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At least 1,747 records · Page 97Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Expression of the CD44 cell adhesion molecule in urinary bladder transitional cell carcinoma.

CD44 cell adhesion molecule (PgP-1, ECM III, Hermes antigen) is a polymorphic integral membrane glycoprotein associated with cell matrix adhesion, lymphocyte activation, recirculation, and homing. CD44 expression has been reported in in malignant lymphoma and in a variety of epithelial human cancers but has not been studied as a prognostic marker in urinary bladder transitional cell carcinoma. CD44s (standard 85- to 95-kDa macromolecule) expression was measured by qualitative and image analysis-quantitated immunohistochemical techniques using the A3D8 monoclonal antibody. CD44v6 (a splice variant exon of CD44s) expression was measured by qualitative immunohistochemical techniques using the 2F10 monoclonal antibody. The results of CD44s and CD44v6 expression were compared with tumor grade, pathologic stage, and DNA content analysis on Feulgen-stained tissue sections in 44 cases of urinary bladder transitional cell carcinoma. The mean percentage-positive area of staining intensity for CD44s expression in Grade 1 tumors was 61%, compared with 30% for the Grade 3 tumors (P < 0.001). Non-invasive tumors featured a 59%-positive area of staining intensity, compared with the 30% staining percentage for the deeply invasive tumors (P < 0.001). There was significant correlation of aneuploid DNA content with loss of CD44s staining (P < 0.05). The staining results for CD44v6 paralleled those for the CD44s, with a significant loss of staining in high-grade and high-stage aggressive tumors in comparison with the low-grade nonaggressive tumors (P < 0.01). In urinary bladder transitional cell carcinoma, CD44s and CD44v6 expression parallels that for other cell adhesion molecules, such as E-cadherin, that feature a significant progressive loss of immunoreactivity in association with tumor dedifferentiation, advancing pathologic stage, and abnormal DNA content.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Interphase cytogenetic analysis of serous ovarian tumors of low malignant potential: comparison with serous cystadenomas and invasive serous carcinomas.

The cytogenetic and molecular genetic changes in serous tumors of low malignant potential (LMP) of the ovary have not been well characterized so far. Therefore, we analyzed 20 serous tumors of LMP, 10 invasive serous ovarian carcinomas, and 7 benign serous cystadenomas by nonisotopic in situ hybridization (seven different centromere-specific probes) as well as by flow and image DNA cytometry and compared the data with results of p53 and Ki67 immunohistochemistry, MYC DNA PCR analysis and with the clinical follow-up. All but two tumors of LMP were DNA cytometrically diploid; 9 of 10 invasive carcinomas proved to be DNA nondiploid (p < 0.0001). Nonisotopic in situ hybridization revealed a mean number of 1.5 chromosomal aberrations in tumors of LMP, which differed statistically significantly from cystadenomas (mean, 0.4) and from invasive carcinomas (mean, 3.4) (rho < 0.01). The main changes in tumors of LMP were +6 (7 of 18 cases) and +7 (6 of 19) followed by -3 (5 of 20), -1 (4 of 17) and +X (3 of 20). In the group of invasive carcinomas, the number of cases with signal gains for chromosomes 6 (5 of 8), 7 (7 of 10) and X (4 of 10) and signal loss for chromosome 1 (4 of 9) was even larger. In addition, statistically significantly more cases showed gain of 8 (5 of 10) and loss of 17 (5 of 10) (p < 0.05). Proliferative activity (Ki67 index) was positively correlated with the number of chromosomal aberrations (p < 0.05). There was no association between changes in the centromere signal number of chromosomes 8 and 17 and MYC DNA amplification and immunohistochemical p53 accumulation, respectively. Clinical follow-up showed prognostic differences between tumors of LMP and invasive carcinomas as expected (rho < 0.001) but did not reveal differences within the group of tumors of LMP with regard to the number or type of the chromosomal abnormalities detected. In conclusion, the patterns of chromosomal gains and losses in serous tumors of LMP and invasive serous carcinomas of the ovary do not seem random and suggest a close relation between these neoplasms compatible with sequential stages in a multistep model of ovarian carcinogenesis.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Melanin content and distribution in the surface corneocyte with skin phototypes.

