Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Internal Capsule”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,747 records · Page 97Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

[Arrest reaction in man: motor arrest response by electrical stimulation of the deep structure of the cerebrum (author's transl)].

In spite of many reports of arrest reaction in animals, there are very few reports in man. During a therapeutic stereotaxic operation we observed peculiar phenomena caused by electrical stimulation to the deep structure of the cerebrum. This phenomenon is quite similar to that reported by Van Buren, but there are a few differences between them. Arrest reaction was observed in 14 of 23 cases, 17 of 28 tracks. Stimuli which caused the arrest reaction were 60--100 Hz square waves of, 1 msec duration and 5--15 V. The electrical stimulation caused an interruption of counting and other motor actions, which could be resumed following release of stimuli. Psychic confusion or memory disturbances were not observed with the exception of a few cases. The arrest reaction that we observed is thought to be due to a direct effect on the head of the caudate nucleus, not due to secondary effects on the internal capsule and the motor fiber in the vicinity of the caudate nucleus. However, the possibility that the current spread to the motor fiber cannot be definitely ruled out.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Quantitative autoradiographic localization of the D1 and D2 subtypes of dopamine receptors in rat brain.

The distribution of D1 and D2 receptors was studied in coronal sections of rat brain, using quantitative autoradiography. D1 receptors were labeled with 1.8 nM 3H-SKF-83566 (a brominated analog of 3H-SCH-23390), while D2 receptors were labeled with 1.0 nM 3H-spiroperidol (3H-SPD). The binding of both ligands to sections from brain and from a homogenate of caudate putamen (CPu mash) reached equilibrium within 80 min at 37 degrees C. CPu mash provided a virtually unlimited number of homogeneous sections that contained a high density of both D1 and D2 receptors. Sections of CPu mash were used in competition studies that confirmed that the specific binding of 3H-SKF-83566 was selective for D1 receptors, and that the binding of 3H-SPD was selective for D2 receptors. Scatchard analysis of equilibrium binding of the 2 ligands in the CPu in horizontal sections of rat brain revealed Kd values of 1.1 +/- 0.07 nM for 3H-SKF-83566 and 0.7 +/- 0.09 nM for 3H-SPD. Studies of the distribution of D1 and D2 receptors were carried out in coronal sections of brains from 5 rats. D1 receptors were found throughout the forebrain and were present in greater density than were D2 receptors in all regions examined except the olfactory nerve layer. In the CPu, nucleus accumbens, and olfactory tubercle, the densities of D1 and D2 receptors were, respectively, approximately 2,500 and 600-800 fmol/mg protein. In the substantia nigra, the density of D1 receptors was approximately 2,500 fmol/mg protein in both the compacta and the reticulata, but the density of D2 receptors was 230 fmol/mg protein in the compacta and 70 fmol/mg protein in the reticulata. The ventral tegmental area contained only 90 fmol/mg protein of D1 receptors, and D2 receptors were undetectable. The entopeduncular nucleus, zona incerta, and region of the ventral internal capsule had densities of D1 receptors of 550-950 fmol/mg protein and D2 receptor densities of less than 100 fmol/mg protein. Densities of D1 and D2 receptors were, respectively, 2,700 and 900 fmol/mg protein in the choroid plexus. Knowledge of the differences in the relative distributions of D1 and D2 receptors in various brain regions may increase our understanding of the functions of brain dopaminergic systems and may aid in the development of new therapeutic approaches for neuropsychiatric disorders.

2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-ben↗
PubMed1987

[Infarct of the territory of the left anterior cerebral artery. I. Clinico-computerized tomographic correlations].

Clinico-topographic correlations were made in 10 consecutive patients with an isolated infarct in the territory of the left anterior cerebral artery, with sagittal reconstruction of the lesions. Our results suggest that the classical syndromes reported in autopsied patients with large lesions often associated with other infarcts are uncommon. The classical crural hemiparesis was often replaced by a facio-brachio-crural or brachio-facial hemiparesis, when the lesion was anterior to the pre-central region and extended deeply toward the anterior part of the internal capsule. Hemisensory disturbances were related to involvement of the post-central region, were always associated with a hemiparesis and involved mainly the elementary modes of sensation. A grasp reflex occurred only when the contralateral lesion was limited to the orbito-frontal region, in the absence of a severe hemiparesis. Prolonged urinary incontinence, generalized hypokinesia and opposition hypertonia (Gegenhalten) were rare and were related to the size of the lesion. These findings suggest that partial infarcts in the territory of the anterior cerebral artery may be difficult to differentiate clinically from middle cerebral artery territory infarcts.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Relation between the EEG image and the damaged area in cerebrovascular diseases].

