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PubMed1989

The prevalence of lead shot ingestion in wild mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) in the Netherlands.

During the hunting season 1986-1987, 2859 gizzards from mallards shot in the Netherlands were collected. Gizzards were selected radiographically and examined visually for ingested lead shot. The 95% confidence interval of the prevalence of lead shot ingestion was calculated to be 1.7 to 2.9%. In some gizzards a large number of lead shot (12-16) were seen. This is an indication for locally heavily contaminated areas. Especially places where mallards are attracted for hunting purposes, by daily feeding of corn, predispose these birds to lead poisoning. A ban with regard to these hunting practices will probably drastically reduce the prevalence of lead shot ingestion. A change from lead shot to steel shot will solve the problem completely.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

In vitro activity of flumequine in comparison with several other antimicrobial agents against five pathogens isolated in calves in The Netherlands.

The in vitro activity of flumequine in comparison with several other drugs was tested against 17 P. multocida, 16 P. haemolytica, 21 S. dublin, 21 S. typhimurium and 21 E. coli strains, isolated in (veal) calves in the Netherlands. The MIC50 of flumequine for the respective pasteurellas was 0.25 and 1 microgram/ml, for the salmonellas and E. coli 0.5 micrograms/ml. In comparison with flumequine, enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin showed higher in vitro activity, with MIC50 less than or equal to 0.008 micrograms/ml for ciprofloxacin. Decreased susceptibility of the pasteurellas was found for kanamycin, neomycin, streptomycin, gentamicin, oxytetracycline and doxycycline. The MIC50 of minocycline for P. multocida was 0.5 micrograms/ml and there was no cross resistance with the other tetracyclines. P. multocida was very susceptible to ampicillin (MIC50 less than or equal to 0.03 micrograms/ml), P. haemolytica, however, was 100% resistant to this drug. Both pasteurellas were susceptible to cephalothin and approximately 50% of the strains of both bacteria were resistant to chloramphenicol. The MIC50 of either spiramycin or tylosin was greater than or equal to their respective breakpoint-MIC values. Both pasteurellas were susceptible to the combination of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole. However, for P. multocida, the addition of sulphamethoxazole to trimethoprim had no synergistic effect on its MIC. In comparison with trimethorpim, aditoprim was less potent. Therefore only P. multocida was susceptible to aditoprim.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The prevalence of anthelmintic resistance of horse strongyles in The Netherlands.

A survey to determine the prevalence of anthelmintic resistance of horse strongyles was carried out with 616 horses on 22 farms. The tested drugs were cambendazole, pyrantel pamaote and ivermectin. Based on egg count reduction tests the efficacy of cambendazole varied from 0% to 93% and of pyrantel from 93% to 100%. Ivermectin treatments were 100% effective on all farms. Larval cultures after cambendazole treatments revealed exclusively cyathostome larvae. After pyrantel treatments besides cyathostome larvae other types of larvae were also found. After ivermectin treatments only a few cyathostome larvae were observed. It can be concluded that benzimidazoleresistance of cyathostomes is very common and widespread in the Netherlands. This means that benzimidazoles and pro-benzimidazoles should be excluded for strategic use in horses.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

The relationship between homozygosity and the occurrence of specific diseases in Bouvier Belge des Flandres dogs in The Netherlands.

Since purebred dog populations represent closed gene pools, a relatively high level of consanguinity between individuals, and hence of inbreeding, is common. This case control study was conducted to establish the possible connection between the actual level of homozygosity due to inbreeding and specific diseases (flea allergy, osteochondrosis, laryngeal paralysis, neoplasm, autoimmune disease, hypoplastic trachea, and food allergy) occurring in the Bouvier Belge des Flandres breed. One hundred and sixty-eight animals referred to the Utrecht University Clinic formed the patient group. Each of the seven diseases was chosen because of the demonstrability of the diagnosis. Each animal was chosen because one of the selected diseases was established in that individual, and because its pedigree was complete. All dogs of the patient group were born between 1 January 1980 and 31 December 1985. A control group (n = 123) was randomly chosen from the total population of registered Bouviers born in the Netherlands in the same period. pedigree data were obtained from the Dutch Kennel Club. The extent of inbreeding was determined for all animals using Wright's inbreeding coefficient. The distribution of inbreeding coefficients in each patient group was compared with the distribution in controls. Inbreeding coefficients in the control group ranged from 0.0 to 0.406. Animals in which osteochondrosis, food allergy, autoimmune disease, neoplasm, or hypoplastic trachea was diagnosed had higher inbreeding coefficients than controls. It was concluded that in the Bouvier Belge des Flandres dog population examined, the level of homozygosity was positively correlated with occurrence of these diseases.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

