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PubMed1999

Comparison of energy and nutrient sources of elderly Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites in New Mexico.

OBJECTIVE: Identification and comparison of frequently consumed foods and important food sources of energy, protein, total fat, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, vitamin B-6, folate, and calcium of elderly Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites. DESIGN: Dietary intake data were collected using a modified Health Habits and History Questionnaire (a food frequency questionnaire) for 735 subjects who participated in the New Mexico Elder Health Survey. SUBJECTS: The sample consisted of 330 Hispanics (176 men and 154 women) and 405 non-Hispanic whites (214 men and 191 women) between the ages of 65 and 96 years. Subjects were those with food frequency data among 883 participants who completed the clinical visit of the New Mexico Elder Health Survey. RESULTS: Results show the top-ranked frequently consumed foods by gender and ethnicity and top-ranked food sources of energy and 8 nutrients. Regional foods were important sources of nutrients in the diets of both Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites, however, more so for the Hispanics. Chile sauces were notable sources of vitamin A, vitamin C, and folate among both groups. Both ethnic groups demonstrated selection of low-fat and skim milk and moderation in consumption of red meat. APPLICATIONS: These data will be useful for designing nutrition education programs, for studying the relationship between diet and disease among elderly Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites, and for designing assessment instruments for the elderly and other ethnic populations.

Aged↗
PubMed1978

Community participation in health activities in an Amazon community of Brazil.

This article describes community participation in a comprehensive eight-year health program at Porto Nacional, a town in Brazils Amazon region. The authors discuss various techniques employed to encourage community participation, indicate methods used to resolve low-key conflicts in a positive manner, describe the major contributions made by community participation in this program, and present a number of conclusions considered applicable to other communities in this part of Brazil.

Brazil↗
PubMed1999

Audit of the nutritional content of patient meals in Ayrshire and Arran.

Recent studies have indicated an unacceptably high prevalence of malnutrition in hospital patients and inadequacies in the diets offered to patients. In 1995 the Health of the Nation Nutrition Guidelines for Hospital Catering were produced with the aim of raising standards in hospital catering. An audit was conducted to compare the nutritional adequacy of patient meals provided by three NHS Trusts within Ayrshire, with the Health of the Nation Guidelines. Across the three Trusts approximately 45% of days failed to provide the recommended minimum amount of energy. NSP, folate and vitamin C provision was adequate in all three Trusts. However there were some inadequacies in the provision of calcium, iron and zinc. In two of the Trusts approximately, half, and in the other Trust one third, of the main meals failed to provide the recommended 300 kcals. In all three Trusts approximately one third of vegetarian meals failed to provide the recommended amount of protein. It has been recommended that the current menus in the three Trusts are altered to ensure that the nutritional standards in the Guidelines are met. Additionally a menu coding system, which indicates the suitability of dishes for different diets, should be used. The three Trusts have agreed to collaborate to produce a core set of menus that meet the recommendations. These recommendations will be implemented along with those from the National Food and Health Best Practice Guide.

Female↗
PubMed1996

Bioelectrical impedance analysis measurements as part of a national nutrition survey.

Since 1960 the National Center for Health Statistics has conducted seven national health examination surveys. All surveys included anthropometry. As the relations between various chronic diseases and body composition have been recognized, there has been considerable interest in assessing body composition in health examinations on the basis of nationally representative probability samples. I focus on considerations that influenced the decision to include bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) in a national nutrition survey. Tetrapolar, single-frequency (50 kHz) BIA was included in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994) for persons aged > or = 12 y, resulting in > 17000 resistance and reactance measures in non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and Mexican American subjects. The usefulness of these data in producing national reference distributions for lean body mass and fat mass, however, is currently limited by the uncertain availability of generalizable, valid, reliable, cross-validated prediction equations for various age, sex, and racial-ethnic groups.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1995

High tech home care: surviving and prospering in a changing environment.

Managed care plans are expanding rapidly into new marketplaces. Reimbursement for home infusion therapy, including parenteral and enteral nutrition, is significantly affected under managed care, especially when capitated payment mechanisms are used. Home care companies have experienced downsizing, mergers, acquisitions, and fierce competition in the managed care environment. Clinicians who are entering the home care setting may find that, in addition to clinical expertise, their marketability depends on a set of new skills and abilities in order to prosper in this new environment.

