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At least 1,747 records · Page 97Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Contextual diversity, not word frequency, determines word-naming and lexical decision times.

Word frequency is an important predictor of word-naming and lexical decision times. It is, however, confounded with contextual diversity, the number of contexts in which a word has been seen. In a study using a normative, corpus-based measure of contextual diversity, word-frequency effects were eliminated when effects of contextual diversity were taken into account (but not vice versa) across three naming and three lexical decision data sets; the same pattern of results was obtained regardless of which of three corpora was used to derive the frequency and contextual-diversity values. The results are incompatible with existing models of visual word recognition, which attribute frequency effects directly to frequency, and are particularly problematic for accounts in which frequency effects reflect learning. We argue that the results reflect the importance of likely need in memory processes, and that the continuity between reading and memory suggests using principles from memory research to inform theories of reading.

Decision Making↗
PubMed1975

Name-printing as a test of developmental maturity.

An attempt to derive a practical scoring technique for name-printing by children in kinderten (age-range 5 1/2 to 6 1/2 years) as a quick test of skills and maturity is reported. The relationship of the Print-Your-Name test scores to other established tools of developmental assessment is examined. Teachers' assessments of the study children's readiness for academic promotion and of those children with school problems tended to correlate with the test scores.

Canada↗
PubMed2005

Communicating asset risk: how name recognition and the format of historic volatility information affect risk perception and investment decisions.

An experiment examined how the type and presentation format of information about investment options affected investors' expectations about asset risk, returns, and volatility and how these expectations related to asset choice. Respondents were provided with the names of 16 domestic and foreign investment options, with 10-year historical return information for these options, or with both. Historical returns were presented either as a bar graph of returns per year or as a continuous density distribution. Provision of asset names allowed for the investigation of the mechanisms underlying the home bias in investment choice and other asset familiarity effects. Respondents provided their expectations of future returns, volatility, and expected risk, and indicated the options they would choose to invest in. Expected returns closely resembled historical expected values. Risk and volatility perceptions both varied significantly as a function of the type and format of information, but in different ways. Expected returns and perceived risk, not predicted volatility, predicted portfolio decisions.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1985

Erhardorina n. g., Ascogregarina polynesiensis n. sp., Eimeria golemanskii n. sp., Isospora tamariscini n. sp., Gregarina kazumii n. nom., new combinations and emendations in the names of apicomplexan protozoa.

On the basis of a review of the approximately 4300 species of apicomplexan protozoa, the following new species, new names, new combinations, and emendations are given: NEW GENUS, Erhardovina; NEW SPECIES, Ascogregarina polynesiensis, Eimeria golemanskii, Isospora tamariscini; NEW NAME, Gregarina kazumii; NEW COMBINATIONS, Ascogregarina brachyceri (Purrini, 1980), Erhardovina euzeti (Lipa, 1981), E. scutovertexi (Erhardová, 1955), Haemorhormidium batrachi (Chaudhuri & Choudhury, 1983); EMENDATIONS, Selenidium francianum (Arvy, 1952) Tuzet & Ormières, 1965, Pyxinioides bolitoides D. P. Henry, 1938, P. japonicus H. Hoshide, 1951, P. kamenote H. Hoshide, 1951, P. kurofuji H. Hoshide, 1951, P. oshoroensis H. Hoshide, 1951, P. pugetensis D. P. Henry, 1938, Gregarina levinei Haldar & Sarkar, 1980, Retractocephalus halticae Haldar, Chakraborty & Kundu, 1982, Cnemidospora schizophylli Tuzet & Guerin, 1947, Grebneckiella indica (Merton, 1911) Watson, 1916, Quadruspinospora atractomorphae Haldar & Chakraborty, 1978, Haemogregarina acipenseri Nawrotzky, 1914, H. lobianci Yakimov & Kohl-Yakimov, 1912, H. yakimovikohlae Wladimiroff, 1910, Hepatozoon luehi (Sambon, 1909) Pessoa, Cavalheiro & de Souza, 1970, Eimeria beyerae Ovezmukhammedov, 1977, E. (?) gigantea (Labbé, 1896) Reichenow, 1921, E. (?) labbei Hardcastle, 1943, E. rufi Prasad, 1960, E. (?) scylii (Drago, 1902) Levine & Becker, 1933, Isospora corvi Ray, Shivnani, Oommen & Bhaskaran, 1952, I. melopsittaci Bhatia, Chauhan, Arora & Agrawal, 1973, I. seicerci Ray, Shivnani, Oommen & Bhaskaran, 1952, I. stomatici Chakravarty & Kar, 1944, I. triffitae Nukerbaeva & Svanbaev, 1973, Wenyonella mackinnonae Misra, 1947, Octosporella sanguinolentae Ovezmukhammedov, 1975, Lankesterella millani Alvarez Calvo, 1975, Sarcocystis woodhousei Dogel', 1916, Haemoproteus lari Yakunin, 1972, Babesia ninakohlyakimovae (Yakimoff & Shokhor, 1916), Theileria ninakohlyakimovae (Yakimov, 1916) Krylov, 1974, Haemohormidium batrachi (Chaudhuri & Choudhury, 1983).

