Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Gender Issues”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,747 records · Page 97Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

What's in a country average? Wealth, gender, and regional inequalities in immunization in India.

Recent attention to Millennium Development Goals by the international development community has led to the formation of targets to measure country-level achievements, including achievements on health status indicators such as childhood immunization. Using the example of immunization in India, this paper demonstrates the importance of disaggregating national averages for a better understanding of social disparities in health. Specifically, the paper uses data from the India National Family Health Survey 1992-93 to analyze socioeconomic, gender, urban-rural and regional inequalities in immunization in India for each of the 17 largest states. Results show that, on average, southern states have better immunization levels and lower immunization inequalities than many northern states. Wealth and regional inequalities are correlated with overall levels of immunization in a non-linear fashion. Gender inequalities persist in most states, including in the south, and seem unrelated to overall immunization or the levels of other inequalities measured here. This suggests that the gender differentials reflect deep-seated societal factors rather than health system issues per se. The disaggregated information and analysis used in this paper allows for setting more meaningful targets than country averages. Additionally, it helps policy makers and planners to understand programmatic constraints and needs by identifying disparities between sub-groups of the population, including strong and weak performers at the state and regional levels.

BCG Vaccine↗
PubMed2005

Introduction to the special section on developing guidelines for the evidence-based assessment (EBA) of adult disorders.

The goal of this special section is to encourage greater awareness of evidence-based assessment (EBA) in the development of a scientifically supported clinical psychology. In this introductory article, the authors describe the elements that authors in this special section were asked to consider in their focused reviews (including the scope of available psychometric evidence, advancements in psychopathology research, and evidence of attention to factors such as gender, age, and ethnicity in measure validation). The authors then present central issues evident in the articles that deal with anxiety, depression, personality disorders, and couple distress and in the accompanying commentaries. The authors conclude by presenting key themes emerging from the articles in this special section, including gaps in psychometric information, limited information about the utility of assessment, the discrepancy between recommended EBAs and current training and practice, and the need for further data on the process of clinical assessment.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The genetic basis for sex differences in human behaviour: role of the sex chromosomes.

The nature of the mechanisms underlying observed sex differences in human behaviour continues to be debated. This review concentrates on the thesis that genes on the sex chromosomes other than those directly controlling sex determination, and whose functions are, at least in part, independent from hormonal influences, play a significant role in determining gender differences in behaviour. To provide an adequate basis for examining this issue, the current understanding of the nature of sex determination, differences in behaviour and the influences of sex hormones are evaluated. The possible contribution to behavioural differences of those X-linked genes which escape inactivation, or which may be subjected to imprinting, is discussed. The review concludes with a summary of the genetic basis for two sexually disparate types of behaviour.

Behavior↗
PubMed2006

Preachers, policies and power: the reproductive health of adolescent Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in Australia.

The sexual abuses of Indigenous peoples are not a new phenomenon. Many historical documents attest to the active ruination of the sexual and reproductive health of Indigenous peoples in Australia; however, reproductive health is rarely considered to be an appropriate strategy through which Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people's lives can be improved. Reproductive health is essential for the replication and evolution of societies and therefore warrants close attention, especially as contemporary policy frameworks place Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women approximately 50 years behind non-Indigenous women in our capacities to practice individual autonomy in reproductive decision making, including the positive resolution of pregnancies and ensuring the health, dignity, security and autonomy of victims of gender-based violence. This paper is an examination of contemporary reproductive health issues for adolescents in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities and a call to action to assist young men and young women in particular to value and have every capacity to control their fertility.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed2000

Comprehensive community effectiveness of health care. A study of malaria treatment in children and adults in rural Burkina Faso.

Malaria is one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in children in sub-Saharan Africa, yet community effectiveness of treatment is not well understood. This study presents a quantitative estimate of community effectiveness of malaria treatment in Burkina Faso, based on population surveys, observational studies of health services and user surveys. Analysis of seven steps in the process of treating malaria reveal the following: (1) 21% of people with malaria attend health centres; (2) 31% of them have a sufficient history taken; (3) 69% receive a complete clinical examination; (4) 81% receive the correct dosage of drugs prescribed; (5) 91% purchase the drugs; (6) 68% take the drugs as prescribed; (7) the drugs are estimated to be 85% effective. Taking all the steps into account, overall community effectiveness is estimated to be 3%. Statistically significant differences in age and gender are seen in some steps. Quinine is prescribed too frequently. Critical issues in educating health care workers include complete history-taking and clinical examination, rational indication for quinine and adjusted drug dosages for children. We identify utilization and diagnostic quality as offering the greatest potential for improvement in overall community effectiveness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

The nature of after-hours telephone medical practice by GI fellows.

