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[The Index Pharmacorum Bulgaricus and its database--an automated drug information system].

Authors represent an unique in its structure and comprehensiveness drug information system (DIS) produced by a team of professionals in different branches of science, taking them many years of creative efforts. The basic principles on which the information has been processed and classified, as well as the respective advantages and good possibilities for the usage of this information product have been explained. The printed version of DIS is represented, too. It is the 9-volume drug guide Index Pharmacorum Bulgaricus (IPB). This reference book has found a very good acceptance among the authorities in different fields of the medicine due to the completeness, accuracy and actuality of the pharmacological information included.

Bulgaria↗

The U.S. National Library of Medicine: a worldwide nursing resource.

The National Library of Medicine, the world's largest library of the health sciences, will celebrate this year the 150th anniversary of its founding. The Library's material and its information services may be used by nurses and other health professional and health science students throughout the world.

Abstracting and Indexing↗

Echidna: a Web-based community information database to assist students undertaking rural clinical placements.

The number of health-sciences students who spend time training in rural areas is increasing. Students undertaking rural placements have identified the need to be fully informed about the rural areas in which they are to be placed. To address this need, Echidna, a Web-based database containing rural-community information has been developed. The website brings fragmented information together in one easily navigable location for quick and accurate searching. Information provided in the website includes demographic data, health and community services information and relevant links. This paper examines the history of Echidna's development, data inclusion and data maintenance issues and discusses how students from medicine, nursing and other health disciplines, as well as other health professionals and organisations benefit from the resource.

Journal Article↗

Delivering Internet health resources to an underserved health care profession: school nurses.

PURPOSE: This paper reports on a course developed for school nurses. The course focused on locating reliable and high-quality medical information resources on the Internet. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS/RESOURCES: The Health Sciences Library System (HSLS) of the University of Pittsburgh formed a partnership with the Pennsylvania Association of School Nurses and Practitioners (PASNAP). Through this partnership, a hands-on course was offered at the PASNAP annual conference. BRIEF DESCRIPTION: As one component of the Health Information for the Public Project, a subcontract of the National Library of Medicine, HSLS collaborated with PASNAP. This collaboration resulted in HSLS librarians' offering a course titled "Access to Electronic Health Information for School Nurses" at PASNAP's annual conference. This paper describes the school nurse population, their professional information needs, and the development of the course curriculum. RESULTS/OUTCOME: This course provided participants with the skills to effectively utilize the Internet to locate high-quality medical information. EVALUATION METHOD: A course evaluation and impact survey were used to assess the effectiveness of the instruction.

Clinical Competence↗

Developing a medical informatics education program to support a statewide health information network.

The Florida Health Information Network (FHIN) was established in October 1989 to provide biomedical information services to the University of Florida Health Science Center (HSC) and to health professionals throughout the state--especially the northern thirty-nine counties of the state. FHIN services are available to all affiliates of the HSC and by annual subscription to nonaffiliates. At present, FHIN services include database access, circulation services, document delivery, and information services. Training network users has been an objective since the inception. Training has targeted both the HSC Library staff and HSC users and now is expanding to include remote users. Because many users have had insufficient experience with computers, the library has to teach the mechanics of access and network use and to instruct users regarding applications and database searching. This paper describes the development and implementation of the medical informatics education program. Topics include library staff training; educational offerings for HSC faculty, staff, and students; development and implementation of the remote training program; and organizational and budgetary implications for the construction of such a program.

Computer Communication Networks↗

Physicians' preferences for information sources: a meta-analytic study.

Identification of the resources physicians use to acquire information for clinical practice and medical research is an important area of research for health sciences librarianship and medical practice. During the past twenty years several studies have addressed questions about physicians' preferences for information sources, but generalization from the results of these studies has been hampered by limited sampling, diverse methods, and varied reportorial formats. Meta-analysis provides a method for reducing these limits. Using a meta-analytic procedure, this study reviews twelve studies published between 1978 and 1992, categorizes and ranks the physicians' preferred information sources reported in each study, then aggregates and counts the frequencies of the top six preferences, as well as the associated first and second preferences, for all the study populations or their strata. The results indicate that physicians prefer to obtain information from journals and books, but also that they often consult colleagues to get answers to clinical and research questions. The implications of these findings for health sciences librarianship are briefly discussed.

Humans↗

A course in information techniques for dental students.

A course plan is presented for introducing literature searching and critical skills to dental students. Topics include the "life cycle of information," reference sources available, search procedure, abstracting and indexing, and personal information systems. Teaching is structured around planned seminars and student projects. The course design is compatible with traditional dental curricula and is based on students' interest in dentistry rather than in information/library science.

Abstracting and Indexing↗

Adapting a commercially available software program to improve ADR reporting.

To facilitate the long-term storage, retrieval, and analysis of adverse drug reaction (ADR) data, the drug information service at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio selected a computer software program with the capability to compile sets of relational databases. Five subsets were created to form the ADR database--patient demographics, medications, American Hospital Formulary Service classifications, adverse reactions, and case reports. This computerized system allows for quick information retrieval as well as the generation of monthly ADR reports. With such information, trends in ADRs can be identified and targeted for intervention programs to improve patient care and to comply with JCAHO requirements.

Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems↗

Improving access to computer-based library and drug information services in patient-care areas.