An individual's sensitivity to sunlight is traditionally assessed by the Boston or Fitzpatrick classification of skin type. The ability to tan depends, to some degree, on the melanin content of the epidermis. In the study reported here, surface corneocytes in exposed skin and unexposed skin have been assessed using a surface stripping slide mounting technique and an Optomax V image analyser, with which the percentage of corneocyte area occupied by melanin granules has been taken as the melanin content index (MCI). There was a significantly different MCI between different skin types for both exposed (P < 0.0001) and unexposed (P < 0.0001) areas using the Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA test. There was also a positive significant correlation between MCI and skin types II-VI in both exposed (r = 0.95, P < 0.001) and unexposed areas (r = 0.89, P < 0.005). Image analysis also demonstrated that the number of melanin granules in surface corneocytes was significantly higher in the exposed area compared with the unexposed area, for skin types II, III, IV, V and VI. Melanin cap-like structures were also observed in exposed corneocytes and heavily pigmented skin contained larger melanin particles than fairer skin. The results indicate that an individual's skin phototype and melanin content, assessed by image analysis, have a significant correlation.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Comparison of different mathematical algorithms to correct DNA-histograms obtained by measurements on thin liver tissue sections.

Several mathematical algorithms have been published so far to correct histograms obtained from DNA-measurements on thin sections. All these methods require knowledge of the thickness of the section currently under investigation. As the problem of determining the actual section thickness has recently been solved, the different methods for recalculation can be compared under strictly controlled conditions. For histogram recalculation, the algorithms published by Bins, McCready, Bacus, Rigaut and Haroske are applied on a series of rat liver tissue sections with increasing section thicknesses. The histograms are compared to that of measurements of a single cell preparation of the same tissue block. Our results suggest that DNA-measurements on thin paraffin sections are possible if the actual section thickness is known. Correct ploidy equivalents throughout the whole spectrum of section thicknesses investigated are calculated using the formulas of McCready and Haroske. This is also the case using the correction method of Bins in very thin sections. The algorithms of Bacus and Rigaut do not lead to reliable results. Recalculated histograms show some differences to those obtained by DNA-measurements of single cell preparations. The histograms show broader CVs of the peaks and lymphocytes as internal ploidy standard are not useful in the majority of the algorithms. Nevertheless the promising results of this study legitimize efforts to establish standards for the interpretation of recalculated histograms in the near future. The broader applicability to tumour sections remains unproven. Therefore, further investigation are necessary using more heterogeneous tissue including aneuploid tumour cell populations.

Algorithms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Image analysis in multisample biopsy after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis.

Pouchitis in ileal anal anastomosis represents an important clinical complication after restorative proctocolectomy. Acute and chronic inflammation of the reservoir is a frequent event sometimes associated with villous atrophy and colonic metaplasia. After ileal pouch anastomosis, twenty-one patients affected by ulcerative colitis were studied. An image analyzer CAS 200 (Becton Dickinson) was utilized to evaluate the DNA intranuclear content in every biopsy. In two cases abnormal DNA distribution was observed, and in one case a poliploid pattern was seen. Abnormal DNA distribution was also present in colonic metaplasia. Therefore, image analysis for the detection of DNA aneuploidy may be of additional value together with histologic parameters in follow up, in order to exclude transformation of the ileal mucosa in neoplastic epithelia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

In human hepatocellular carcinoma cells the total membrane surface area of each major organelle is a particular allometric function of the cytoplasmic volume. A morphometric study.