The author tried to establish the value of EEG investigations in the cases of cerebrovascular diseases of ischaemic type, mainly in relation to the site of damage. EEG investigations were carried out in 200 cases divided into 4 groups of 50 patients in each according to the location of the lesion. The sites of the lesions were in group I in the internal capsule, in group II in the cortex, in group III disseminated foci were situated in both cerebral hemispheres, in group IV in the brain stem. On the basis of EEG investigations certain tendencies were established differentiating these groups: in group I mostly episodic changes were found on the side of damage, in group II intensive focal changes prevailed, in group III changes of background activity were the most frequent finding, in group IV usually bilateral episodic changes were usually present. The obtained results point out that EEG may be of some use helping the clinician in recognizing the site of the lesion and in establishing the prognosis.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

Hemiplegia--an unusual complication of appendectomy. A case report.

A 12-year-old boy developed complete right hemiplegia and 7th cranial nerve palsy 2 days after laparotomy for a perforated appendix. Full recovery took 2 months. Although it can be accepted that the hemiparesis was not caused by acute appendicitis it is postulated that this unusual association was due either to a septic embolus which lodged in the region of the internal capsule or to a minor cerebrovascular accident.

Appendectomy↗
PubMed1978

Arrest reaction in man. Motor arrest response by electrical stimulation of the deep structure of the cerebrum.

In spite of many reports of arrest reaction in animals, there are very few reports in man. During a therapeutic stereotactic operation we observed peculiar phenomena caused by electrical stimulation to the deep structure of the cerebrum. This phenomenon is quite similar to that reported by Van Buren, but there are a few differences between them. Arrest reaction was observed in 14 of 23 cases, 17 of 28 tracks. Stimuli which caused the arrest reaction were 60--100 Hz square waves of 1 msec duration and 5--15 V. The electrical stimulation caused an interruption of counting and other motor actions, which could be resumed following release of stimuli. Psychic confusion or memory disturbances were not observed with the exception of a few cases. The arrest reaction that we observed is thought to be due to a direct effect on the head of the caudate nucleus, not due to secondary effects on the internal capsule and the motor fiber in vicinity of the caudate nucleus. However, the possibility that the current spread to the motor fiber cannot be definitely ruled out.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

[Ataxic hemiparesis caused by a thalamic lacuna].

A 64 year old man was admitted for an ataxic hemiparesis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) suggested a lacunar infarct. The lesion was located in the postero-lateral part of the contralateral thalamus, sparing the internal capsule.

Cerebellar Ataxia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Involvement of the subcortical structures in children with cranio-cerebral injuries].

From experience in the management of 12 cases the authors discuss the clinical picture and pathogenesis of a special form of craniocerebral trauma in children which is characterized by isolated affection of the subcortical ganglia, internal capsule, and the thalamus in the area supplied by the perforating branches of the middle cerebral artery.

Basal Ganglia↗
PubMed1986

The accessory middle cerebral artery--a variant of the recurrent artery of Heubner (A. centralis longa)?

Three accessory middle cerebral arteries are described in two out of 75 brains dissected under the operating microscope. Each artery originated from the anterior cerebral artery, lateral to its junction with the anterior communicating artery, followed the proximal segment (A1, pars precommunicalis) of the anterior cerebral artery, then the horizontal portion (M1, pars sphenoidalis) of the middle cerebral artery towards the lateral sulcus. Each supplied the lateral orbital gyrus, the gyrus longus of the insula, part of the putamen, the head of the caudate nucleus and the anterior limb of the internal capsule. The presence of the accessory middle cerebral artery is discussed with regard to the recurrent artery of Heubner (A. recurrens, A. centralis longa).

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Post-anoxic delayed encephalopathy with leukoencephalopathy and non-hemorrhagic cerebral amyloid angiopathy.

A 74 year-old woman with an early-stage senile dementia developed severe hypertonia and akinetic mutism two weeks after exposure to methane. A CT scan showed a diffuse area of decreased density extending symmetrically into the white matter of both cerebral hemispheres. Neuropathology revealed a senile dementia, Alzheimer's type, with severe non-hemorrhagic cerebral amyloid angiopathy and a diffuse spotty demyelination of the cerebral hemispheres sparing the U fibers, corpus callosum and internal capsules. The close resemblance between Grinker's myelinopathy, secondary to CO exposure or to other non-CO anoxic causes, and the leukoencephalopathy associated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy is emphasized.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

Human amnesia and the medial temporal region: enduring memory impairment following a bilateral lesion limited to field CA1 of the hippocampus.

