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PubMed1978

[The bactericidal power of antibiotic combinations. Application in the treatment of osteo-articular infections due to Staphylococcus aureus (author's transl)].

Study of the bactericidal power of antibiotic combinations against 18 strains of staphylococcus aureus causing osteoarthritis showed that the combinations most often synergistic or indifferent were: rifampicin + lincomycin or synergistine, rifampicin + fusidic acid, synergistine + fusidic acid or trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, cephalosporins + gentamycin, rifampicin or fusidic acid + gentamycin, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole + rifampicin or fusidic acid. Study of the antibiotic therapy used here was based upon the inhibitory power of serum and the measurement of antibiotic concentrations in healthy bone. Combinations which are synergistic or indifferent in vitro endow the serum with a high level of bactericidal activity. Certain antagonisms (cephalosporins or penicillin M + rifampicin) found in vitro may be reflected neither clinically nor in study of the inhibitory power of the serum.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Antibiotic uptake by alveolar macrophages.

Optimal therapy of infections caused by bacteria able to survive within phagocytes requires the use of antibiotics which inactivate these intracellular organisms. To define characteristics that determine entry of antimicrobial agents into phagocytes, we studied the uptake of 14 radiolabeled antibiotics by rabbit AM. Cell-antibiotic mixtures were incubated for 2 hr, and at intervals antibiotic uptake was determined by velocity-gradient centrifugation (separation of cells from extracellular antibiotic). Many drugs failed to penetrate AM readily. Cellular concentrations of penicillin G and three cephalosporin antibiotics were much lower than extracellular levels (C/E = less than 0.1 to 0.4). Gentamicin, isoniazid, and tetracycline attained C/E values of 0.5 to 0.8. The more lipid-soluble antibiotics, refampin, lincomycin, and chloramphenicol, were concentrated approximately twofold (C/E = 2) in AM. Ethambutol (C/E = 7) and two erythromycin preparations (C/E = greater than 20) were markedly accumulated by macrophages. In comparison with other antibiotics tested, the uptake of clindamycin was both massive and rapid (C/E = 50 by 30 min). Ethambutol, erythromycin and clindamycin uptakes by AM are dependent upon oxidative metabolic processes. Detailed characterization of clindamycin uptake confirmed that the drug is accumulated by an active transport system. These findings, in association with studies of antibiotic-mediated influence on phagocytes, should provide information useful in establishing guidelines for optimal antibiotic usage.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

[Instability of natural, multiple drug resistance in actinomycetes].

Resistance to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, penicillin, polymyxin, erythromycin, lincomycin and ristomycin in a number of strains of Str. coelicolor A3 (2) was studied. It was found that their resistance to the above antibiotics was not associated with plasmids SCP1 and SCP2. The frequency of spontaneous variants sensitive to one and several antibiotics amounted in Str. coelicolor to 0.1--0.3 per cent. Ethidium bromide had no significant effect on the frequency of the sensitive variants. However, after growth of the culture at 37 degrees C the number of the variants sensitive to tetracycline and polymyxin significantly increased. The sensitive variants of Str. coelicolor A3 (2) formed resistant revertants at various frequencies (10(-2)--10(-6)). The frequency of variants of Str. rimosus 183 simultaneously sensitive to kanamycin, monomycin, neomycin and chloramphenicol was high. They also reverted to the resistant ones with a frequency of about 10(-3). The results of the study are indicative of the genetic instability of the antibiotic natural resistance in some actinomycetous strains. Such instability is probably not connected with the plasmid elimination.

Actinomycetales↗
PubMed1980

[Effects of cysteine compounds on antibiotics I. Effects of L-cysteine and its derivatives on the potency of antibiotics (author's transl)].