Morphometric analysis by both light and electron microscopy was performed in cells from five cases of human, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and in three control cases. In each case, three fragments were examined individually and the following morphometric parameters evaluated: a) nuclear, cytoplasmic and cell volumes; b) volume density and absolute volume of the rough ER, smooth ER, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, peroxisomes, dense bodies and cytoplasmic matrix; c) surface density, surface/ volume ratio, and total surface area of rough ER, smooth ER and outer mitochondrial membranes. The parameters obtained from HCC cases showed ample scatter of data, all control values lying within the interval between the extreme values for the various parameters. Both the original and the logarithmically transformed data on volume and total membrane surface area of organelles (y) and of the cytoplasmic volume (x) were regressed using first degree regression equations. The original values for volume and total surface area of rough ER, total ER and mitochondria were linearly related to the corresponding values for cytoplasmic volume. The allometric analysis carried out with the logarithms also revealed significant regressions between cytoplasmic volume and smooth ER parameters not detectable when using the original x and y values. It showed, in addition, that in progressively larger cytoplasmic volumes, the cisternae of both rough and smooth ER tend to appear more compacted and a higher portion of the total ER membrane tends to be constituted of smooth ER. Within the wide range of variation in cytoplasmic volume of the HCC cells, the volume and total surface of the organelles do not vary randomly. These data indicate that in the small, normal-sized and large tumoral cells the mechanisms responsible for the cytoplasmic volume and for the corresponding total volume and membrane surface area of each major organelle are interdependent. Such an interdependence gives no support to ideas implying that the variation in size of cancer cells, an element of pleomorphism, would result of anarchical intracellular synthetic and/or degradative conditions.

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular↗
PubMed1996

Quantitative measurements of desmin and vimentin immunostains and cell density in leiomyomas and leiomyosarcomas.

The distinction between benign and malignant smooth muscle tumours relying on histological features such as the mitotic index and pleomorphism remains a generally acknowledged difficulty in modern pathology. A cell image processor was therefore used to quantitatively assess the desmin and vimentin immunostain in 39 smooth muscle tumours which included 26 benign (leiomyomas) and 13 malignant (leiomyosarcomas) cases. The 13 leiomyosarcomas were primary (non-recurrent and non-metastatic). Ploidy level and cell density were also assessed on each of these 39 tumours by means of the computer-assisted microscopic analysis of 5-microns thick Feulgen-stained histological sections. The results show that while neither the ploidy level determination nor the quantitative assessment of the vimentin immunostain made it possible to distinguish between leiomyomas and leiomyosarcomas, cell density determination and the quantitative assessment of the desmin immunostain enabled such a distinction to be made. Indeed, the leiomyomas exhibited a much higher level of desmin positivity than the leiomyosarcomas, as did diploid tumours as compared to the aneuploid (benign or malignant) ones. Furthermore, the leiomyoma group exhibited a significantly lower mean cell density value than the leiomyosarcoma group. The present study further confirms the lack of relationship between ploidy level and cytological malignancy in smooth muscle tumours.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Relative DNA.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

DNA↗
PubMed1997

Quality assurance in DNA image analysis on diploid cells.

DNA image analysis is presently performed in many laboratories. Before general extrapolation of results between different laboratories, validation has to be performed for interlaboratory studies on DNA image analysis. The aim of this study was to establish the performance of different DNA image analysis instruments when measuring different diploid cells. On three separate parts of the same object slide, human liver cells, white blood cells, and imprints of a breast fibroadenoma were sampled. In this quality assurance interlaboratory study, 13 laboratories participated voluntarily. Two slides were sent to each participating laboratory: one Feulgen and one unstained to be stained according the participating laboratory in-house procedure. The features integrated optical density (IOD) and object AREA were recorded for each nucleus. For calculation of the results, the average IOD value of liver diploid cells was set at 2c. A striking difference was observed between the different presumed diploid cell types, from almost 1c to 3c. This variation was not dependent on central or in-house staining. Although in-house calibration was performed for each image analysis system, a surprisingly large variation existed in the reported object AREA, irrespective of the cell type. These results clearly demonstrate that measurements performed in one laboratory cannot be extrapolated to the outcome of others and support the need for standardization. The use of external control cells works well for comparison of instruments. In conclusion, in DNA image analysis quality control is necessary, standardization is obligatory, and the use of an internal control for determination of the diploid peak in a histogram of patient samples is recommended.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1997

The significance of allelic deletions and aneuploidy in colorectal carcinoma. Results of a 5-year follow-up study.