An epidemiological study of Fasciola hepatica in The Netherlands.

Transmission of F. hepatica under natural conditions was analysed in a three year programme. The variables used were the indirect haemagglutination (IHA) technique, worm establishment in tracer lambs and the population dynamics, infection rate and shedding pattern of Lymnaea truncatula. It is concluded that fluke eggs, infected snails and metacercariae on herbage can survive the winter in the Netherlands. Metacercarial availability was positively correlated to the amount of rainfall in the grazing period. The role developed eggs that survive the winter is important, because this results in earlier infections in the herd. The use of the serological diagnosis method IHA is important to detect F. hepatica infection in an early stage. Use of cellophane paper on floats is a useful method for determining the shedding pattern of cercariae from L. truncatula. It is concluded that collection of metacercariae on cellophane floats, inventarization of L. truncatula and its infection level are useful tools for the prediction of liverfluke infections.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Seven cases of heartworm disease (dirofilariosis) in dogs in The Netherlands.

We present here the clinical history, diagnosis, and treatment of seven dogs with dirofilariosis. All dogs were imported into the Netherlands after residing in an area in which dirofilariosis is endemic. In three of these dogs the infection was occult, for the serological test was positive but there was no microfilaraemia. Weight loss, coughing, dyspnoea, and decreased exercise tolerance were the most prominent clinical signs. Two of the dogs had the characteristic electrocardiographic and radiographic signs of enlargement of the right heart. Treatment with thiacetarsamide and ivermectin resulted in complete remission in six dogs. One dog died, presumably as a result of acute renal failure. In the past year (1992-1993) seven cases of canine dirofilariosis were diagnosed, nearly equal to the number in the preceding 10 years (n = 9). This most probably reflects the greater sensitivity of the serological diagnosis of dirofilariosis in comparison with identification of microfilariae in the circulation, but a real increase in the number of dogs with dirofilariosis as a result of growing international traffic of tourists accompanied by pets cannot be excluded.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

The prevalence of Isospora suis and Strongyloides ransomi in suckling piglets in The Netherlands.

Faecal samples from suckling piglets from 113 litters on 25 farms in the Netherlands were examined to study the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites, in particular Strongyloides ransomi and Isospora suis. S. ransomi was not found but I. suis was demonstrated in 17 of the 25 farms and in 41 out of 77 litters of these farms (53%). No other parasites were found. On the basis of these results, a longitudinal study on the incidence and significance of I. suis was performed on 10 farms (5 litters/farm). I. suis was found on 9 out of 10 farms and in 56% of the litters. Farms differed in infection levels, measured as the numbers of patent litters, and in the onset of patency. Other parasites were only found in faecal samples from the sows and from farrowing pens. These were, in order of prevalence, Balantidium coli, Ascaris suum, Eimeria spinosa, E. debliecki and E. suis.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Marked reduction of the prevalence of pseudorabies virus-infected pigs in pig dense regions of The Netherlands during the first year of a nation-wide vaccination campaign.