OBJECTIVE: Gastroenterology fellows on-call often serve as the initial or only contact for patients calling "after hours" with questions and symptoms. These fellows are rarely trained specifically in how to handle these calls. The aim of this study was to determine whether there are particular topics in telephone medicine that ought to be covered in new fellow training. Therefore, we sought to evaluate the nature of after-hours pages initiated by patients and to document the advice given by fellows. METHODS: The content of 100 patient-initiated telephone calls with GI fellows was recorded prospectively over 7 months. We included pages received between 5 PM and 8 AM daily as well as daytime calls on weekends. Fellows documented the time and length of the call, the issue raised by the patient, the advice given, and the patient's gender and attending gastroenterologist. When a particular patient paged more than once in a 24-h period, the repeat calls were not counted toward the 100-call tally. RESULTS: Twenty-two percent of calls occurred between 11 PM and 7 AM. Eighty-three percent of calls lasted less than 10 min. Sixty-seven percent of patients called because of symptoms. Only 30% of patients calling with symptoms were referred to the emergency room. Although only 1 of 13 patients with procedure-related (i.e., postendoscopy) symptoms required admission to the hospital, 18 of 54 (33%) patients with nonprocedure-related symptoms required admission either immediately or within a month of calling after hours. CONCLUSIONS: Most after-hours calls from patients are related to symptoms. Patients calling with postprocedure symptoms rarely require admission to the hospital. Conversely, a significant number of patients calling with non-procedure-related symptoms require admission within 30 days. Fellowship directors should consider providing training to fellows in the evaluation of symptoms over the telephone.

Fellowships and Scholarships↗
PubMed2006

Physician and emergency medical technicians' knowledge and experience regarding dental trauma.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the knowledge of physicians and emergency medical technicians (EMT) regarding primary treatment for dental trauma and to assess the experience they have in treating dental injuries. The study population consisted of 70 military physicians and EMT during their military service. A questionnaire was distributed relating to demographic data, such as age, gender, position, and type of military service, as well as the following issues: past experience in treating or witnessing dental trauma, former education regarding diagnosis and treatment of dental trauma, assessment of knowledge regarding dental trauma, etc. Of all participants, only 4 (5.9%), all physicians, received education regarding dental trauma. Nevertheless, 42 (61.8%) reported they witnessed such an injury during their military service. Dental injuries were first seen by the EMT in 41.2% of the cases, by the physician in 25%, and by a dentist in only 7.3%. Overall, 58 (85.3%) of the physicians and EMT stated that it was important to educate the primary health care providers regarding diagnosis and treatment of dental trauma. Special emphasis should be given to providing primary caregivers with the relevant education to improve their knowledge and ability of dealing with diagnosis and treatment of dental trauma.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1981

In the eye of the beholder: social and personal characteristics of teenagers and their impressions of themselves and fat and slim people.

Fifty-nine female and 79 male secondary students rated six stimulus figures (self, ideal self, fat young man/woman, slim young man/woman) on 28 personal rating scales. They also complete the Eysenck personality Inventory. Each of the stimulus-figure data sets was factor analysed and the factor scores were related to role, personality, and perceived weight status by means of correlational and discriminant function analyses. The results showed that the perceives' sex, ethnicity and perceived weight status were related to their perception of the stimulus figures. These relationships included interactions between sex and ethnicity in their effects on reported views of ideal self and fat young woman (FYW). Daughters of European migrants reported more independent and stronger self-aspiration than did their peers, and sons of European migrants saw FYW mor positively that did the other subjects. The observed relationship between females' perceived weight status and their self-concepts suggest that body image may be of greater importance for girls that for boys of this age. Extraversion and neuroticism differed according to sex in their relationships with the subjects' perceptions of the FYW figure. These and other findings indicate that the presence or absence of obesity has relevance for social and psychological processes as well as for medical issues.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Female preponderance of Parkinson's disease in Japan.

A male preponderance of Parkinson's disease (PD) has been reported in European countries and the USA. To verify this issue in Japanese patients with PD, we examined the age- and gender-specific prevalence of PD in Yamagata Prefecture (population 1,244,040), Japan. The prevalence of PD was 61.3/100,000 men and 91.0/100,000 women, showing that women were significantly more affected by PD than men (p < 0.001). Contrary to the findings in Europe and the USA, the results indicate a female preponderance of PD among the Japanese population.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Medical requirements and consequences of sex reassignment surgery.