Various derivatives of L-cysteine obtained by conversion to an -S-S- bond in the mucoprotein by means of -SH in the chemical structure are widely used as expectorants because they show mucous dissolving action. Recently, there have been reports that L-cysteine derivatives lower the potencies of various antibiotics. Various types of antibiotics and cysteine-type expectorants are often used concomitantly for the treatment of bacterial infections in respiratory tract diseases, and any decrease in the antibiotic potency presents a major therapeutic problem. We investigated the effects of four cysteine derivatives on 12 antibiotics, ampicillin (ABPC), amoxicillin (AMPC), sulbenicillin (SBPC), cefazolin (CEZ), cephalexin (CEX), cephalothin (CET), oxytetracycline (OTC), doxycycline (DOTC), minocycline (MINO), erythromycin (EM), ribostamycin (VSM) and lincomycin (LCM), widely used clinically in vitro with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIc) obtained by the liquid dilution method as an index. L-Cysteine, acetylcysteine, ethylcysteine and mecysteine lowered the potencies of almost all of the antibiotics at high concentrations (500 mcg/ml), but at low concentrations (12.5 mcg/ml), mecysteine lowered the potencies of only three antibiotics and L-cysteine those of only four antibiotics, while acetylcysteine decreased the potencies of six and ethylcysteine those of seven antibiotics.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Rate of isolation of "C. difficile" from stools of hospitalized patients: susceptibility of 75 strains (author's transl)].

Seventy-five strains of Clostridium difficile were recovered from 1,276 stools from patients. Fifty-six of these strains were found to be toxigenic. The rate of isolation of C. difficile was high in culture of stools from patients in surgical intensive care units and in pediatrics units. The susceptibility of these isolates to 13 antimicrobial agents was tested by agar dilution technics. Vancomycin, metronidazole, penicillin and ampicillin at 4 micrograms/ml inhibited all the strains. Cefoxitin, cefotaxim and lincomycin were never active against C. difficile. Only 13.3% of the strains were inhibited by clindamycin at 4 micrograms/ml.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1978

Characterization of Pasteurella multocida isolates from the nares of healthy rabbits with pneumonia.

Pasteurella multocida was isolated from 42 of the 135 (31%) deep nasal swabs from clinically healthy conventional rabbits supplied by two vendors. The prevalences were significantly different among sex, age, and sources. The females and adults had higher prevalences when compared to males and juveniles, respectively. One vendor's rabbits had a prevalence of 41% while the other had 20%. Biochemically, only 24% of the 42 isolates decarboxylated L-ornithine, and 55% produced indol. All isolates were sensitive in vitro to several of the commonly used antibiotics, but most isolates were resistant to lincomycin, streptomycin, and sulfonamides. Typing with a hyaluronidase inhibition test revealed that 28 of the 42 (67%) isolates were type A. Type A was the major type isolate, whether the samples came from healthy rabbits or from rabbits with pyogenic lesions. The acriflavine flocculation test showed that two of the 42 (5%) isolates were type D. Although none of the 42 isolates were positive to both hyalurondase and acriflavine tests, 12 of the 42 (29%) isolates were negative to both tests, indicating that these isolates were not typeable by these two methods. The demonstration of more than one capsular type of Pasteurella multocida in rabbits indicates the need for more extensive studies on this important rabbit pathogen.

Acriflavine↗
PubMed1993

Effects of twenty-three drugs on the metabolism of FK506 by human liver microsomes.

We investigated the effects of 23 drugs on the metabolism of FK506 by human liver microsomes. Acyclovir, amphotericin B, cefixime, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, cyclosporin A, diltiazem, enoxacin, erythromycin, ethinyl estradiol, fluconazole, fosfomycin, kanamycin, lincomycin, loxoprofen, minocyclin, nifedipine, nilvadipine, norethindrone, ofloxacin, phenobarbital, prednisolone, or rifampicin was added to the reaction media at equimolar or at ten times an excess molar ratio of the substrate concentration; their effects on FK506 metabolism were examined. Drugs known to be the substrate of cytochrome P-450 3A inhibited the metabolism of FK506, and among the drugs tested, the inhibition by cyclosporin A and nifedipine was the strongest.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed1978

Some considerations of antibiosis and drug interactions in podiatric surgery.

Most antibiotics function via two basic and distinctly different mechanisms. The first mechanism is bacteriocidal in which an antibiotic interferes with bacterial cell wall metabolism causing the destruction of the cell through the resulting cell wall lysis. Bacteriocidal drugs include the penicillins, the cephalosporins, and aminoglycosides. The second mechanism is bacteriostatic wherein a drug interferes with protein synthesis within the cell itself thus inhibiting the growth and multiplication of the cell. This basic action should not be confused with direct cellular destruction. Examples of bacteriostatic drugs are erythromycin, lincomycin, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, and the tetracyclines. A good intellectual exercise would be to imagine using a bacteriostatic drug to inhibit cell reproduction and then to finish off the germ with a good bacteriocidal drug. But ability of a bacteriocidal drug to function depends upon its ability to act on a growing and reproducing bacterial cell, otherwise it won't work. So generally, combination therapy involving both classes of drug is not recommended.