During the past 100 years clinical studies of amnesia have linked memory impairment to damage of the hippocampus. Yet the damage in these cases has not usually been confined to the hippocampus, and the status of memory functions has often been based on incomplete neuropsychological information. Thus, the human cases have until now left some uncertainty as to whether lesions limited to the hippocampus are sufficient to cause amnesia. Here we report a case of amnesia in a patient (R.B.) who developed memory impairment following an ischemic episode. During the 5 years until his death, R.B. exhibited marked anterograde amnesia, little if any retrograde amnesia, and showed no signs of cognitive impairment other than memory. Thorough histological examination revealed a circumscribed bilateral lesion involving the entire CA1 field of the hippocampus. Minor pathology was found elsewhere in the brain (e.g., left globus pallidus, right postcentral gyrus, left internal capsule), but the only damage that could be reasonably associated with the memory defect was the lesion in the hippocampus. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of amnesia following a lesion limited to the hippocampus in which extensive neuropsychological and neuropathological analyses have been carried out.

Amnesia↗
PubMed1986

[Frontal SEPs and parietal SEPs following median nerve stimulation--clinical correlation and consideration of their generation sites].

In order to know the characteristics of frontal and parietal SEP components following median nerve stimulation, 25 patients with unilateral cerebral lesions above the thalamus were examined, and their SSEPs were carefully compared with the clinical and radiological findings. In 10 normal subjects, there were three cortical components of the frontal SEPs (P 20-N 28-P 44) and four those components of the parietal SEPs (N 18-P 22-N 26-P 42). In patient's group, central conduction times (CCTs) between components P 13 and each cortical component were measured and the latency differences between normal side and affected side were calculated. When the latency differences increased over 3 S.D. from the mean of the control values or the some cortical components disappeared, they were regarded as abnormal. According to the combination of the abnormalities in frontal and parietal SEPs, three groups were classified as follows: group 1; frontal and parietal SEPs were normal (n = 10), group 2; frontal and parietal SEPs were both affected (n = 10), group 3; parietal SEPs were affected but frontal components were preserved in normal range (n = 5). CT scan showed that the region from internal capsule to cortex around the central sulcus remained intact in the patients of group 1, while this region was involved in various degrees in all cases of the group 2. In patients of group 3, frontal or parietal regions were variously affected. Both the motor and sensory functions were mainly intact in group 1, and disturbed in group 2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1986

[Non-dominant hemisphere syndrome as a result of a right thalamic infarct: an anatomoclinical case].

A 71 year old man had a massive left sensory deficit and hemiplegia, with left heminanopia, visual neglect and constructional apraxia. Moreover he experienced an extra-left arm and illusions of movements. 3 weeks later he suffered "thalamic" pain on left side; he died suddenly 6 weeks after the stroke. Post-mortem examination revealed: a) a right inner temporal and occipital infarction; b) a right thalamic infarction in the thalamogeniculate and paramedian territories; c) an infarction in the adjacent right internal capsule. Considering this case and pertinent literature on clinicopathological studies of right thalamic infarction, the authors suggest that a simultaneous ischaemia of thalamogeniculate and paramedian territories should be necessary to induce somatognosic and visuospatial disturbances.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

CT of the brain in acute carbon monoxide intoxication: characteristic features and prognosis.

Of 60 patients with acute carbon monoxide (CO) intoxication caused by accidental or intentional inhalation of natural gas, smoke inhalation, or inhalation of automobile exhaust, 23 had characteristic computed tomographic findings. The most common finding, seen in 21 patients, was symmetric and diffuse low density in the cerebral white matter, which was more advanced in the centrum semiovale and varied in degree from slight to severe. In 18 patients there was a symmetric, bilateral, round low-density lesion in the globus pallidus. The size of the lesion varied from small (limited to the globus pallidus) to large (extension to the internal capsule). Of the 23 patients, six made a good recovery, four recovered with some disabilities, eight remained in a vegetative state, and five died. The prognosis depended on the severity of the cerebral white-matter changes and not on the size of the low-density lesion of the globus pallidus.

Brain↗
PubMed1985

[Relation between long loop reflex findings and the topography of cerebral infarcts].

27 patients with demarcated cerebral infarctions were examined in the computed tomograms. The long loop-reflexes were elicited by electrical stimulation of the median nerves. The localization of substance defects was clearly related to the loss of the late M2-potentials. This result points out a transcortical reflex loop through medial lemniscus, ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus, dorsal limb of the internal capsule, corona radiata and somatosensory cortex.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

[Arteriopathic leukoencephalopathy (17 anatomo-clinical cases)].

