwifery shift systems.

A classification of 122 shift systems worked by nurses and midwives in the larger general hospitals (400+ beds) in England and Wales was made. The systems were classified along two main dimensions: the degree of flexibility for shift rostering (either regular, irregular or flexible); and the speed of rotation between night and day work (either a permanent night shift or systems of fast or slow internal rotation). This resulted in nine possible categories of shift systems. The most common shift system was a flexible day shift with a permanent night shift. Other features of the systems are discussed, e.g. the start times and durations of shifts, and the relative influence of flexible rostering on these features. This classification is a prerequisite for a further research project aimed at identifying those features of shift systems which are likely to cause the least detrimental effects for the individual nurses concerned.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Carnosine, nerve growth factor receptor and tyrosine hydroxylase expression during the ontogeny of the rat olfactory system.

The localizations of carnosine, nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were studied in the embryonic and postnatal rat olfactory bulb and epithelium by means of single- and double-immunostaining methods. Tyrosine hydroxylase ontogeny was also evaluated at the mRNA level by in situ hybridization. All these molecules were expressed in the olfactory bulb but with different developmental patterns and cellular localization: carnosine immunoreactivity is seen from embryonic day 17 in primary olfactory neurons scattered in the nasal cavity and in fibres projecting from them to the olfactory bulb. Nerve growth factor-receptor immunoreactivity associated with small glial-like cells is visible in some glomeruli starting from the second day of postnatal life. At postnatal day 10 NGF-receptor immunoreactivity is extended to all glomeruli. Periglomerular neurons expressing TH mRNA and protein are present prenatally and their number sharply increases during the early postnatal development. Double-staining methods show that TH and NGF-receptor immunoreactivity do not overlap in cell bodies and processes. In addition, NGF-receptor immunoreactivity is not colocalized with carnosine. These findings definitely exclude NGF-receptor expression in periglomerular and primary olfactory neurons, suggesting that at least part of NGF-receptor expression in the olfactory bulb is associated with glial cells. In addition, they provide the first immunohistochemical data on carnosine ontogeny and confirm at the mRNA level previous studies on the ontogeny of TH protein.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

The benefits of atomic resolution.

After a long gestation, the elucidation of the crystal structures of proteins at atomic resolution is now maturing. The use of such data for both refinement and structure solution is advancing space. The necessary technology is generally available, in terms of data collection, computing hardware and software. The structures appearing in the literature mainly relate to demonstration projects on native proteins. The importance of these alone is already obvious. Biologically significant results, in terms of ligand complexes and prosthetic groups, are just starting to emerge.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2002

A phase I/II double-blind, placebo-controlled study of recombinant human interleukin-11 for mucositis and acute GVHD prevention in allogeneic stem cell transplantation.

Interleukin-11 (IL-11) decreases cytokine release and increases survival in murine BMT models. In these systems, it reduces gut permeability, partially polarizes T cells to a Th2 phenotype, down-regulates IL-12, prevents mucositis, and accelerates recovery of oral and bowel mucosa. We conducted a randomized double-blind pilot study of rhIL-11 administered with cyclosporine/MTX prophylaxis after cytoxan/TBI conditioning and allogeneic stem cell transplantation for hematologic malignancies. Patients received rhIL-11, 50 microg/kg subcutaneously daily or placebo in a 3:1 ratio. Treatment was administered prior to the start of conditioning and continued up to 21 days. The study was designed to assess safety with stopping rules for cardiac arrhythmias and mortality. Although projected to accrue 20 patients, only 13 patients (10 IL-11, three placebo) were enrolled because the early stopping rule for mortality was triggered. Of 10 evaluable patients who received IL-11, four died by day 40 and one died on day 85. Deaths were attributable to transplant-related toxicity. One of three placebo recipients died of suicide, the other two are alive. Patients receiving IL-11 had severe fluid retention and early mortality, making it impossible to determine whether IL-11 given in this schedule can reduce the rate of GVHD. Grade B-D acute GVHD occurred in two of eight evaluable patients on IL-11 and one of three patients on placebo. The primary adverse events of the study were severe fluid retention resistant to diuresis (average weight gain 9 +/- 4%) and multiorgan failure in five of 10 evaluable patients. The use of IL-11 as GVHD prophylaxis in allogeneic transplantation cannot be recommended as administered in this trial.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Estonian Genome Project--before the take-off and take-off.

