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PubMed1981

Epimerization of the 7-hydroxy group of bile acids by the combination of two kinds of microorganisms with 7 alpha- and 7 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity, respectively.

An unidentified gram-positive anaeroic organism capable of dehydrogenating the 7 beta-hydroxy group of ursodeoxycholic acid was recovered from human feces. By combined action of this organism with the ordinary 7 alpha-dehydrogenating bacteria, chenodeoxycholic acid and cholic acid alike were readily converted into their respective 7 beta-epimers and the reverse reactions were also carried out. The estimated levels of these 7 alpha- and 7 beta-dehydrogenating organisms among the intestinal microflora give a satisfactory explanation for the frequent appearance of the 7 beta-hydroxylated bile acids in vivo.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed1986

Role of intestinal bacterial overgrowth in ethanol production and metabolism in rats.

To investigate the role of intestinal bacterial overgrowth on the production and metabolism of ethanol, rats with a jejunal self-filling diverticulum (blind-loop) were compared to controls with a self-emptying diverticulum. Both endogenous ethanol and acetaldehyde were found in the blind-loop contents. Intragastric administration of sucrose produced a marked increase in acetaldehyde and acetate in the portal venous blood, with only a modest elevation of ethanol. Blind-loop contents readily oxidized ethanol to acetaldehyde in a concentration-dependent manner and more actively under aerobic than anaerobic conditions. This oxidation was inhibited by antibiotics and was reproduced with isolated microorganisms. Intragastric administration of ethanol to rats with blind-loops markedly increased acetaldehyde and acetate concentrations in the portal vein and, to a lesser extent, in the systemic blood, compared with the controls. By contrast, both portal and systemic blood ethanol concentrations were lower in the rats with a blind-loop compared with controls, even though the amounts of ethanol retained in the digestive tract were similar. A dose of ethanol about twice as large as in controls was required to produce similar systemic blood levels. Both in rats with a blind-loop and in the controls, the areas under the curve of blood ethanol concentrations were smaller after intragastric than after intravenous ethanol administration (1 g ethanol/kg body wt). This difference was exaggerated in the rats with a blind-loop. Thus, a considerable amount of ethanol is oxidized in the gastrointestinal lumen of rats with a blind-loop. The resulting high concentrations of acetaldehyde, both in the intestinal lumen and the portal blood, may have deleterious effects on the gastrointestinal mucosa and the liver.

Acetaldehyde↗
PubMed2002

[Genital infections and their diagnosis in general practice].

Infections are among the frequent disorders which cause patients to consult a gynaecologist. The spectrum of microorganisms in this area is broad, but only few pathogens are capable of causing an inflammatory infection without previous damage of the epithelium. A-Streptococci are the most dangerous pathogens in the genital area, especially in pregnancy and can only be detected by means of bacteriological culture. Most frequently isolated bacteria in the genital tract are facultative pathogenic bacteria deriving from the intestine. They are not always the reason for discharge or burning. An overview of the diagnostic procedures is given.

Critical Pathways↗
PubMed2003

Morphological and histochemical characterization of the mucosa of the digestive tract in Engraulis anchoita.

The histomorphological aspects as well as the histochemical content and distribution of glycoproteins (GPs) in the mucosa of the digestive tract of the anchovy Engraulis anchoita were studied. The buccopharyngeal cavity is lined by a squamous stratified epithelium with mucous superficial cells; the oesophagus shows two zones, cranial with a squamous stratified epithelium with mucous superficial cells and caudal with a columnar secretory epithelium. Finally, the stomach presents both the cranial and pyloric portion lined with a simple columnar epithelium. Tubular branched glands, formed by a single type of glandular cell, located along the stomach, are more numerous in the cranial portion. The GPs were identified with (1) oxidizable vicinal diols; (2) sialic acids and some of their chain variants, C7 or C9; (3) sialic acid residues with O-acyl substitution at C7 or C8; (4) carboxyl groups and (5) sulphate groups. Histochemical tests showed that the buccopharyngeal cavity presented the largest amount of the different types of mucosubstances. Epithelial secretory cells were found in the oesophagus, which synthesized a large quantity of sialosulphoglycoproteins likely to be related to a protective role. The surface epithelium of the stomach synthesizes and secretes acid and neutral GPs, probably related to the movement of fluids and to the absorption of easily digested substrates, respectively. Although great differences exist between different species, in E. anchoita as in other fish species, the wall of the digestive tract is composed of the four layers classically described for vertebrates. The GPs secreted by the epithelial cells are suggested to be important for the protection and inhibition of microorganisms. In addition, they are involved in enzymatic digestion of food, absorptive functions and lubrication of the alimentary tract.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Convenient non-chromatographic assays for the microbial deconjugation and 7alpha-OH bioconversion of taurocholate.

