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PubMed2002

[The parlamentary inquiry commission into the demographic change presents its final report].

In the spring of 2002, the Parliamentary Inquiry Commission into the Demographic Change finished its work and published its final report. The commission has been working for more than 10 years to analyze the challenges posed to the individual and society by the aging German society in a mid- and long-term perspective (up to 2050). The respective policy recommendations refer to the following issues: housing and living environments, intergenerational relations, family relations and other social networks, competence and productivity in old age, income security, demographic change and its effects on economic trends and the labor market, health, health care, long-term care and social services, migration and integration and the implications of the increasing cultural diversity in society and among the elderly.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Longitudinal research to promote effective refugee resettlement.

Canada's relative generosity in admitting refugees and fairness in considering refugee claims has earned this country an enviable reputation. However, having opened its doors to those selected, Canada's resettlement policies and programs fail to provide for their needs, and to promote their optimal adaptation. Based on a decade-long investigation of the resettlement of more than 1300 Southeast Asian refugee--'Boat People'--the current report examines how research concerning (a) the impact of pre-migration trauma; (b) the mental health impact of social resources such as the like-ethnic community, refugee sponsorship programs, and language training; and (c) individual coping strategies such as suppressing the past, can contribute both to theory and to improving policy and practice. The presentation acknowledges the contributions of Dr. Alexander H. Leighton by demonstrating the importance of his insistence on the need for a longitudinal perspective both for conducting research and for planning programs and services.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1981

Effects of population changes on psychological and physiological strain in kibbutz communities.

The present study was directed toward determining the health implications of population policies followed by collective rural communities (kibbutzim) in Israel. It was hypothesized that, controlling for kibbutz longevity, higher rates of out-migration and/or lower rates of in-migration and population growth are associated with subsequent increases in psychological and physiological strain among kibbutz members. The hypothesis was tested by interrelating different sets of data on kibbutz communities, collected at two research centers. Data were subjected to both individual and ecological correlational analyses. At both levels, inconsistent patterns of relationships between demographic characteristics and strain were obtained. The consistent cross-level findings which were significant were contradictory to our hypothesis. Our results suggest that while demographic changes do appear to have some impact on subsequent affective strain among kibbutz members, their detrimental effect is rather weak and is probably mediated by small-group processes, such as peer social support, and by the adequacy of the individual's coping resources.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed2004

Migration of medical image data archived using mini-PACS to full-PACS.

This study evaluated the migration to full-PACS of medical image data archived using mini-PACS at two hospitals of the Yonsei University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea. A major concern in the migration of medical data is to match the image data from the mini-PACS with the hospital OCS (Ordered Communication System). Prior to carrying out the actual migration process, the principles, methods, and anticipated results for the migration with respect to both cost and effectiveness were evaluated. Migration gateway workstations were established and a migration software tool was developed. The actual migration process was performed based on the results of several migration simulations. Our conclusions were that a migration plan should be carefully prepared and tailored to the individual hospital environment because the server system, archive media, network, OCS, and policy for data management may be unique.

Computer Systems↗
PubMed2001

Zoonotic diseases: health aspects of Canadian geese.

OBJECTIVE: Review zoonotic diseases associated with Canadian geese. STUDY DESIGN: Review article: A review of the multiple physical, microbiologic and safety concerns, and methods used in controlling this potential problem. RESULTS: Over the last decade the Canadian goose population (protected by international treaties and protection acts) has increased rapidly such that in many cities they have become a pest rather than an admired wild bird. Their increasing numbers have caused a number of potential healthcare concerns including: physical, bacterial, parasitic, allergic and viral potential problems. The Canadian goose fecal droppings of one per minute have caused falls and the flying geese have caused air traffic accidents. Bacterial concerns, including botulism, salmonella and E. coli have all been reviewed and presented concerns. The viral Newcastle disease may be detected with hemagglutination studies and the Giardia psittaci parasites have been repeatedly found in their droppings. The Cryptosporidium parvum oocytes have been present on stool study. CONCLUSIONS: Definite links to human infectious diseases have been difficult to prove. Revision of the current laws and new control programs must be developed.

Accidental Falls↗
PubMed2006

Where babies come from: supply and demand in an infant marketplace.