I will give an overview of the preparations of the EGP including all aspects of the project and current satus of the pilot phase, describe the informatics part of the project together with other aspects (legal, ethical, logistics, financial etc.) and where we stand in terms of population genetics and genotyping technology in order to start using the sample collection for case--control studies for revealing the genetic component of the common diseases.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed1996

NRSub: a non-redundant database for Bacillus subtilis.

In the context of the international project aimed at sequencing the whole genome of Bacillus subtilis we have developed a non-redundant, fully annotated database of sequences from this organism. Starting from the B.subtilis sequences available in the EMBL, GenBank and DDBJ collections we have removed all encountered duplications and then added extra annotations to the sequences (e.g. accession numbers for the genes, locations on the genetic map, codon usage, etc.) We have also added cross-references to the EMBL, MEDLINE, SWISS-PROT and ENZYME data banks. The present system results from merging of the NRSub and SubtiList databases and the sequence contigs used in the two systems are identical. NRSub is distributed as a flatfile in EMBL format (which is supported by most sequence analysis software packages) and as an ACNUC database, while SubtiList is distributed as a relational database under 4th Dimension. It is possible to access the data through two dedicated World Wide Web servers located in France and Japan.

Bacillus subtilis↗
PubMed2006

OryGenesDB: a database for rice reverse genetics.

Insertional mutant databases containing Flanking Sequence Tags (FSTs) are becoming key resources for plant functional genomics. We have developed OryGenesDB (http://orygenesdb.cirad.fr/), a database dedicated to rice reverse genetics. Insertion mutants of rice genes are catalogued by Flanking Sequence Tag (FST) information that can be readily accessed by this database. Our database presently contains 44166 FSTs generated by most of the rice insertional mutagenesis projects. The OryGenesDB genome browser is based on the powerful Generic Genome Browser (GGB) developed in the framework of the Generic Model Organism Project (GMOD). The main interface of our web site displays search and analysis interfaces to look for insertions in any candidate gene of interest. Several starting points can be used to exhaustively retrieve the insertions positions and associated genomic information using blast, keywords or gene name search. The toolbox integrated in our database also includes an 'anchoring' option that allows immediate mapping and visualization of up to 50 nucleic acid sequences in the rice Genome Browser of OryGenesDB. As a first step toward plant comparative genomics, we have linked the rice and Arabidopsis whole genome using all the predicted pairs of orthologs by best BLAST mutual hit (BBMH) connectors.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed2003

Generalized counting rule for hard exclusive processes.

We derive a generalized counting rule for hard exclusive processes involving parton orbital angular momentum and hadron helicity flip. We start with a systematic way to enumerate the Fock components of a hadronic light-cone wave function with n partons and orbital angular momentum projection l(z). We show that the wave-function amplitude psi(n)(x(i),k(i perpendicular ),l(zi)) has a leading behavior 1/(k(2)( perpendicular ))[n(+|l(z)|+min(n(')+|l(')(z)|)]/2-1) when all parton transverse momenta are uniformly large, where n(') and l(')(z) are the number of partons and orbital angular momentum projection, respectively, of an amplitude that mixes under renormalization. Besides the generalized counting rule, the result can be used as a constraint in modeling the hadronic light-cone wave functions.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Estimation of the total number of hospital admissions and bed requirements for 2011: the case for Greece.