Adrenergic Fibers↗
PubMed1995

Antibiotic resistance of Vibrio anguillarum, in relation to serovar and plasmid contents.

A total of 520 Vibrio anguillarum strains, isolated from fish and the environment, were tested for their sensitivity to 20 different antibiotics. Most isolates were of European origin. The results were compared with data on the O-serogroup and plasmid contents. All strains were sensitive to neomycin, spectinomycin, nitrofurantoin, flumequine and oxolinic acid, while most strains were sensitive to streptomycin, oxytetracycline, chloramphenicol, sulphonamides, trimethoprim, sulphonamides with trimethoprim, nalidixan, rifampicin, novobiocin and O/129. A major part of the strains were resistant to the macrolides, spiramycin and lincomycin. For ampicillin, cephalothin, and colistin marked differences were recorded with respect to O-serogroup. Most O1 strains were resistant to colistin and sensitive to ampicillin and cephalothin, while most O2 strains were sensitive to colistin but resistant to ampicillin and cephalothin. Some antibiotic resistant strains carried plasmids but no conjugation experiments were carried out to detect possible R factors.

DNA↗
PubMed1994

Sensitivity of certain porcine and bovine mycoplasmas to antimicrobial agents in a liquid medium test compared to a disc assay.

The sensitivity of some porcine and bovine mycoplasmas to potent antimicrobial agents was examined. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were estimated for M. hyosynoviae, M. hyopneumoniae, M. dispar and M. bovis against enrofloxacin, lincomycin, tetracycline, tiamulin and tylosin, in a liquid medium test and in a disc assay. All 6 examined strains of each species and the respective type strains were significantly inhibited. The greatest sensitivity was noted for tiamulin against strains of M. hyosynoviae with a final MIC50 broth value of 0.025 micrograms ml-1 and disc value of 0.03 microgram per disc. Enrofloxacin was found very potent against M. hyopneumoniae with a final MIC50 of 0.025 microgram ml-1 and 0.1 microgram per disc, and for M. dispar with 0.05 microgram ml-1 and 0.03 microgram per disc. Most disc assay estimates in micrograms per disc were similar to or moderately greater than corresponding final broth figures in microgram ml-1. It may be possible to convert observed disc assay values into representative final broth MIC values for use in the clinic.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

A study on the effect of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in semen on bovine fertility.

Two experiments were done to demonstrate whether the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in bovine semen could affect fertilization and/or early embryonic development. In the first experiment, superovulated heifers were inseminated with semen naturally contaminated with P. aeruginosa (ADRI 102) or clean semen and seven day-old embryos were collected nonsurgically. The endometrium of treated heifers appeared more sensitive to the flush procedures. In experiment 2, heifers were inseminated at synchronized estrus with semen experimentally contaminated with P. aeruginosa (ADRI 102) and processed in the same way as commercial semen with antibiotics (gentamicin, lincomycin, spectinomycin and tylosin) or processed without antibiotics added. Embryos were recovered at slaughter seven days later. In general, there was no significant reduction in fertility or development of embryos in vitro as a result of relatively high numbers of P. aeruginosa in bovine semen.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Multiple drug resistance in Escherichia coli - an analysis of all-nation computer-processed data.