Persistent demand from people who have been denied the blessings of parenthood has created an assisted-reproduction market that stretches around the globe and encompasses hundreds of thousands of people. In the United States alone, nearly 41,000 children were born via in vitro fertilization (IVF) in 2001. Roughly 6,000 came from donated eggs, and almost 600 were carried by surrogate mothers. U.S. legislators have been reluctant to regulate this market. As a result, there are no national policies for IVF, which requires creating--and often discarding--embryos, or for many other technologies. State laws vary widely, and many states have no legislation on these subjects whatsoever. Although fertility specialists generally seem delighted to practice in an unregulated gray area, a modicum of regulation and the establishment of agreed-upon norms could lead to substantially lower prices, wider access, and an expansion of the market to the millions who have not yet sought out assisted reproduction. Among those millions are fertile individuals seeking to ensure that they'll be able to produce offspring in the future. For example, the technology already permits young women to freeze their eggs, thus preserving their fertility (in case, for instance, they marry late in life). The fertility trade is in some ways analogous to the markets for personal computers and DVD players, which were initially considered luxury items but migrated to the mass market, earning manufacturers the revenues to finance further innovation. A widening of availability and the introduction of property rights, rules, and institutional policies would make the marketplace more sensitive to the social, medical, and ethical issues that are emerging from the science. For example: Should there be age limits on infertility treatment? Should new procedures be subject to rigorous testing? It is time for U.S. society to begin discussion of these complex questions.

Commerce↗
PubMed1981

On the persistence of U.S. migration rates in the 20th century.

The persistence or inertia of net migration rates in the United States during the twentieth century is measured. A set of basic migration data for states, counties, and state economic areas is described, and manipulations of these data are discussed. "The manipulated data are [then] analyzed graphically and by regression. The report concludes with a few remarks on the use of demographic extrapolations for planning and policy purposes."

Americas↗
PubMed2000

Attributes of an alluvial river and their relation to water policy and management.

Rivers around the world are being regulated by dams to accommodate the needs of a rapidly growing global population. These regulatory efforts usually oppose the natural tendency of rivers to flood, move sediment, and migrate. Although an economic benefit, river regulation has come at unforeseen and unevaluated cumulative ecological costs. Historic and contemporary approaches to remedy environmental losses have largely ignored hydrologic, geomorphic, and biotic processes that form and maintain healthy alluvial river ecosystems. Several commonly known concepts that govern how alluvial channels work have been compiled into a set of "attributes" for alluvial river integrity. These attributes provide a minimum checklist of critical geomorphic and ecological processes derived from field observation and experimentation, a set of hypotheses to chart and evaluate strategies for restoring and preserving alluvial river ecosystems. They can guide how to (i) restore alluvial processes below an existing dam without necessarily resorting to extreme measures such as demolishing one, and (ii) preserve alluvial river integrity below proposed dams. Once altered by dam construction, a regulated alluvial river will never function as before. But a scaled-down morphology could retain much of a river's original integrity if key processes addressed in the attributes are explicitly provided. Although such a restoration strategy is an experiment, it may be the most practical solution for recovering regulated alluvial river ecosystems and the species that inhabit them. Preservation or restoration of the alluvial river attributes is a logical policy direction for river management in the future.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Floridian exceptionalism.

Elderly Floridians use much more medical care and have much lower mortality rates than do their peers in other regions of the country. After demographic and other variables are controlled for, the differential between Florida and the rest of the United States is 25 percent for utilization and 10 percent for mortality among whites ages 65-84. This paper summarizes the facts about Floridian exceptionalism and reviews various possible explanations: physician inducement of utilization, differences in preferences, selective migration into and out of the state, climate, and social interactions, among others. Readers are invited to suggest their own explanations and their policy recommendations, if any.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

American Indian migration and economic opportunities.

This article examines interstate migration and labor force participation among White, American Indian, and intermarried Indian/White couples in the US. The results show that endogamous American Indian couples are much less likely to change states of residence than are the other 2 groups of couples. The effect of interstate migration on labor force participation does not vary across the 3 groups of couples. The implications of these results for the assimilation and internal colonial models of race relations and for federal Indian policy are discussed

Americas↗
PubMed1984

Metropolitan migration and labor market changes by industry.

"The purpose of this paper is to analyze gross [U.S.] metropolitan migration of persons employed in selected...industries. An empirically testable model was developed for migration, employment change, and earnings change and implemented using data from the Social Security Administration's ten percent Continuous Work History Sample. The results showed that a significant percentage of the migration flows can be explained by the variables in the model.... Differences in cyclic and structural economic variables are noted in terms of their importance across the specified industries. The public policy implications of these results are identified."