Home Care Services↗
PubMed2001

Evaluation of validity of items for a food behavior checklist.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the validity of food behavior items, using a biological measure (serum carotenoids) as the criterion for validity of fruit and vegetable intake, and the results from multiple 24-hour recalls to test convergent validity with nutrient intake. DESIGN: Participants responded to 39 food-behavior questions and later completed three 1-day dietary recalls. Serum carotenoid levels were determined for a 59% randomly selected subsample. SUBJECTS/SETTING: A convenience sample of 100 English-speaking, low-income women participating in a Food Stamp Nutrition Education Program in 8 California counties. Statistical analyses Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated between responses to the food behavior items and (a) serum carotenoid levels and (b) mean nutrient intakes from the 24-hour recalls. Cronbach's coefficient alpha was determined for items within broad food behavior topics. RESULTS: Responses to 10 food behavior items were significantly correlated with serum carotenoid levels (correlations greater than 0.45 were found for choosing low-fat foods and a self-evaluation of overall dietary quality). An additional 12 items showed hypothesized associations with the 24-hour recall data (with a maximum correlation 0.50 for number of eggs per week and dietary cholesterol). Cronbach's coefficient alpha ranged from 0.28 (for 5 fat and cholesterol items) to 0.79 (for 9 fruit and vegetable items). APPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS: Nutrition professionals can use these methods to validate items for food behavior checklists for specific populations. The items described here may be useful when designing instruments to administer to low-income women in a community setting.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Epidemiological insights on malnutrition: some resurrected, others restructured, a few retired.

In its modern sense, epidemiology has progressed from a classical concern of causality as expressed within biological limits to recognition that a variety of social factors have proportionate significance in the origin and behavior of human nutritional disorders. Basically an analytical process, nutritional epidemiology has grown to include, among objectives for prevention and control, a synthesis of plans for intervention; the monitoring of action programs introduced; and again a parallel analytic mission to evaluate such accomplishments as programs bring forth. Nutritional epidemiology, so employed, becomes a general scientific discipline, widely purposed and incorporating objectives beyond public health: measures concerned with social welfare, economic growth, political stability, and behavioral compatibility with fellow humans and other living things. Specifically, nutritional epidemiology comprises a branch of knowledge utilizing human ecology to solve problems in three broad dimensions--a defined causality, a prescribed intervention (planning, operations) and an evaluation of results, concurrently made and terminally. The groundwork is medical ecology, the approach holistic. A population of pregnant mothers and their newborn children is accorded first priority among fields of interest, past any single disease entity or technical method of control. Community programs enlarge from that base.

Community Health Services↗
PubMed1995

[A matched case-control study on the relations between beta-carotene and lung cancer].

In order to discover the relationship between dietary nutrients intake and risk of lung cancer 1:1 matched case-control study on 156 recent histologiclly diagnosed primary lung cancer patients and 156 patients with respiratory tumour and other related diseases as controls, was conducted in Wuhan. All cases and controls were asked to participate in the nutritional assessment program and a food frequency questionnaire containing 64 food items was filled in. The findings showed that there was a statistically significant difference between dietary intake of beta-carotene between the two groups (2877.13 +/- 393.43 vs. 3445 +/- 430.98 micrograms/day). Having controled the confounding factor of cigarette smoking, a significant linear trend for lower dietary carotene intake toward higher lung cancer risk was observed.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1996

Early determinants of adult metabolic regulation: effects of infant nutrition on adult lipid and lipoprotein metabolism.

In a series of experiments over the past 20 years, we have demonstrated long-term deferred effects of infant nutrition, particularly breast- as compared with formula-feeding and overfeeding as compared with normal or underfeeding, on serum HDL-cholesterol concentrations, adiposity, and atherosclerosis in the baboon, a large nonhuman primate. Low HDL-cholesterol levels and obesity are associated with accelerated progression of atherosclerosis and with increased risk of coronary heart disease in humans. We have observed other deferred effects of infant nutrition on bile acid metabolism, enzyme activities, and water and electrolyte balance, some of which may be physiologically related to HDL-cholesterol levels or to adiposity. The occurrence of these deferred effects suggests that infant nutrition may program other metabolic systems for life, and that these effects may contribute to other chronic diseases of adults. Although our understanding of the mechanisms by which infant diet regimens affect adult metabolism is meager, it is important to identify these mechanisms because they are likely to provide valuable clues to the causes and ultimately may contribute to the long-range prevention of those diseases.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Evaluation of group versus individual nutrition education in overweight patients with myocardial infarction.

Thirty-nine obese patients (weighing in excess of 110% of ideal weight) were studied for 52 weeks following admission to the Coronary Care Unit with a diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. The aim of the study was to compare, chiefly by anthropometric measurements, the response to a structured nutrition education program provided by a dietitian using three different levels of time involvement with the patients, firstly individual patient education, secondly group education and thirdly the issuing of written material only. Although there was no significant difference in the mean weight loss between the three education groups (8.1, 7.5 and 8.9 kg respectively) there was a trend towards more uniform weight reduction in those who received individual education. All but two of the 28 who attended at 52 weeks achieved weight loss. Thirteen patients attained 110% or less of their ideal weight, a 46% success rate. Reduction in body weight and most of the other anthropometric measurements occurred in the first twelve weeks of study, with no further significant weight change to 52 weeks. While these observations suggest that the overweight patient with acute myocardial infarction need not be subject to intensive nutrition education at the time of presentation, a more aggressive follow-up programme in subsequent months is recommended.