Prior to considering surgical reassignment, the key issue for the surgeon is to establish beyond reasonable doubt that the gender dysphoria or transsexual feeling is genuine and that surgical reassignment will be beneficial. For this he will need the expertise of a reputable behavioural scientist. To determine whether the patient is physically fit for surgery, the surgeon may lean on the expertise of an endocrinologist with substantial personal experience in the field of hormonal treatment of transsexuals. Sex reassignment for M-->F transsexuals may be completed in one operation, leading to acceptable cosmetic and functional results, provided the surgery and postoperative treatment are performed with a high degree of expertise. Present generation operative techniques for phalloplasty in F-->M transsexuals still do not meet all requirements. The term 'one-stage phalloplasty' is deceiving. Genital reassignment surgery in F-->M transsexuals can seldom be achieved in one stage. Prior to any form of this kind of surgery, this should be made clear to the patient. F-->M and M-->F transsexuals will become irreversibly infertile by the orchiectomy and the oöphoro-hysterectomy usually performed on them. Diagnosis of, and counselling and treatment for, gender dysphoria should be restricted to reputable gender teams. These teams should exchange information.

Female↗
PubMed1997

Cruel knives? Vivisection and biomedical research in Victorian English Canada.

This discussion shows how the use of animals in biomedical research in Canada evolved during the latter half of the nineteenth century from simple demonstrations to more sophisticated series of experiments. More important, however, is the argument advanced that Anglo-Canadian society's response to vivisection and the use of animals in research centred on issues such as cruelty, exploitation, and broader notions of religion, power, and gender. This exploration of vivisection in Victorian Canada, then, reveals that it was, as elsewhere, a complex debate involving more than the use of animals for biomedical research purposes.

Animal Welfare↗
PubMed2000

Barriers to and need for alcohol services for women in rural populations.

BACKGROUND: This article reviews and summarizes the research on alcohol problems and issues related to alcohol services for rural women. METHODS: We discuss the prevalence of alcohol problems, help-seeking behavior and barriers to help-seeking for rural women and suggest directions for future research for rural women with alcohol problems. We also address key methodological issues in measuring rurality that must be considered when designing research on rural women. RESULTS: Little is known about these topics, specifically for rural women, and much has to be currently inferred either from studies of psychiatric disorders in rural populations, from studies of urban or suburban women, or from general research about rural life. CONCLUSIONS: Increased knowledge regarding specific issues for women with alcohol problems in rural areas, particularly about gender-specific barriers to obtaining services and gender-specific needs for particular services, will be beneficial for developing programs designed to meet the unique needs of this group of women.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed2004

Cooperative knowledge-making with female and male rural doctors.

INTRODUCTION: It is becoming increasingly difficult to engage rural doctors in survey-based research. Rural doctors in Australia are time-poor and overworked, yet it is vital that researchers find ways to engage them because they are the holders of information that is critical to effective workforce policy and planning. AIMS: To establish a cooperative research outcome with rural General Practitioners at a time when they were subject to many competing requests for contributions to various data gathering exercises. To develop and apply a knowledge-instrument for researching the practice of female doctors. METHOD: The research project began with the intention of locating a partially hidden voice, that of female rural GPs, and bringing it to the forefront. This grew out of 6 years' work with doctors which identified that women had their own relationship with rural practice and that this was not widely recognised in the professional and policy context. Each step of the research process was negotiated with the doctors to ensure that their solutions were the basis of the work, and their language was the vehicle of investigation. Dephi rounds were used to develop content for a national survey of rural GPs. Thirty-five female rural and remote GPs contributed to 3 Delphi rounds to construct the central section of the questionnaire. The work of the expert panel contributed the unique questions at the heart of a questionnaire that was sent to 2000 rural GPs in Rural Remote and Metropolitan Areas (RRMA) 4-7. The sample was stratified by RRMA and randomised for women, with a matching sample of men to provide a control group, test whether issues identified by women are relevant to men too, and allow a gender analysis. RESULTS: Sixty-three percent of the women returned usable surveys and 54% of the men. This was a comparatively high response rate, especially for a complex, 16 page questionnaire with 79 questions, administered at a time when rural doctors had become resistant to mail surveys. Fifty-six doctors commented on the questionnaire itself, most of them appreciating the topics raised. CONCLUSION: It was possible to develop a cooperative relationship with rural doctors that resulted in high rates of participation in the research, particularly from women. What women do can be researched and included in knowledge about rural practice, and men will respond to female-designed data collection instruments. Careful attention to questions of voice, presentation, communication and purpose can assist in bringing the experience of women as well as men into the research frame.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1994

Comparison of injuries to children with and without disabilities in a day-care center.

Injury rates and characteristics of children with and without disabilities in separate day-care programs were studied retrospectively through a record review of injury logs. The study focused on three issues: (1) initial injury rates and multiple injury rates, with comparisons by gender and program; (2) the characteristics of children who were injured compared to those who were not injured; and (3) comparisons between programs on characteristics and consequences of injuries. Injury rates were calculated on the basis of children's exposure time in the day-care setting. Results showed that children with disabilities had higher rates of injury than those without disabilities. Injury prevention in day care should be tailored to the characteristics of children and the types of injuries that occur in this setting.