In a computer-assisted surveillance program, a one-year yield of nationally collected strains of E. coli, and separately of their enteropathogenic serotypes, were analysed for their biresistance to 10 frequently used antibacterials, and also their typical three-, four-, and five-resistance which occur most frequently. It was shown that, like in staphylococci (1), classical drugs: ampicillin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and kanamycin all show a significant degree of mutual selectivity. This was confirmed by analyses of comparatively large numbers of strains with higher complexity of multiple resistance. It is important and significant, for the regulation of further antibiotic policy, that the computer analysis showed a mutual devaluation of gentamicin and colistin antibiotics. Colistin-resistant strains of E. coli showed a high degree of resistance to gentamicin - far higher than strains resistant to any other drugs, even strains resistant to four or five classical drugs, vice versa, gentamicin-resistant strains were in more than 50% resistant to colistin - a value which is much higher than that of the very good effectiveness of gentamicin toward strains resistant to other antibiotics, even to five of them at once. This is another important observation, similar to one-way selectivity of oxacillin-resistant staphylococci by lincomycin resistance. Such findings urge for a special surveillance program for these crucially important antibiotics in the all-nation computer-assisted surveillance of the resistance to antibiotics in problem bacteria. Enteropathogenic strains of E. coli showed far higher resistance values not only for classical antibiotics, but also for kanamycin, nalidixin and septrin resistance.

Ampicillin↗
PubMed1994

Effectiveness of antibiotics on the autochthonous Escherichia coli of mice in the intestinal biofilm versus its planktonic phase.

The effectiveness of antibiotics was tested on the autochthonous Escherichia coli in biofilm mode of growth in large bowel pieces as well as on the predominant faecal E. coli isolated from the same SPF mice in planktonic phase of growth. Aminoglycoside antibiotics, chloramphenicol, oxytetracycline, erythromycin and lincomycin-clindamycin treatment had a very limited effect in the intestinal biofilm. Surprising ineffectiveness was found with polymyxins: polymyxin B showed a Minimal Bactericidal Dose of 0.78 microgram in planktonic phase, while it was 400 micrograms for E. coli incorporated in the biofilm matrix. In contrast to the above groups of antibiotics, the beta-lactam drugs were effective both in the biofilm and in the planktonic phase growth of E. coli and their derivatives with broad or broader spectrum exerted an increased biofilm activity. Polymyxin B showed no sign of penetration into the colonic mucus, but on the other side ampicillin concentrated about three-four times in the intestinal matrix.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1994

[Bacteria isolated from intraabdominal infection and their susceptibilities to antimicrobial agents].

Bacteria isolated from intraabdominal infections during the period from July 1982 to June 1993 were investigated with regard to their classifications according to a joint research by 9 university hospitals in Japan. The following results were obtained. 1. A total of 971 strains were isolated from 684 out of 597 patients with peritonitis, and 287 strains out of 971 were isolated from postoperative peritonitis. 2. The most predominant organism isolated from patients with acute peritonitis was Escherichia coli (28%), followed by Bacteroides fragilis group (17%), Gram-positive anaerobic cocci (16%), Enterococcus spp. (9%) and Klebsiella spp. (8%). 3. Against E. coli, cefmenoxime, cefuzonam, cefozopran, aztreonam and carumonam showed MIC50 less than 0.05 micrograms/ml. Against B. fragilis group, erthromycin, clindamycin, imipenem, lincomycin and latamoxef showed MIC50 less than 0.78 micrograms/ml. 4. The most predominant organism isolated from patients with postoperative peritonitis was Enterococcus spp. (20%) and followed by Pseudomonas spp. (14%), and Staphylococcus spp. (13%), E. coli (9%), Enterobacter spp. (8%) and Klebsiella spp. (8%). We suggest that cefazolin, cefmetazole, flomoxef, cefmenoxime, cefuzonam, and latamoxef are the first choice agents in empiric therapy for the treatment of acute peritonitis.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Pharmacovigilance of antibiotics. Evaluation by the Midi-Pyrénées Pharmacovigilance Center between 1989 and 1992].

The present retrospective study investigates the antibiotic-induced side effects in a regional French Pharmacovigilance Center between 1989 and 1992. Five-hundred and seventy six side effects were reported, involving 611 drugs and accounting for 18% of the total activity of the pharmacovigilance center. Most of the side effects involved penicillins and systemic quinolones followed by sulfonamides, cephalosporines and glycopeptides. When expressed in number of adverse effects in Defined Daily Dose, the maximal frequency of side effects was observed with sulfonamides. In contrast, the frequency of penicillin-induced adverse events was low. The most frequently reported side effects were cutaneous and/or immunologic (54%) and digestive (24%) disturbances. Among serious side effects, 3 toxic epidermal necrolysis (2 with cotrimoxazole), 16 pseudomembranous colitis (11 with beta-lactam antibiotics, 4 with macrolides and lincomycines and 1 with vancomycin), 14 neuropsychiatric reactions (seizures, confusions and hallucinations with beta-lactam antibiotics and fluoroquinolones) were notified. Five antibiotic-induced side effects led to the death.

Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems↗
PubMed1994

Examination of the activities of 43 chemotherapeutic agents against Neospora caninum tachyzoites in cultured cells.

Neospora caninum causes serious disease in dogs, and it, or a similar parasite, is a major cause of abortion in cattle. Little is known about the susceptibility of this protozoan to antimicrobial agents. We studied several antimicrobial agents to determine which classes might have activity against this parasite. We also determined whether activity of such agents was coccidiocidal or coccidiostatic. A 2-day of treatment, monoclonal antibody-based enzyme immunoassay and a 5-day of treatment, cell culture flask (CCF), lesion-based assay were developed to examine the ability of test agents to inhibit tachyzoite multiplication. Seven sulfonamides were examined, with the following activities observed: sulfathiazole > or = sulfamethoxazole > sulfadiazine > sulfaquinoxaline > or = sulfamethazine > sulfadimethoxine > sulfamerazine. Dapsone, a sulfone, had little activity. Six dihydrofolate reductase/thymidylate synthase inhibitors were examined, with the following activities observed: piritrexim > pyrimethamine > ormetoprim > trimethoprim = diaveridine > methotrexate. Six ionophorous antibiotics were examined; lasalocid, maduramicin, monensin, narasin, and salinomycin had equivalent activities, but alborixin was toxic for host cells at the lowest concentration examined. Three macrolide antibiotics--azithromycin, clarithromycin, and erythromycin--were examined and had equivalent activities. Two tetracycline antibiotics, doxycycline and minocycline, were examined and had equivalent activities. Three lincosamide antibiotics were examined, with the following activities observed: clindamycin hydrochloride > clindamycin phosphate > lincomycin hydrochloride. Pentamidine and 6 of its analogs were examined, and only hexamidine and 1,4-Di[4-(2-imidazolinyl)-2-methoxy-phenoxy]butane had activity. Eight miscellaneous antiprotozoal agents were examined for activity. Amprolium, metronidazole, paromomycin, and roxarsone had little activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Comparative activity of 6 cephalosporin antibiotics against the causative agents of surgical infection].

Activity of 6 cephalosporanic antibiotics, such as cephaloridin, cephalotin, cephradin, cephacetry1, cephamezin and cephalexin was studied on 200 strains of microorganisms causing purulent infections in surgical patients (Staphylococcus, E. coli, Proteus and Ps. aerugionsa, 50 strains of each organism). The studies showed significant differences in the activity of the above antibiotics against definite species of the pathogenes. The highest activity of the cephalosporins was observed with respect to the clinical strains of staphylococci resistant to such drugs as benzylpenicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, kanamycin, lincomycin. A significant part of the clinical isolates of gramnegative organisms, i.e. E coli and indol-negative Proteus was characterized by sensitivity to cephalosporins. Among the cephalosporins tested cephaloridin was most active against Staphylococcus, cephacetryl and cephaloridin were most active against E. coli. With respect to the indol-negative Proteus no pronounced advantages of the separate drug were noted. All 6 cephalosporins had low activity against the indol-positive strains of Proteus and all strains of Ps. aeruginosa.

Cephacetrile↗
PubMed1994

[Incidence and antibiotic resistance of coagulase-negative staphylococci in a neonatal intensive are unit].

Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CNST) are among the most common microorganisms found colonizing the skin and mucous membranes of neonates. They are also the most common cause of bacteremia in neonatal intensive care units. We analyzed the occurrence of CNST and antibiotic resistance of CNST strains. We have found 731 strains of CNST isolated from 428 intensive treated babies. Above 50% of CNST strains were resistant to: Erythromycin, Lincomycin, Tobramycin, Gentamycin, Kanamycin, Tetracyclines and Penicillins. We have observed the very high incidence of multiresistant strains. Majority of our strains were sensitive to vancomycin. However 8% of strains showed the resistance to vancomycin.

Coagulase↗