BACKGROUND: A prospective study was initiated to analyze the prognostic value of both the deletion of candidate tumor suppressor genes and the DNA content in colorectal carcinoma specimens. METHODS: A prospective study was initiated in 1988, into which 104 patients from the Brooklyn VA Medical Center were accrued through March 1992. DNA restriction endonuclease digests, obtained by the Southern blot technique, were examined for allelic deletions by cDNA probes pnm23-H1 (17q21) YNZ 22.1 (17p13), and p15-65 (18q21). DNA content was measured by image analysis cytometry of Feulgen-stained tumor imprints. Median follow-up was 5.5 years (range, 4-8.5 years). RESULTS: Patients with nm23-H1 allelic deletions were 3 times as likely to develop distant metastases as patients without nm23-H1 deletions (relative risk [RR], 3.89; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.39, 10.89). This connection was even stronger after adjustment for TNM stage and site of primary tumor (RR, 5.27; 95% CI, 1.67, 16.68). No significant association of 17p or 18q deletions or ploidy with either distant metastases or overall survival was noted. In multivariate analysis, clinicopathologic variables associated with decreased survival included intracellular mucin production, nuclear grade, TNM stage, and nerve invasion. CONCLUSIONS: A combination of clinicopathologic and molecular biologic variables may identify patients at high risk for death from disseminated colorectal carcinoma.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Nucleolar organizer regions in exocrine pancreas in chronic pancreatitis and ductal adenocarcinoma. Diagnostic value and cytophysiologic correlate.

The epithelium of small excretory ducts of the pancreas was investigated in sections obtained from 33 total-pancreatectomy-specimens by means of AgNOR-silver-staining as described by Ploton [26], in some modification. AgNOR-staining was evaluated by automatic image analysis. Specimens were split into four groups: mucoid transformation in chronic pancreatitis (11 cases), papillary hyperplasia in chronic pancreatitis (eight cases), ductal adenocarcinoma (14 cases) and control-group of pancreas-transplants (five cases). Parameters estimated for each cell are as follows: number of intranucleolar dots, number of extranucleolar dots, total number of dots, ratio of extra- and intranucleolar dots, total dot area, mean single dot area, nuclear area, ratio of total dot- and nuclear area, dot-density. Ratio of extra- and intranucleolar dots, ratio of total dot- and nuclear area as well as dot-density allowed differentiation between papillary hyperplasia in chronic pancreatitis, grade III, and ductal adenocarcinoma, grade I. A correlation was found between the number of extranucleolar dots and proliferative activity as well as between the number of intranucleolar dots and protein-synthesis activity of epithelial cells of small excretory ducts of the pancreas.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1997

Interphase cytogenetic analysis of mucinous ovarian neoplasms.

Extending our previous efforts to characterize ovarian neoplasms by interphase cytogenetics, we analyzed a series of 32 mucinous tumors by nonisotopic in situ hybridization with seven different centromere-specific probes as well as by flow and image DNA cytometry; we then compared the data with results of p53 and Ki67 immunohistochemistry and MYC DNA-PCR analysis and of the clinical follow-ups. Of the tumors studied, 11 of 14 (78.6%) mucinous carcinomas, 7 of 7 (100%) mucinous tumors of low malignant potential (LMP), and 7 of 11 (63.6%) mucinous cystadenomas demonstrated chromosomal aberrations. The mean number of chromosomal aberrations (+/- SD) was slightly higher in DNA cytometrically nondiploid cases than in diploid cases (2.0 +/- 1.6 versus 1.6 +/- 1.2, not significant) but did not differ significantly among the study groups (carcinomas: 1.7 +/- 1.4; tumors of LMP; 1.9 +/- 0.7; adenomas: 1.4 +/- 1.4). Aberrations affected chromosomes 1 (14 of 27 cases) and 6 (12 of 31) most frequently, followed by chromosomes 17 (7 of 28), 7 (6 of 29), and X (6 of 28). Signal gain for centromere 1, which was the most prevalent finding (13 of 27), was observed in 3 of 10 mucinous cystadenomas, 2 of 4 mucinous tumors of LMP, and 8 of 13 mucinous carcinomas. All six moderately and poorly differentiated carcinomas demonstrated this aberration. Signal gain of centromere 6 (3 of 13) and centromere 7 (4 of 13) were found only in carcinomas (p < 0.05 and p < 0.025, respectively). The interphase cytogenetic results correlated neither with proliferative activity, immunohistochemical p53 accumulation, MYC DNA amplification, nor postoperative outcome. Compared with serous ovarian neoplasms (Lab Invest 1996, 75:473-485), mucinous tumors demonstrated signal gain for chromosome 1 (p < 0.0001) and signal loss for chromosomes 6 (p < 0.001) and X (p < 0.01) significantly more often. Loss of centromere 17 was more characteristic for serous than for mucinous carcinomas (p < 0.05). Our observations show that chromosomal aberrations in mucinous ovarian neoplasms are apparently not random. These results support the notion that the molecular genetic changes in mucinous neoplasms differ from those in serous tumors.

Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous↗
PubMed1997

Involvement of peripheral blood cells in multiple myeloma: chromosome changes are the rule within circulating plasma cells but not within B lymphocytes.

The mononuclear cells in the peripheral blood are implicated in the myeloma process especially with the presence of peripheral blood plasma cells (PBPC) and clonal B lymphocytes found using phenotypic or gene rearrangement techniques. The purpose of this study was to look for aneuploidy in the two main B cell components of the peripheral blood: PBPC and CD20-positive B lymphocytes. Conventional cytogenetics (CC) or DNA content analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with centromeric probes were performed on bone marrow plasma cells (BMPC) of 21 patients with multiple myeloma and peripheral blood cells were studied as follows: immunostaining to look for PBPC and to assess their number, image analysis cytometry for the determination of their DNA content, and FISH chromosomes analysis. FISH was performed using probes against the chromsomes that were lost or gained in BMPC and was coupled with immunostaining of the relevant light chain or CD20 antigen to study PBPC or B lymphocytes, respectively. Monotypic PBPC were found in 16 patients. Their DNA content was the same or nearly the same as for BMPC and they exhibited the same monosomies or trisomies as those found within their BM counterpart. By contrast, DNA content of mononuclear cells other than PBPC was within normal ranges, and in 13 of 15 patients CD20-positive B lymphocytes failed to show chromosomal changes by FISH analysis. In two patients however, a few CD20+ cells with lymphoid morphology exhibited chromosome changes, hypothesizing that a few cytogenetically abnormal B cells without plasmocytic morphology may circulate. From these data, we conclude that PBPC share the same genetic abnormalities as BMPC and thus belong to the malignant clone, whereas most peripheral blood B lymphocytes are unrelated to the tumor clone.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Distribution of eosinophils along and across successive segments of the rat digestive tract: a quantitative study.

Density of eosinophils stained by substrateless DAB reaction was measured in the successive segments and the successive layers of rat digestive tract using a semiautomatic computerized image analysis system. The results were calculated in a dual way: per area of the entire layer and per area of its connective tissue compartment, in which the eosinophils were located (extremely small number of intraepithelial and intramuscular eosinophils was not included in the analysis). The density of eosinophils in the successive segments of the digestive tract seemed to depend primarily on the time of contact between the contents and the wall of the segment, being the highest in regions of food/content retention (fundus of the stomach, cecum) and the lowest in regions of rapid passage (esophagus, pylorus, duodenum). When eosinophil density in the successive layers was compared, its gradual decrease in the successive layers (villi>lamina propria>submucosa>muscularis) was observed in almost the entire small intestine and lower values in submucosa compared to mucosa were also evident in the stomach, duodenum and small intestine. It seems that there is a decreasing gradient of chemoattractants for eosinophils dependent of the distance from the lumen and the contents of the digestive tract. However, this decreasing pattern appeared only when the density was calculated for the area of the connective tissue compartment suggesting that this method of calculation more reliably reflects the distribution of eosinophils and should be used in future quantitative studies on tissue eosinophils.

Animals↗