A project to increase access to drug and biomedical information through electronic linkage of drug information and library services to three patient-care areas is described. In February 1987, microcomputer work stations were installed in the Bexar County Hospital District's hospital emergency department, medical residents' office, and ambulatory-care clinic, as well as in The University of Texas Health Science Center's library reference area and drug information service office. Drug information was available on compact disk through the Micromedex Computerized Clinical Information System (CCIS) database, which includes DRUGDEX, POISINDEX, EMERGINDEX, and IDENTIDEX. Each work station was also connected to the library's computer via modem, allowing access to the Library Information System, books, journals, audiovisual materials, miniMEDLINE, and an electronic mail system. During the six-month project, the system was used 5487 times by 702 people. The system was successful in providing drug and other information in clinical settings and in introducing clinical staff members to new information technology. To increase access to the system after the project ended, the CD-ROM version was discontinued, and the distributed tape version of CCIS for VAX computers was added to the library's online information system, making drug information more available throughout the campus and teaching hospitals. In 1988-89 an average of 200 people accessed the tape version of CCIS each month. Although it is difficult to replace the convenience of an onsite library, at least some drug and biomedical information needs in the clinical setting can be met through computer networking.

Computer Communication Networks↗

A health sciences libraries consortium in a rural setting.

The coming of the East Tennessee State University College of Medicine and its effect on the health sciences institutions and practitioners in upper east Tennessee (southern Appalachia) required increased and improved information resources and arrangements for delivery and for use. The Tri-Cities Health Sciences Libraries Consortium was organized to facilitate collection development and to improve services and staff qualifications. The progress of the consortium during the initial two and one-half years of its existence is delineated. Data reflecting the dramatic growth in collection development and staff are given.

Financing, Government↗

Source of information in heart research 1978 and 1988.

Several regulatory provisions have been introduced during the last decade that might interfere with the conduct of experimental medical science. In order to study their impact on the source of information within one major field, heart research, a total of 3579 abstracts from the 1978 and 1988 Scientific Sessions of the American Heart Association were analysed with respect to their source of information. There was no change in overall fractions of classical patient studies (45%) or experimental animal studies (30%) for the 2 years although regulations have been introduced in both areas. There was no evidence that the volume of circulatory physiology, a subset that extensively utilizes animal experimentation, declined relative to other subsets of the composite information base. The fraction of cell culture studies clearly rose over the period at the expense of in vitro laboratory studies but not as replacement for animal experimentation. Particularly tight regulations on experiments with selected species apparently explains why dogs and cats are less frequently used relative to rats, rabbits, ferrets and pigs which represent the alternatives. Nevertheless, the absolute number of dog studies doubled over the 10-year period and this species still remains the most widely used experimental model in heart research. The study does not reveal directly what is actually performed within the research community but rather identifies the source of information for those studies that are considered to bring about pertinent new information in modern heart research.

American Heart Association↗

Validating nursing theory for use within a computerized nursing information system.

Computerized nursing information systems (CNISs) exemplify the application of computer science to nursing knowledge. For nursing knowledge to be a basis for CNIS development, variable relationships must be clearly defined, thus allowing transformation of data into knowledge. Nursing theories define variable relationships; these definitions, however, often are not specific enough on which to base data-based nursing information systems. This article describes how a nursing process model was derived from Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory, the process model validated, and data relationships established within the model prior to its use as a structure for a CNIS.

Computer Simulation↗

Boundaries around the 'well-informed' patient: the contribution of Schutz to inform nurses' interactions.

AIM: The aim of this paper is to explore the operation of two different types of knowledge in health care and the position of the nurse to assist in the confluence of knowledge to develop the well-informed patient. BACKGROUND: If patients are to be active participants in their care they require useful information. Interactions in contemporary health care mostly involve 'medico-scientific' knowledge, that refers to the 'science' of patients' conditions, as opposed to 'everyday' knowledge, which refers to information that can assist patients in lifestyle matters relating to their condition. THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE: This paper draws on the work of the 'well-informed citizen' as proposed by Schutz in the analysis of two patient case studies of practices in the acute care setting of the hospital. METHOD: Data collection was undertaken through fieldwork, incorporating participant observation and discussions with patients in general medical/surgical areas. RESULTS: Two patient case studies representative of the findings are analysed. Analysis identifies the predominant use of 'medico-scientific' knowledge to the detriment of 'everyday' knowledge during interactions between patients and all health professionals. CONCLUSIONS: There is predisposition in the acute context to interact in 'medico-scientific' knowledge as opposed to 'everyday' knowledge that does not facilitate a comprehensive understanding by patients of how they can best manage their lifestyle. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Using the notion of Schutz's 'well-informed' citizen this study identifies strategies for nursing staff to capture and explore the development of 'everyday' knowledge that can assist patients to become more informed and improve their health management.

Adult↗

The impact of problem-based learning on students' perceptions of preparedness for advanced pharmacy practice experiences.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate graduating pharmacy students' perceptions of their preparedness for advanced pharmacy practice experiences and the effectiveness of problem-based learning in their preparation. METHODS: A survey instrument was administered anonymously in May 2004 and May 2005 to graduating pharmacy students of the University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy. RESULTS: Students reported that the areas in which problem-based learning prepared them most effectively for advanced pharmacy practice experiences were retrieval of medical information (80%), discussion of disease states and drug therapies at the basic science level (56%), and evaluation of the appropriateness of a medication regimen based on patient specific information (50%). Areas in which students reported being inadequately prepared included identifying and utilizing drug assistance programs (42%) and processing prescriptions/hospital orders (40%). CONCLUSION: Data from 2 consecutive graduating classes supports that problem-based learning is an effective format for preparing pharmacy students for advanced pharmacy practice experiences in a variety of areas.

Curriculum↗