The breeding and finishing pig populations in four Animal Health Service regions in the Netherlands were monitored with respect to pseudorabies virus (PRV) seroprevalence. Analysis of data of the seroprevalence survey of 1994 indicated that two samples per herd was sufficient to estimate the seroprevalence in both the sow and finishing pig populations. In the northern, eastern, southern, and western regions, 115, 645, 940, and 218 sow herds and 114, 1036, 954, and 323 pig finishing herds were sampled, respectively. In the breeding pig population, the PRV-seroprevalence decreased from 27% to 17% in the eastern region, from 32% to 17% in the southern region, from 18% to 12% in the western region, and from 10% to 6% in the northern region. In the finishing pig population, the PRV-seroprevalence decreased from 15% to 6% in the eastern region, from 19% to 6% in the southern region, and from 12% to 5% in the western region. There was no significant difference in PRV seroprevalence in finishing pigs in the northern region between the survey of 1994 and 1995.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

An epidemiological study into risk indicators for Pasteurella haemolytica related 'summer pneumonia' in lambs in the southern Netherlands.

Risk indicators for Pasteurella haemolytica related summer pneumonia in lambs in The Netherlands were investigated using a mail questionnaire survey of 860 flocks. The response rate was 64% (n = 550). Multivariate risk analysis indicated that taking sheep to sheep fairs, the purchase of sheep and/or lambs, the lack of possibility for indoor housing, and an increased flock size were associated with increased risk of occurrence of summer pneumonia in lambs of the home flock.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

A case of autochthonous canine leishmaniasis in The Netherlands.

The transmission of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the absence of its natural vector, the sandfly, is considered exceptional. This report describes VL in a 12-month-old dog which had never been in an area in which VL is endemic but was born in the Netherlands from a bitch that had been infected in Spain. Although the mode of transmission, via the placenta or otherwise, is unknown, it can be concluded that bitches with VL can be a source of infection for their pups, even in a sandfly-free non-endemic area. The dog was successfully treated with allopurinol.

Allopurinol↗
PubMed1997

A survey of anthelmintic resistance in nematodes of sheep in The Netherlands.

The prevalence of anthelmintic resistance in nematodes of sheep was surveyed in 1994 on 70 farms in the Netherlands. An in vitro egg hatch assay, faecal egg count reduction (FECR) 14 days after treatment, and larval cultures were used as methods of investigation. Oxfendazole was tested on 69, ivermectin on 51, and levamisole on 36 farms. The median effective dose (ED50) of thiabendazole could be determined on 64 farms. On 60 farms (94%) the ED50 value was > or = 0.12 microgram ml-1, which is indicative of the presence of benzimidazole (BZ) resistance. On two farms egg output was too low to do a FECR test. Based on the results of the FECR test, BZ resistance was present on 56 farms (84%), on 2 farms there was a suspicion of resistance and on 9 farms no resistance could be found. No clear indications were found for the presence of resistance against ivermectin or levamisole. BZ resistance was demonstrated in Haemonchus contortus, Cooperia curticei, Ostertagia spp. and/or Trichostrongylus spp. No resistance was observed in species from the genus Nematodirus, Chabertia ovina and/or Oesophagostomum spp.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

A survey of Toxocara infections in cat breeding colonies in The Netherlands.

Faecal samples from 225 adults cats and 112 kittens and dust and soil samples from 25 catteries in the Netherlands were examined for Toxocara eggs. The results of this survey showed a low nematode infection rate in the investigated Dutch catteries since only four adult cats (2%) from two catteries (8%) were found to shed Toxocara cati eggs. No other helminth eggs were seen in the faecal samples. Nematode eggs were not present in the environmental dust and soil samples from houses and kennels; only Dipylidium caninum eggs were found in only two samples of household dust.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1998

Nematode infections in dog breeding kennels in The Netherlands, with special reference to Toxocara.

Faecal samples from 286 adult dogs and 159 pups and dust and soil samples from 32 dog breeding kennels in the Netherlands were examined for nematode eggs. Dogs that shed nematode eggs were found in 41% of the kennels. The kennel prevalence of nematode infection of adult dogs was 33%. The kennel prevalence for infection of adult dogs and pups with nematode species was 21% and 48% for Toxocara canis, respectively, 29% and 0% for Trichuris vulpis, and 20% and 0% for Toxascaris leonina. Kennels with more than two litters per year and with regular import of new animals had a significantly higher prevalence of T. canis (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05 respectively). T. vulpis infections in adult dogs occurred significantly more often in kennels that used deworming products other than benzimidazoles (p < 0.05). Embryonated T. canis ova were recovered from 20% of the house and kennel dust samples and from 50% of the soil samples. This survey shows that the nematode infection rate in dog breeding kennels is high. Better deworming strategies should be used to improve the health status of the dogs and to reduce the risk of zoonotic infection in humans.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1999

Low prevalence of antibodies against the zoonotic agents Brucella abortus, Leptospira spp., Streptococcus suis serotype II, hantavirus, and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus among veterinarians and pig farmers in the southern part of The Netherlands.