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Proposed new bacterial taxa and proposed changes of bacterial names published during 1994 and considered to be of interest to medical and veterinary bacteriology.

At the recent meeting of the International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology (ICSB) in 1994 it was decided to establish an ad hoc committee within the ICSB with the task of formulating an approach to communication of new names to users in medical and veterinary bacteriology. This is the first list which includes 61 names.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1993

Vascular effects of endothelin-1 in the cat; modification by indomethacin and L-NAME.

Intravenous infusion of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in the cat, 60 pmol x kg body wt-1 x min-1 for 5 min, induced an increase in mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) of 41.3 +/- 4.8 mmHg (n = 6; P < 0.001). Blood flow, as determined with radioactive microspheres, was reduced in many tissues. Reductions by 70-80% were observed in the choroid plexus, pineal and pituitary glands. Total cerebral blood flow was reduced by 18-23%. Pre-treatment with indomethacin or a combination of indomethacin and L-NAME caused vasoconstriction in many tissues and modified the responses to ET-1 in a variable way, suggesting that normally, ET-1 tends to release arachidonic acid metabolites and nitric oxide with great variations between different tissues. Intracerebroventricular infusion (i.c.v.) of ET-1, 10 pmol x kg body wt-1 x min-1, caused an increase in MAP of 79 +/- 11 mmHg (n = 6; P < 0.001). Regional blood flow in the medulla oblongata, medulla spinalis, choroid plexus, pineal and pituitary glands was reduced by 60-80%. Heart rate, cardiac output and coronary blood flow were significantly increased after 30 min i.c.v. infusion, indicating an activation of the heart, most probably as part of a central ischaemic response. Our results indicate that in many tissues the vasoconstrictive effect of ET-1 is influenced by indomethacin- and L-NAME-sensitive vasodilator mechanisms that are activated by the peptide. In the CNS, there may be marked effects on regional blood flow after i.c.v. infusion.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Habituation patterns to colour naming of eating-related stimuli in anorexics and non-clinical controls.

The current study was an investigation into intra-session changes in the pattern of Stroop colour-naming impairments with body shape-related words and food-related words. The subject pool comprised anorexic women and a control group of non-clinically disordered women. The results indicated that anorexic women show greater colour-naming decrements that non-disordered controls for both types of eating-related words. Stroop interference significantly decreased across the course of the experiment with the body-shape words for the anorexic subjects, thereby indicating habituation to the semantic content of those words. There was no comparable process of habituation observed with the food-related words.

Anorexia Nervosa↗
PubMed1977

Tactual and name matching by blind children.