We described two convenient assay methods to estimate bile acid deconjugation and bile acid bioconversion at the 7alpha-OH position by individual microorganisms grown in media containing taurocholic acid. The methods are based on (i) a selective chemical assay for taurine conjugates previously described and (ii) the use of a cell-free preparation of 7alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli to directly quantify 7alpha-OH groups. These non-chromatographic approaches have been applied to the study of three model strains of intestinal organisms, E. coli, Bacteroides fragilis, and Clostridium perfringens, grown in standard media in the presence of purified tritiated taurocholate. Assay results were confirmed by thin-layer chromatography solvent systems designed to separate conjugated from unconjugated bile acid and unmodified cholic acid nucleus from 7alpha-OH bioconversion product(s) (primarily 3alpha, 12alpha dihydroxy, 7-keto-cholanoic acid). In addition, 7alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity was demonstrated in cell-free extracts of all three organisms. Of the three organisms, only C. perfringens was demonstrated to (i) deconjugate taurocholic acid, (ii) contain 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity, (iii) convert cholic acid into at least five labeled metabolites visible on thin-layer chromatography, and (iv) catalyze significant tritium exchange with water in the medium.

Bacteroides fragilis↗
PubMed1989

Extensive colonization of the porcine colonic epithelium by a spirochete similar to Treponema innocens.

Specimens of colonic mucosa from two pigs with diarrhea were examined by light and electron microscopy. The epithelial surfaces of both pigs were extensively colonized by large spirochetes morphologically compatible with Treponema hyodysenteriae or Treponema innocens. The microorganisms were intimately attached end-on to the luminal cells. A weakly beta-hemolytic spirochete similar to T. innocens was isolated from the colon of one of the pigs.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Diagnostic significance of the coagglutination reaction in patients with the diarrhoea syndrome.

Specific soluble Shigella, Salmonella and Yersinia enterocolitica antigens were determined in biological fluids (saliva, urine, coprofiltrate) from 268 patients with the diarrhoea syndrome using the coagglutination reaction. The findings suggest that the coagglutination reaction (COA) is a simple and efficient method suitable for the fast diagnosing of acute intestinal infection (AII) in the early days from the onset of the disease. COA enables the identification of specific antigens associated with the causative agents of intestinal infections in 79-54% of patients with shigellosis and salmonellosis. COA was shown to possess a high diagnostic potential in AII of unknown etiology. Shigella, Salmonella and Yersinia antigens were determined in 47.7, 23.4 and 10.8% of cases respectively where no bacterial excretion could be confirmed. Two and less frequently three antigens being identified simultaneously in 10.8% cases. The identification of opportunistic microorganisms in AII using the COA does not appear to be sufficient to confirm their etiological significance as Shigella and Salmonella antigens were simultaneously determined in most patients.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1979

The secretory IgA system in the neonatal period.

It is still not known when the secretory IgA response, important for defence of the mucous membranes, becomes fully competent in the human infant. The infant is, however, provided with 0.25--0.5 g of secretory IgA/day via the maternal milk. The milk contains secretory IgA antibodies against a wide variety of antigens from microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses and parasites. Many of the antibodies are directed against important virulence factors such as bacterial pili, enterotoxins, capsular polysaccharides and endotoxic lipopolysaccharides. The passive transfer of antibodies through the milk may explain why breast-fed infants are resistant to enteric infections in particular. The antibodies in the milk are often directed against antigens in the mother's milieu and intestine. An entero-mammary gland link, possibly consisting of lymphoid cells homing from the Peyer's patches in the intestine to the mammary gland, has been suggested. A limited selective uptake of oligomeric IgA from serum in exocrine glands, including the mammary glands, has also been indicated. Whichever the mechanism, the antibodies transferred via breast milk are composed to meet the needs of the infant.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Acute acalculous cholecystitis due to Vibrio cholerae.