Serum samples from 102 veterinarians and 191 pig farmers from the southern part of the Netherlands were investigated for antibodies against Brucella abortus, Leptospira spp, Streptococcus suis serotype II, Hantavirus (HV), and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). All samples were collected in 1993 and stored until this study was performed. The prevalence of antibodies against B.abortus in veterinarians (4.5%) was significantly higher (P = 0.01) than in pig farmers (0%). None of the veterinarians (0%) and only one pig farmer (0.5%) had antibodies against Leptospira spp. Furthermore, significantly (P = 0.015) more veterinarians (6%) than pig farmers (1%) had antibody titres against muramidase-released protein (MRP),a protein of pathogenic S. suis serotype II strains. None of the veterinarians and a total of 3 (1.6%) pig farmers had antibody titres against HV. The prevalence of antibodies against LCMV tended to be higher in pig farmers (2.6%) than in veterinarians (0%) (P = 0.10). It can be concluded that the prevalence of antibodies against the investigated zoonotic agents in veterinarians and pig farmers is low.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2000

Trends in veterinary clinical and fundamental pharmacology: past and future in The Netherlands.

Veterinary pharmacology has undergone a gradual development in the Netherlands during this century. Starting from a historical perspective the paper aims to provide an overview of future trends and important issues in the area of veterinary pharmacology and toxicology. It is pointed out that this discipline comprises several subdisciplines as the comparative aspect of both, pharmacology and toxicology, is inherent to veterinary medicine which has to address a broad variety of animal species. Thus, the comparison of drug effects, side effects, and drug disposition as well as the comparison of the species-specific susceptibility to xenobiotics are obvious challenges in this discipline. Several areas in clinical pharmacology are highlighted to indicate future research needs. Finally, the principles of Good Veterinary Practice are presented as the 'golden standard' in veterinary clinical pharmacology.

Animal Diseases↗
PubMed2000

Isolation and characterization of porcine circovirus type 2 from pigs showing signs of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in The Netherlands.

Pigs with wasting syndrome were examined for macroscopic and histopathological lesions, and for porcine circovirus (PCV). Histopathological lesions were comparable to those previously documented for post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). In addition, in seven out of ten examined PMWS-affected pigs focal-to-slight mononuclear meningitis and focal cerebral mononuclear infiltrates (4 out of 10) were observed. A virus was isolated from organs and sera from pigs showing wasting syndrome. An immunoperoxidase monolayer assay and an indirect immunofluorescence assay were performed on the infected PK-15 and Dulac cell cultures, respectively, and both assays indicated the presence of PCV type 2 (PCV2). The nested-polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) technique, based on the use of PCV2 specific oligonucleotides, revealed specific amplified products of 481 bp. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the entire genome of the Dutch PCV isolate 24657 NL showed a homology with known nucleotide sequences of porcine PCV type 1 (PCV1) and PCV2 isolates of 77.1% and >96%, respectively. This is the first report of the isolation and characterization of PCV2 in PMWS-affected pigs in the Netherlands.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Active surveillance of BSE in cattle in The Netherlands.

Since January 2, 2001 a large-scale active surveillance programme for BSE started in the Netherlands in addition to the passive surveillance programme of cattle with clinical symptoms compatible with BSE. Based on decisions of the Council of European Ministers of Agriculture, the European Union launched an active surveillance system for BSE in cattle of 30 months and older. Until April 1, more than 100,000 head of cattle were tested in this scheme, including all cattle slaughtered and a large part of the cattle that died on the farm. Four animals were found positive in the active surveillance system and one cow from the passive surveillance tested positive for BSE during the first three months.

Abattoirs↗