Americas↗
PubMed1977

Papua New Guinea: first population policy declared.

In its 2nd year after achieving political independence, Papua New Guinea declared a general population policy in October 1976, and inaugurated a population research program to guide policy formulation. Population affairs of the country, which has a population of 2.75 million, have been vested with the Ministry of Environment and Conservation. The research program will be implemented in cooperation primarily with the Institute of Applied Social and Economic Research (IASER) and the University of Papua New Guinea, as well as the Central Planning Office, Department of Public Health, Bureau of Statistics, and Office of Information, among other agencies. The priorities for research will initially fall under 5 main concerns: 1) fertility and population growth, and the causes of local differentials; 2) socioeconomic influences on growth trends; 3) interrelation between population and land resources; 4) internal migration; and 5) individual attitudes regarding family planning practice. The research program is designed to become an integral part of national development planning. However, the Government has declared that both policy and research programs must concur with the needs and desires of the people, to pave the way for successful implementation of development plans.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed1996

Graduate medical education and physician supply in New York State.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the supply of physicians and residents in New York State and to assess the impact of state policies on the supply and distribution of physicians in the state. DESIGN: A comparison of the number of residents in New York State for 1988 and 1994 (from the American Medical Association Medical Education Database) and the number of active patient care physicians in New York by specialty and age (from the 1995 New York State Physician File). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Changes in the number of residents in New York State between 1988 and 1994 by specialty and medical school location; estimates of the numbers of physicians by age and specialty in New York for 1995; the migration of new physicians into and out of the state. RESULTS: The number of residents in New York State grew by nearly 21% between 1988 and 1994, despite a number of policies and programs encouraging maintenance of production levels. This growth is attributed to increases in the number of international medical graduates (IMGs) entering residency training through a widening "IMG window." Projection models show that, if production of new physicians continues as current levels, the supply of physicians will grow substantially during the next 2 decades. CONCLUSIONS: Past policies to influence the supply, production, and distribution of physicians in New York State have not had their desired effects. Future policies and incentives must be carefully framed and coordinated to avoid similar failures.

Education, Medical, Graduate↗
PubMed2000

Migration and mainstreaming: matching health services to immigrants' needs in Australia.

The provision of special services for people of non-English speaking background in Australia emerged in the context of the development of policies of multiculturalism. This article documents the trends in state and federal policy development and service provision in the 1990s, as influenced by the sometimes-competing forces of political will, financial resources and community demand. The sustainability of various programmes is examined in the context of the continuing need to provide for people whose access to mainstream health services remains problematic.

Australia↗
PubMed2005

Immigrants in emergency care: Swedish health care staff's experiences.

BACKGROUND: During the past few decades Sweden has developed into a multicultural society. The proportion of patients with different cultural backgrounds increases, which naturally makes new demands on health care staff. AIM: To identify whether staff in somatic and psychiatric emergency care experienced problems in the care of migrants, and if so to compare these. METHOD: The study design was explorative. Focus group interviews of 22 women and 13 men working as nurses and assistant nurses at an emergency ward, an ambulance service and a psychiatric intensive care unit were held. FINDINGS: The results showed that the main problems experienced in all wards were difficulties related to caring for asylum-seeking refugees. Some dissimilarities were revealed: unexpected behaviours in migrants related to cultural differences described by staff working in the emergency ward; migrants' refusal to eat and drink and their inactive behaviour in the psychiatric ward; and a lot of non-emergency runs by the ambulance staff because of language barriers between the emergency services centre and migrants. CONCLUSION: The main problems experienced by the health care staff were situations in which they were confronted with the need to care for asylum-seeking refugees. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: These emphasize the importance of support from organizational structures and national policies to develop models for caring for asylum-seeking refugees. Simple routines and facilities to communicate with foreign-language-speaking migrants need to be developed. Health care staff need a deeper understanding of individual needs in the light of migrational and cultural background.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

Regulation and resistance: strategies of migrant domestic workers in Canada and internationally.

This article "is divided into three parts. The first part locates the Canadian migrant domestic/live-in caregiver program in the global context of domestic worker migration, and provides data on its scope. The second part addresses the obstacles to protection of domestic worker rights in the regulatory scheme composed of policies and laws of sending and receiving societies. The third part discusses some of the strategies employed by migrant domestic workers and their advocates to resist exploitation, and to attempt to provide meaningful rather than merely symbolic rights for migrant domestics."

Americas↗