In order to improve the existing situation in the Greek health sector, there is a pronounced need for flexible planning methods, together with the development of long-term perspectives on policy formulation. The team started with the collection of relevant data, since the first priority was to have a detailed knowledge of the current situation and conditions upon which projections of likely future developments can be based. The aim of this paper is to identify a reliable method for the estimation of future admissions to hospitals, by age groups and sex. These estimates have been used as the basis for projecting hospital bed requirements by the final year of the planning period (2011). Accurate knowledge and analysis of hospital bed requirements in the future would be a fundamental aid to health care planning given that the increase in the proportion of elderly people will lead to differences in the demand for health services. To reduce uncertainty, a main parameter has been introduced and used in all projections, with very limited total variation. Although all relevant studies resulted in a rigid, one estimation (projection) point, we have estimated upper and lower limits of projections, to make the corresponding plan more flexible.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Rural health care delivery amidst federal retrenchment: lessons from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's Rural Practice Project.

This paper examines the experience of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's Rural Practice Project (RPP), a major non-governmental effort in the last decade concentrating on the direct delivery of rural health services. The nine RPP sites started prior to 1977 showed a slow but steady increase in their utilization levels and improvement in their financial status during their initial operational years. The tempo of their development was remarkably similar to that of federally sponsored practices in underserved rural areas. After four years of operation, all of the practices had completed their period of grant support; the practices survived in all cases, with almost all of the practices still retaining community sponsorship, salaried physicians, and a commitment to comprehensive care. Practices in sparsely populated rural areas and in areas with fewer hospital beds grew more slowly than those set in rural areas with higher population density and more ancillary resources. We conclude that the use of time-limited initial subsidies is an effective strategy in starting new rural practices in underserved areas and that those practices have a good chance of surviving their start-up phase.

Economics, Medical↗
PubMed2000

Design principles of a clinical information system for intensive care units (ICUData).

The aim of this project was to develop a cost-effective, standard-based and scalable clinical information system for use in Intensive Care Units (ICUs). The development started in 1998 at the University Giessen, Germany. Since its introduction as the basic documentation system at the ICU ward of the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine in January 1999, all relevant clinical data of 1723 patients have been recorded. The implementation of the system in two further ICUs is scheduled for the year 2000. The following article describes some of the principal design goals of the system, including the medical vision that drove its interface design, and focuses on the technological underpinnings of the overall system architecture.

Computer Systems↗
PubMed2006

Finn Brudevold's laboratory: the Forsyth Institute, 1958-1986.

The years 1930-1931 ushered in the initial group of Rockefeller Fellows at the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry the first time in this country that an organized attempt was made in a university framework to formally train dental researchers. A 2001 article published in the JOURNAL OF THE MASSACHUSETTS DENTAL SOCIETY--"A Research Model for Dental Science" (Vol. 49, No. 4, pages 30-31)--examined the preliminary phase of this innovative project. One of the early members, Norwegian émigré Dr. Finn Brudevold, arrived at the Forsyth Dental Infirmary for Children in 1958. His mission was to start a small laboratory in inorganic chemistry and continue his research on the causation and prevention of dental decay. For almost 30 years, Brudevold's ever-expanding laboratory acted as a template for the far-reaching discipline now known as sialogy, the biological laws of saliva.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed2006

Revision of the Belgian Nursing Minimum Dataset: From data to information.

The Ministry of Public Health commissioned a research project to the Catholic University of Leuven and the University Hospital of Liège to revise the Belgian Nursing Minimum Dataset (B-NMDS). The study started in 2000 and will end with the implementation of the revised B-NMDS in January 2007. The study entailed four major phases. The first phase involved the development of a conceptual framework based on a literature review and secondary data analysis. The second phase focused on language development and development of a data collection tool. The third phase focused on data collection and validation of the new tool. In the fourth phase the validity and reliability of the dataset was tested. The new dataset is without avail if it is not leading to new information. Four applications of the dataset has been defined from the beginning: evaluation of the appropriateness of stay (AEP) in the hospital, nurse staffing, hospital financing and quality management. The aim of this paper is to describe how the B-NMDS can contribute to each of these applications.

Belgium↗