Child Day Care Centers↗
PubMed1996

[Management and monitoring of transient work incapacity. Is the primary care model effective?].

OBJECTIVES: To clarify differences between the short-term sick notes issued by the two models of primary care--the new model (NM) and traditional model (TM)--and to identify possible conditioning factors. DESIGN: An observational descriptive study of a crossover type. SETTING: Two base health districts in Madrid's Area 11. PATIENTS AND OTHER PARTICIPANTS: 31 general practitioners, who issued 3,508 short-term sick notes during 1992. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Patients' variables taken from the P-14 cards of the Medical Inspections were: age, gender, diagnosis and length of time off. Professionals' variables were: age, gender, their job context and training. There were no clear differences in the number of short-term sick-notes issued by the two models, nor in patients' characteristics. There were differences in the failure to fill in the diagnosis, and in its distribution. There was also a difference in the length of the illnesses, which was more acute for the longer events. Though patients' characteristics were similar, those of professionals were not. The logical correlation between the variables relating to the professionals was confirmed by multivariant analysis. The profile of the NM professional could be simplified to: younger doctors, and training in family and community medicine. If possible influences of age and training were eliminated, the differences in length of time off were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: The differences found by our study in the length of short-term time off work could be attributed to characteristics inherent to the care model.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed1996

Evaluation of the infant who has ambiguous genitalia, and principles of operative management.

Infants and children with ambiguous genitalia pose challenging diagnostic and therapeutic issues for the clinician. Success depends on rapid and precise diagnosis, appropriate gender assignment, proper medical therapy, and meticulous surgical technique. A well-trained multispecialty clinical team is essential. The major disease categories include chromosomal abnormalities, excessive androgen syndromes, and deficient androgen syndromes. The specific diseases involved are described in this article, as well as the diagnostic and therapeutic considerations for each.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1997

Psychosocial value of space simulation for extended spaceflight.

There have been over 60 studies of Earth-bound activities that can be viewed as simulations of manned spaceflight. These analogs have involved Antarctic and Arctic expeditions, submarines and submersible simulators, land-based simulators, and hypodynamia environments. None of these analogs has accounted for all the variables related to extended spaceflight (e.g., microgravity, long-duration, heterogeneous crews), and some of the stimulation conditions have been found to be more representative of space conditions than others. A number of psychosocial factors have emerged from the simulation literature that correspond to important issues that have been reported from space. Psychological factors include sleep disorders, alterations in time sense, transcendent experiences, demographic issues, career motivation, homesickness, and increased perceptual sensitivities. Psychiatric factors include anxiety, depression, psychosis, psychosomatic symptoms, emotional reactions related to mission stage, asthenia, and postflight personality, and marital problems. Finally, interpersonal factors include tension resulting from crew heterogeneity, decreased cohesion over time, need for privacy, and issues involving leadership roles and lines of authority. Since future space missions will usually involve heterogeneous crews working on complicated objectives over long periods of time, these features require further study. Socio-cultural factors affecting confined crews (e.g., language and dialect, cultural differences, gender biases) should be explored in order to minimize tension and sustain performance. Career motivation also needs to be examined for the purpose of improving crew cohesion and preventing subgrouping, scapegoating, and territorial behavior. Periods of monotony and reduced activity should be addressed in order to maintain morale, provide meaningful use of leisure time, and prevent negative consequences of low stimulation, such as asthenia and crew member withdrawal. Leadership roles and lines of authority need to be studied further to understand the factors leading to status leveling, leadership competition, and role confusion. Finally, the relationship between crews and ground personnel should be characterized in order to minimize the displacement of anger and tension to the outside, to counter the effects of inter-group miscommunications, and to develop support strategies that can help to counter in-group/out-group conflicts. Ground-based space simulations still have a role to play in terms of understanding the impact of these factors and ways of dealing with them. In particular, issues involving language, cultural differences, gender biases, career motivation, monotonous conditions, use of free time, leadership, lines of authority, and the relationship between crews and outside monitoring personnel need to be further characterized and examined under controlled conditions. Until such time as these factors can be studied directly in space, simulations provide an opportunity to learn more about these psychosocial issues and to plan ways of minimizing their negative consequences during actual space missions.

Career Choice↗
PubMed1999

Finance issue brief: women's health: a legislative overview of selected mandates.

From pregnancy to breast cancer screening and osteoporosis prevention, women have a need for a gender-specific set of health services. Dialogue that once occurred only between women and their physicians has evolved into debate between representatives from the insurance industry and state legislators. Therefore, women's health issues have risen on the legislative agenda, illustrated by the increased volume of bills introduced and enacted during the past five years.

Female↗