Seventeen clinico-pathological cases of leukoencephalopathy due to vascular diseases are reported. All of them had diffuse, often spotty demyelination sparing the U fibers, the corpus callosum, the internal capsule and the optic radiations. Microscopic examination of the white matter showed the association of the following lesions: oedema, swollen oligodendroglia, spongiosis, incomplete loss of myelin, astrocytic gliosis with Rosenthal's fibers, widening of the perivascular spaces with oedema fluid or hemosiderin laden macrophages, thickening and hyalinization of the blood vessels walls. Among those cases, 8 were consistent with Binswanger's subcortical encephalopathy (5 males, 3 females, mean age at death: 64 years, mean illness duration: 6, 7 years); all of them were hypertensive and had lacunae in the basal ganglia, hemispheric white matter and pons. Another case could be considered as a cortico-subcortical chronic hypertensive encephalopathy (77 y.o., female, illness duration: 4 years); she was hypertensive and had small cortical infarcts and perivascular bleedings, lobar and cerebellar hematomas, but no amyloid deposits in the blood vessels walls. Eight patients (5 males, 3 females mean age at death: 72 years, mean illness duration: 5, 4 years, 6 normotensive, 2 hypertensive) had diffuse meningocortical amyloid angiopathy with multiple small cortical infarcts, small cortical perivascular bleedings, slit haemorrhages and one or more lobar hematomas. Four of them had numerous senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. To our knowledge such a leukoencephalopathy in cerebral amyloid angiopathy has not been yet pointed out. It was present in 8 out of 12 cases of diffuse haemorrhagic form of cerebral amyloid angiopathy observed in the Charles Foix Laboratory of la Salpêtrière, during the last 10 years. A common mechanism with hypoperfusion of the distal white matter and alteration of the blood brain-barrier is suggested for this leukoencephalopathy.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

Small intracerebral haemorrhage: a study of clinical manifestations and CT findings on 31 cases.

The clinical manifestations and computed tomographic (CT) findings of small intracerebral haematomas (ICHs) were studied in 31 consecutive cases which comprised 6% of 520 cases of non-traumatic, non-neoplastic ICH confirmed by CT in a 3-year period. A small ICH was defined by CT as a sharply demarcated high density area with the maximum dimension not exceeding 20 mm and on no more than two contiguous 10-mm scan sections. The ages ranged from 50 to 85 years, being between 50 and 69 in about two thirds. Twenty-nine patients (93%) were hypertensive. The haematoma was in the capsulothalamus (9 cases), thalamus (6 cases), capsuloputamen (6 cases), subthalmus (2 cases), internal capsule (2 cases) pons (4 cases), midbrain (1 case), and cerebellum (1 case). Headache (4 cases) and vomiting (3 cases) were rare, whereas dizziness was rather frequent (16 cases). None had loss of consciousness. The essential clinical manifestations were sensorimotor deficits in 13 cases, pure motor hemiparesis in 6, pure sensory disturbance in 4, and involuntary movements in 2. Five patients with haemorrhage in the brain stem presented with various syndromes. None of the 31 cases had a fatal outcome directly due to the small haemorrhagic stroke. Two patients had recurrent stroke; a small, deep infarct in 1 and a large haemorrhage in the other. Full neurological and functional recovery was made in 17 cases (56.7%), recovery with mild sequelae in 7 (23.3%) and little recovery in 6. Poor recovery was related to the location (pons), the age (above 75 years), and the presence of involuntary movements. Some clinical features common to lacunar infarcts and small ICHs were discussed, and the possibility of a combination of these two conditions in a same hypertensive patient was raised. Small ICH as a type of benign, non-fatal stroke is not infrequent in communities where the incidence of hypertensive ICH is relatively high. CT scanning in the early stage of stroke even for patients with mild neurological symptoms may enhance the detection rate of such small ICHs.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

[Clinical manifestation of small thalamic hemorrhage].

CT scan is useful for the simultaneous evaluation of the relation between the thalamic lesions and the clinical manifestations. According to CT findings, twenty-three patients with thalamic hemorrhage measuring less than 2 cm in size could be classified into 4 groups: 1) anterior group--hematoma located in the anterior nuclear group, 2) medial group--hematoma located in the medial nuclear group, 3) lateral group--hematoma located in the lateral nuclear group close to the internal capsule, 4) posterior group--hematoma located in the pulvinar. The clinical manifestations of both the anterior and medial groups were characterized by the disturbance of consciousness followed by the mental impairment; the lateral group, by the hemiparesis or hemiplegia with the sensory disturbance, and the posterior group, especially with left thalamic lesions, by the speech disturbance. The motor palsy in cases of thalamic hemorrhage differed from that of putaminal hemorrhage: the patients with thalamic hemorrhage could move their fingers despite being unable to move their shoulders and elbows, or the motor weakness was more severe in their lower extremities than in their upper ones. As the sensory disturbance, the sensory impairment (hypesthesia) was frequently associated with the numbness (dysesthesia). The prognosis of motor palsy, ocular manifestations, and speech disturbance was good, whereas that of sensory and mental disturbance was not always good.

Adult↗