Body Weight↗
PubMed1981

Organization of an information system for food and nutrition programmes in Costa Rica.

This paper discusses the information needed for multidisciplinary planning aimed at reducing nutritional deprivation in Costa Rica. In recent years, an approach has been developed for organizing data and information so as to define and described target groups of households. The development of a functional classification, a central activity of the Sistema de Información en Nutrición (SIN), is described and a preliminary description of the population groups affected by malnutrition presented. The major objectives of SIN are outlined and the possibilities of applying the same system to other countries discussed.

Costa Rica↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Preschool children's perceptions of food and their food experiences.

OBJECTIVE: Developmental theory suggests that children learn from their experiences. However, little is known about preschool children's interpretation of their daily food experiences. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to describe the criteria preschool children use to classify foods and their interpretation of their daily food experiences. DESIGN: Semistructured interviews and observations of children's play in toy kitchens were conducted with children enrolled in public preschool programs. SUBJECTS: Data were collected over a 2-year period. During the first year of the study, observations and interviews were collected from 24 children. Interviews with an additional 79 children were conducted the following year. VARIABLES MEASURED: The variables measured included the children's criteria for food classification and their play behaviors in a toy kitchen. RESULTS: The children relied primarily on physical characteristics such as color, shape, and texture to classify foods. The activities that children demonstrated during play sessions included meal planning, food preparation, table preparation, serving food, eating, and cleaning. Pattern coding of the observational data revealed variability in (1) boys' and girls' kitchen play, (2) children's food selection and preparation methods and postmeal clean-up activities, and (3) children's responses to picky eating. IMPLICATIONS: These data may be used to develop a play-based nutrition education program.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Intergenerational family conversations and decision making about eating healthfully.

OBJECTIVE: To explore how youth, parents, and grandparents discuss issues related to eating healthfully and unhealthfully and to identify intergenerational strategies for educators to improve this communication. DESIGN: In three intergenerational focus groups, each with 4-8 families, a trained moderator asked questions about family practices and conversations for eating healthfully and unhealthfully. SETTING: Three focus group sites, each with Pennsylvania Nutrition Education Program sites (PANEP) programs serving low-income populations and multigenerational clientele, based in geographically and culturally diverse communities in Pennsylvania. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-four individuals (21 pre-teens, 16 parents, and 7 grandparents) from 17 families. PHENOMENON OF INTEREST: How youth, parents, and grandparents discuss and influence each other's healthful and unhealthful eating practices. ANALYSIS: "Strength" of evidence determined by repetition of ideas across focus groups and from the respondents' quotes providing in-depth information. RESULTS: Families demonstrated a wide range of ways that family communication is associated with the adoption of healthful and unhealthful patterns of eating. Parents and grandparents expressed anguish over their struggle and inability to help their children eat more healthfully. All three generations enumerated strategies for dealing with disagreement. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Grandparents, parents and children indicate that they need opportunities to learn together and communicate about ways to improve nutrition behaviors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Correlates of children's cognitive skills in an Agrarian community with mixed crop-livestock production systems, Ghinchi, central Ethiopia.

A cross-sectional survey was carried out in Ghinchi farming community, central Ethiopia during October and November 2001 to assess the level of association between children's nutritional status, families' socio-economic gradient, and degree of maternal attention and cognitive development. Ninety children were enrolled in the study, and assessment for cognitive performance was carried out using Bailey Infant Development Scale II. A pilot tested questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-economic status, mothers' care behavior, sanitary conditions of households and feeding pattern, and anthropometry of children. Chronic malnutrition expressed as height for age < -2Z-score of standard was prevalent beginning from the second birthday. Poor cognitive performance was comparatively common in the age group where chronic malnutrition is proportionately prevalent. Logistic regression analysis for variables that demonstrated significant association in correlation study revealed height for age, household possession of consumable durables, maternal care time, type and frequency of feeding and birth order of the child to be significant determinants for cognitive performance of children. Findings implicate a need for comprehensive approach, which incorporates, programs in nutrition, environmental sanitation, family planning, and strategies to reduce maternal workload, to ensure adequate physical and mental development of children.

Agriculture↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) in the critically ill patient.

A study has been carried out on the effectiveness of a total parenteral nutrition (TPN) program on 12 patients in intensive care units (ICU). Conclusions have been drawn from biohumoral parameters during the first fornight's stay in the ICU. Results, relating to the re-equilibrium of the glycid and protydic sectors, varied in respect of their temporal distribution. There was in fact a stabilisation, if only temporary, in the glycemy, in the very first days, while the proteic metabolism figures showed a recovery leading to stabilisation only in the second week.

Adult↗