The hypothesis that letters can be matched on the basis of tactual physical features was tested in three experiments with blind Braille-reading children. Experiment I compared simultaneous matching of pairs of normal (S) and enlarged (E) format Braille letters. Under physical match instructions latencies for SS pairs were significantly faster than for other pairs, but matching EE pairs which compared two difficult letters under physical match instructions was no slower than matching SE or ES letters which compared one easy and one difficult letter under name match instructions. Experiment II showed that successive physical matching of SS and EE letters was significantly faster than name matching of ES and SE letters respectively. Experiment III tested successive matching with two types of altered format (X and Y) under instructions to judge whether pairs were the same letter. Latencies did not differ between XX and YY pairs, but each was significantly faster than either XY or YX pairs. The results were deemed to support the hypothesis.

Blindness↗
PubMed1964

HUE-WAVELENGTH RELATION MEASURED BY COLOR-NAMING METHOD FOR THREE RETINAL LOCATIONS.

A method of hue measurement, in which an absolute color-naming procedure is utilized, has been applied to spectral stimuli delivered as flashes at 0 degrees, 20 degrees, and 40 degrees eccentricity in an otherwise dark field. The method yields very reliable measures, especially at 0 degrees. Color-naming at 0 degrees differs little from that at 20 degrees, but a marked deterioration of performance occurs between 20 and 40 degrees. This is reflected by a reduction in red and especially green responses, and a lower reliability of the measurements. Additional estimates were also obtained which showed a decrease in measured saturation but increasing reliability of the saturation measurements with increasing eccentricity.

Biomedical Research↗
PubMed2005

Uncultivated phylotypes and newly named species associated with primary and persistent endodontic infections.

Endodontic infections have been traditionally studied by culture methods, but recent reports showing that over 50% of the oral microbiota is still uncultivable (B. J. Paster et al., J. Bacteriol. 183:3770-3783, 2001) raise the possibility that many endodontic pathogens remain unknown. This study intended to investigate the prevalence of several uncultivated oral phylotypes, as well as newly named species in primary or persistent endodontic infections associated with chronic periradicular diseases. Samples were taken from the root canals of 21 untreated teeth and 22 root-filled teeth, all of them with radiographic evidence of periradicular bone destruction. Genomic DNA was isolated directly from each sample, and 16S rRNA gene-based nested or heminested PCR assays were used to determine the presence of 13 species or phylotypes of bacteria. Species-specific primers had already been validated in the literature or were developed by aligning closely related 16S rRNA gene sequences. Species specificity for each primer pair was confirmed by running PCRs against a panel of several oral bacteria and by sequencing DNA from representative positive samples. All species or phylotypes were detected in at least one case of primary infections. The most prevalent species or phylotypes found in primary infections were Dialister invisus (81%), Synergistes oral clone BA121 (33%), and Olsenella uli (33%). Of the target bacteria, only these three species were detected in persistent infections. Detection of uncultivated phylotypes and newly named species in infected root canals suggests that there are previously unrecognized bacteria that may play a role in the pathogenesis of periradicular diseases.

Actinobacteria↗
PubMed1995

Voluntary, named testing for HIV in a community based antenatal clinic: a pilot study.

Despite the increasing advantages of identifying HIV infection in pregnant women, only some 12% of HIV positive women attending antenatal clinics in London have been identified by named testing. As virtually all antenatal care will be community based within the next two to three years, we assessed the problems of introducing named HIV testing during pregnancy into the primary care setting. Planning the service took a considerable time and required the production of educational material for both staff and pregnant women and some reorganisation of procedures. Over a one year period an uptake of 44% was noted. Several problems were encountered including an average of 21 minutes needed to give information on AIDS and HIV, an adverse effect on the midwife-mother relationship, and anxiety (affecting both women and midwives). Possible solutions to this difficult problem are discussed.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Derivation and evaluation of a document-naming nomenclature.