The case of a 57-year-old woman admitted with symptoms and signs suggesting an intestinal infection caused by Vibrio cholerae, and who also developed a clinical picture compatible with acute cholecystitis, is presented. Cholera was diagnosed by examining a fresh sample of stools and cultures. An abdominal sonogram disclosed signs of acute acalculous cholecystitis. She underwent cholecystectomy, and cultures of a clear fluid and a "milky" sediment found within the gallbladder were also positive for V. cholerae. This microorganism was seen at the gallbladder mucosa microscopically. The strain was serotyped V. cholerae 01 (El Tor) Ogawa and was the etiology of the acute acalculous cholecystitis in this patient.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2004

Survival of freeze-dried Lactobacillus bulgaricus KFRI 673 in chitosan-coated calcium alginate microparticles.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of alginate microparticles coated with three kinds of chitosans of different molecular weights on the survival of Lactobacillus bulgaricus KFRI 673 in simulated gastric (SGJ) and intestinal juices (SIJ) and on their stability during storage at 4 and 22 degrees C. L. bulgaricus KFRI 673 loaded in alginate microparticles was prepared by spraying the mixture of sodium alginate and cell culture into the calcium chloride solution using an air-atomizing device. When L. bulgaricus KFRI 673 was exposed to SGJ of pH 2.0 for 60 min, none of the microorganism survived. Contrary to this result, microbiological analysis indicated that microencapsulation in alginate microparticles improved the survival of acid-sensitive L. bulgaricus KFRI 673 in SGJ and that high molecular weight chitosan coating resulted in the highest survival in SGJ. To study storage stability of free and microencapsulated cells, in vitro studies were conducted at 4 and 22 degrees C during a 4 week period. Both free and microencapsulated cells showed similar stabilities during 4 weeks of storage at 4 degrees C. However, the stability of Lactobacillus at 22 degrees C was appreciably improved when loaded in high molecular weight chitosan-coated alginate microparticles. In conclusion, microencapsulation of lactic acid bacteria with alginate and chitosan coating offers an effective way of delivering viable bacterial cells to the colon and maintaining their survival during refrigerated storage.

Alginates↗
PubMed1976

myo-Inositol metabolism during lactation and development in the rat. The prevention of lactation-induced fatty liver by dietary myo-inositol.

Effects of dietary myo-inositol deprivation were examined during prenatal and postnatal development and during lactation in the rat. The deficient diet contained no detectable myo-inositol while the supplemented diet contained 0.5% (w/w) myo-inositol while the supplemented diet ct contained 0.5% (w/w) myo-inositol at the expense of sucrose. Both diets contained 25% casein, adequate amounts of all known vitamins, choline, and essential fatty acids as well as 0.5% (w/w) phthalylsulfathiazole to depress myo-inositol contribution to the diet by microorganisms. Pregnant rats of the Holtzman strain were fed the respective diets during gestation and lactation, and pups were fed the corresponding diet after weaning until 3 months of age. There were no significant differen-es in body weight between experimental groups. Supplementation of the diet with myo-inositol significanly increased the levels of myo-inositol in plasma, liver, kidney, and intestine of pups at all ages examined, and significantly increased the levels of myo-inositol in the milk and mammary tissue during lactation. During lactation, the myo-inositol deprived dams developed severe fatty livers (31% w/w) characterized by diminished phosphatidyl-inositol (50%) and total phospholipid phosphorus (57%) levels as compared with controls. After weaning, the liver lipid content of the myo-inositol deprived dams returned to normal (4.5%). The data suggest that a possible threshold level of free myo-inositol (approximately 0.15 mumoles/g lipid-free tissue) was required to prevent fatty liver in lactating dams under these dietary conditions. Effects of the deficient diet on fertility were also examined. Based on sperm count and production of offspring, there were no differnences between the experimental and control males. Females of both groups showed equal ability to produce offspring.

Amniotic Fluid↗
PubMed1988

Autoreactivity and altered immune responses in inflammatory bowel disease.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a poorly understood condition that is associated with a wide variety of immunologic alterations. Because its pathogenesis is unknown, these immunologic alterations have been investigated with an eye toward unraveling the complex mechanism of injury in the bowels of these patients. There are several lines of evidence suggesting that IBD is related to immunologic events. The histopathology of active disease resembles the Arthus reaction, whereas the presence of antiepithelial cell antibodies is reminiscent of Goodpasture's disease. Antibodies against many microorganisms and autoantibodies to mucosal components are commonly found in these patients. Further, there is a marked increase in plasma cells in the lamina propria of patients with active IBD. It is important to keep these findings in perspective. No studies to date have been able to determine whether the features are entirely primary events, that is, related to the initial damage to the intestinal mucosa. If the surface mucosa is injured by an as-yet-unidentified agent, the immunologic findings in IBD may be secondary events. Nonetheless, the similarity in histopathology of the experimental immunologic models of IBD to the human disease encourages investigators to pursue the etiology of this complex disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Microflora of the intestine and biliary tracts in patients with viral hepatitis].

The authors present the results of studying the microflora if the intestine and of the biliary tracts in patients with viral hepatitis; dysbacteriosis was revealed in 53% of the cases. This percentage proved to decrease with clinical recovery. Bile proved to be often contaminated with microbes -- 77% of the samples; this was particularly true in cases with cholestatic variant of the disease and in cases of moderate severity. The fact of prolonged habitation of the microorganisms in the bile system is of importance -- 68% of the patients still had microbial flora in the gall bladder and the biliary tracts by the time of discharge from the hospital.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1969

Small intestinal mucosal cell proliferation and bacterial flora in the conventionalization of the germfree mouse.

The relationship between intestinal colonization and the small bowel mucosal cellular proliferation rate during conventionalization of the germfree mouse was examined. 16 mice were maintained under standard germfree conditions, and 54 others were conventionalized. Migration of the small bowel epithelial cells was followed by radioautography with administration of tritiated thymidine. Colonization was followed by qualitative and quantitative bacteriological fecal analyses. The percentages of the villi labeled (as determined by cell count) 24, 48, and 72 hr following thymidine administration showed immediate progression in the conventionalized animals from the germfree villus migration time (4 days) toward the conventional villus migration time (2 days). The epithelial migration rate of animals conventionalized for 8 days was comparable to that of conventional animals. After conventionalization, aerobic and anaerobic organisms undergo a period of extensive multiplication; however, 72 hr later the number of these microorganisms cultured in the stool decrease and are similar to those recovered from normal animals. Coliforms and streptococci are recovered in large numbers only in the first days after conventionalization, while the Bacteroides are first recovered in significant numbers on the fifth day of conventionalization. Except for smaller numbers of Bacteroides, the bacterial populations in the stools of the conventionalized animals are qualitatively and quantitatively similar by the eighth day of conventionalization to those of true conventional mice. Adaptive balance between cell proliferation and sloughing, and thus migration rate, begins immediately after conventionalization of germfree animals as bacterial populations establish themselves throughout the gastrointestinal tract, and results in a doubling of the mucosal cell turnover after 8 days. At this time both the small intestinal epithelial cell migration rate and the intestinal microflora are similar to those of conventional animals.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Evaluation of Indigenous Bacillus Strains from Asian Fermented Foods for Probiotic Properties.