OBJECTIVE: The Computerized Patient Record System is deployed at all 173 Veterans Affairs (VA) medical centers. Providers access clinical notes in the system from a note title menu. Following its implementation at the Nashville VA Medical Center, users expressed dissatisfaction with the time required find notes among hundreds of irregularly structured titles. The authors' objective was to develop a document-naming nomenclature (DNN) that creates informative, structured note titles that improve information access. DESIGN: One thousand ninety-four unique note titles from two VA medical centers were reviewed. A note-naming nomenclature and compositional syntax were derived. Compositional order was determined by user preference survey. MEASUREMENTS: The DNN was evaluated by modeling note titles from the Salt Lake City VA Medical Center (n=877), Vanderbilt University Medical Center (n=554), and the Mayo Clinic (n=42). A preliminary usability evaluation was conducted on a structured title display and sorting application. RESULTS: Classes of note title components were found by inspection. Components describe characteristics of the author, the health care event, and the organizational unit providing care. Terms were taken from VA medical center information systems and national standards. The DNN model accurately described 97 to 99 percent of note titles from the test sites. The DNN term coverage varied, depending on component and site. Users found the DNN title format useful and the DNN-based title sorting and note review application easy to learn and quick to use. CONCLUSION: The DNN accurately models note titles at five medical centers. Preliminary usability data indicate that DNN integration with title parsing and sorting software enhances information access.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed1971

Recognition and naming of object-drawings by men with focal brain wounds.

The ability to name object-drawings, measured by score and response latency, was examined in men with chronic, focal brain lesions due to missile injury. The group with left hemisphere lesions was significantly impaired on both measures and this impairment was clearly related to the incidence of clinically detectable dysphasia. In contrast, the impairment of the bilateral group was not closely associated with dysphasia; it was characterized by long response latencies which exceeded the sum of unilateral deficits in the task. Analysis of response errors showed that both misnaming and misidentification occurred but were often dissociated. Difficulty in naming was noted in men with lesions involving the left temporal lobe. Misidentification was not common; it occured more frequently in the bilateral group, in men with lesions of the occipital areas of the brain. Dissociated deficits were also noted within the group of men with residual dysphasia.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Biobibliometrics: information retrieval and visualization from co-occurrences of gene names in Medline abstracts.

Successful information retrieval from biomedical literature databases is becoming increasingly difficult. We have developed a prototype system for retrieving and visualizing information from literature and genomic databases using gene names. The premise of our work is that, if two genes have a related biological function, the co-occurrence of two gene names (or aliases of those genes) within the biomedical literature is more likely. From a collection of Medline documents, we have extracted the number of co-occurrences of every pair of Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes. The query is automatically conflated to include gene aliases as well. In addition, the retrieved document set can be filtered by the user with a MeSH term. From this co-occurrence data we construct a matrix that contains dissimilarity measurements of every pair of genes, based on their joint and individual occurrence statistics. A graph is generated from this matrix, with node and edge inclusion being determined by a user-defined threshold. Nodes of the graph represent genes, while edge lengths are a function of the occurrence of the two genes within the literature. Nodes can be hypertext-linked to sequence databases, while edges are linked to those Medline documents that generated them. The system is a tool for efficiently exploring the biomedical information landscape and may act as a inference network.

Databases, Factual↗
PubMed2005

Suregene, a scalable system for automated term disambiguation of gene and protein names.

Researchers, hindered by a lack of standard gene and protein-naming conventions, endure long, sometimes fruitless, literature searches. A system that is able to automatically assign gene names to their LocusLink ID (LLID) in previously unseen MEDLINE abstracts is described. The system is based on supervised learning and builds a model for each LLID. The training sets for all LLIDs are extracted automatically from MEDLINE references in the LocusLink and SwissProt databases. A validation was done of the performance for all 20,546 human genes with LLIDs. Of these, 7344 produced good quality models (F-measure >0.7, nearly 60% of which were >0.9) and 13,202 did not, mainly due to insufficient numbers of known document references. A hand validation of MEDLINE documents for a set of 66 genes agreed well with the system's internal accuracy assessment. It is concluded that it is possible to achieve high quality gene disambiguation using scaleable automated techniques.

Algorithms↗