Bacillus species hold particular importance due to their versatile enzymatic repertoire and ability to synthesize diverse bioactive metabolites. In this study, two fermented food-derived strains, Bacillus siamensis BB3 (from douchi) and Bacillus velezensis TMA10 (from tapai) were evaluated for their probiotic, anti-microbial and functional potentials. Both strains exhibited desirable probiotic characteristics, including desirable tolerance to simulated gastric and intestinal conditions, with BB3 showing greater acid tolerance than TMA10. Safety assessments confirmed the absence of hemolytic activity, virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes. Whole genome sequencing showed that the strains harbored genomic sequences for a wide range of metabolites, including non-ribosomal peptides and polyketides. Ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extracts from both strains demonstrated broad-spectrum anti-microbial activity against several indicator microorganisms, including Listeria grayi, Bacillus cereus, Serratia marcescens, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with TMA10 additionally inhibiting MRSA and Streptococcus mutans. Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry profiling identified key anti-microbial compounds, namely surfactins, macrolactins, bacillaene from BB3 and TMA10. In addition, difficidins were also detected from TMA10. Genomic analysis further indicated diverse carbohydrate utilization capacities; both strains encoded pathways for sucrose, raffinose-family oligosaccharides and lactose metabolism, while TMA10 possessed pathways for trehalose, glucomannan and arabinoxylan degradation. Both strains also showed anti-oxidant activity, with enhanced effects observed in their cell-free supernatants and heat-killed preparations. Overall, these findings highlight BB3 and TMA10 as promising candidates for the development of fermented food-derived Bacillus probiotics and functional cultures with anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, and broad carbohydrate-utilization capabilities.

Bacillus↗
PubMed2002

The potential role of probiotics in pediatric urology.

PURPOSE: The application of select microbial strains to increase the host population of good bacteria is called probiotics, a term defined as "live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host." This review was done to evaluate the potential role that probiotic therapy may have in pediatric urology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Many children around the world die of diseases, such as gastrointestinal infection and HIV, while many have urinary tract infections that subsequently recur frequently in adulthood. Until recently the role of intestinal and urogenital (vaginal, urethral and perineal) microflora in health and disease has received scant attention. The data available in the literature on this topic were examined and a personal viewpoint is presented on how they may relate to urology. RESULTS: There is mounting evidence that certain strains of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria have a major part in the maintenance and restoration of health in children and adults. CONCLUSIONS: Implications for pediatric urology include a decreased risk of infection and stone disease as well as possible positive effects on preventing and managing inflammatory and some carcinogenic diseases.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[The effect of selective decontamination on nosocomial infections, their causative agents and antibiotic resistance in long-term intubated intensive care patients].

During a 12-month period 45 long-term intubated patients were treated by topical application of non-absorbable antibiotics (tobramycin, polymyxin, amphotericin B) together with an initial short-term intravenous application of an antibiotic with only minimal activity against anaerobic intestinal flora. These patients were compared to 48 patients in the previous 12-month period who had only interventional antibiotic therapy in case of established infections. This selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD) reduced the colonisation of the respiratory tract, thus also decreasing incidence of nosocomial pneumonia. There were fewer urinary tract infections, while the incidence of wound infections and septicaemia was influenced to microorganism a lesser degree. The number of gram-negative isolated microorganism was reduced, leading to a shift towards gram-positive organisms, especially S. epidermidis. During the 12-month study period there was no change of antibiotic sensitivity of the isolated microorganisms. Although we encountered no problems associated with multiresistant pathogens, routine microbiological surveillance is strongly recommended to detect changes in antibiotic resistance at an early stage.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2006

The gut microenvironment of sediment-dwelling Chironomus plumosus larvae as characterised with O2, pH, and redox microsensors.

We devised a set-up in which microsensors can be used for characterising the gut microenvironment of aquatic macrofauna. In a small flow cell, we measured microscale gradients through dissected guts (O(2), pH, redox potential [E ( h )]), in the haemolymph (O(2)), and towards the body surface (O(2)) of Chironomus plumosus larvae. The gut microenvironment was compared with the chemical conditions in the lake sediment in which the animals reside and feed. When the dissected guts were incubated at the same nominal O(2) concentration as in haemolymph, the gut content was completely anoxic and had pH and E ( h ) values slightly lower than in the ambient sediment. When the dissected guts were artificially oxygenated, the volumetric O(2)-consumption rates of the gut content were at least 10x higher than in the sediment. Using these potential O(2)-consumption rates in a cylindrical diffusion-reaction model, it was predicted that diffusion of O(2) from the haemolymph to the gut could not oxygenate the gut content under in vivo conditions. Additionally, the potential O(2)-consumption rates were so high that the intake of dissolved O(2) along with feeding could be ruled out to oxygenate the gut content. We conclude that microorganisms present in the gut of C. plumosus cannot exhibit an aerobic metabolism. The presented microsensor technique and the data analysis are applicable to guts of other macrofauna species with cutaneous respiration.

Animals↗