Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “FOWLS, DOMESTIC”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,747 records · Page 97Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Development of polyvinyl alcohol-hydrogel (PVA-H) shields with a high water content for tendon injury repair.

The main problem in tendon repair is adhesion formation between the tendon and surrounding tissue. To prevent this, we have developed adhesion preventive shields using polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel (PVA-H) with 90% water content. This implant experiment used the deep flexor tendon of the 3rd toe of the domestic fowl. Injured tendons shielded with PVA-H healed within about 3 weeks without adhesion to the surrounding tissues. Neither breakage of the PVA-H shield itself nor infection or degeneration in the surrounding tissue was observed. These results show that tendon is capable of intrinsic repair, and was able to regenerate using synovial nutrition through the PVA-H. The high water content of PVA-H may be clinically useful and applicable to adhesion preventive shields for tendon repair.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Effect of selenium deficiency on cuticle integrity in the Cladocera (Crustacea).

Daphnia pulex de Geer and Daphnia magna Straus populations cannot be maintained in defined (sensu stricto) media containing less than 0.1 part per billion (ppb) of selenium. A concentration of 1 ppb is sufficient to satisfy minimal needs in otherwise sufficient media. In the first generation with no selenium added to the medium or detected in it, media deficiency is shown by a premature cuticle deterioration visually similar to senescence, by progressive loss of distal segments of second antennae (primary swimming appendages), and by a shortened lifespan. No progeny attain reproductive maturity in the second generation. Although experimental animals in prime condition exhibit a shortened lifespan in the first generation maintained at 0.5 ppb selenium, culture lines can be maintained at 0.5 ppb for indefinite numbers of generations if established as young orthoclones . Tests in organic-rich media indicate a significant sparing effect of organic additions. This selenium requirement is reminiscent of that for the stability of feathers in domestic fowl.

Aging↗
PubMed1991

Sequence conservation in avian CR1: an interspersed repetitive DNA family evolving under functional constraints.

CR1 is a short interspersed repetitive DNA element originally identified in the domestic chicken (Gallus gallus). However, unlike virtually all other such sequences described to date, CR1 is not confined to one or a few closely related species. It is probably a ubiquitous component of the avian genome, having been detected in representatives of nine orders encompassing a wide spectrum of the class Aves. This identification was made possible by using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which revealed interspecific similarities not detected by conventional Southern analysis. DNA sequence comparisons between a CR1 element isolated from a sarus crane (Grus antigone) and those isolated from an emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) showed that two short highly conserved regions are present. These are included within two regions previously characterized in the CR1 units of domestic fowl. One of these behaves as a transcriptional silencer and the other is a binding site for a nuclear protein. Our observations suggest that CR1 has evolved under functional constraints and that interspersed repetitive sequences as a class may constitute a more significant component of the eukaryotic genome than is generally acknowledged.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

The avian chorioallantoic membrane in ovo--a useful model for bacterial invasion assays.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the practicability of the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) with special regard to the 'natural air sac' technique (NAST) of preparation for in-vivo research on the invasive potential of bacterial strains of various enterobacterial species. It was sought to establish an experimental system more closely resembling in-vivo conditions than cell lines on one hand, and cheaper and easier to handle than established animal models on the other. Fertilized eggs of the domestic fowl were incubated. The CAM was prepared atraumatically at the natural air space of the egg, and a cannula was inserted for subsequent extraction of allantoic fluid (AF) below the CAM. The CAM was then inoculated with either one out of five strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae, an Escherichia coli K-12 strain or a Salmonella typhimurium strain, either alone or in combinations, respectively. AF samples were extracted at certain time points, and the presence of bacteria was determined by cultivation. Penetration and mortality ratios of the infected embryos were calculated. In addition, the mode of crossing the epithelial barrier was examined by electron microscopy. Differing rates of invasion through the CAM and rates of mortality of the chicken embryos demonstrated a clear dependency on the inoculated bacterial strain. Low invading bacteria could be distinguished from intermediate strains, and from strains exerting a strong capability of invasion and killing of the embryos. Simultaneous monotopical inoculation of Klebsiella and E. coli showed a permissive effect of co-incubated Klebsiella on the invasiveness of E. coli. The chick embryo CAM prepared by NAST has shown to be a useful model for in vivo studies on invasion capabilities, pathogenicity and interactions of inoculated bacteria.

Allantois↗
PubMed1983

N tau-methyl histidine excretion by poultry: not all species excrete N tau-methyl histidine quantitatively.

The rate of elimination of administered N tau-[14CH3]methyl histidine was used to assess the validity of N tau-methyl histidine excretion as an index of muscle protein breakdown in poultry. Broiler chicks (2-3 and 4-5 weeks old), laying hens, adult quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica), adult cockerels and turkey poults (2-4 weeks old) were tested. All except the turkey poults showed quantitative recoveries of N tau-[14CH3]methyl histidine within 1 week. Turkeys showed a different pattern of N tau-[14CH3]methyl histidine output; the mean total recovery after 14 d was less than 50% of the injected dose. The majority of the label remaining after this time was found in breast muscle. All birds tested excreted N tau-methyl histidine unchanged, although a small amount sometimes appeared as another metabolite. No significant oxidation of N tau-[14CH3]methyl histidine by broiler chicks turkey poults or adult quail was found. The results show that excretion of N tau-methyl histidine is a useful measure of muscle protein breakdown in the domestic fowl and quail but not in turkeys.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

The prediction of body composition in poultry by estimation in vivo of total body water with tritiated water and deuterium oxide.

1. Birds (n 169) which varied in age, live weight, nutritional history, physiological state and genotype were slaughtered and analysed for total body water. Before slaughter, birds were injected with the water isotopes tritiated water (TOH) or deuterium oxide (D2O), or both, to determine TOH space or D2O space, or both, as estimates of total body water in vivo. 2. At the mean total body water of all birds determined by desiccation, of 1096.4 (SD 424.1) g, TOH space and D2O space overestimated total body water by 10.4 and 8.5% respectively. The difference between the isotopes was significant (P less than 0.05). 3. Based on recovery of isotope it was postulated that the main reason for the observed overestimation of total body water in vivo was incomplete recovery of isotope due to the vacuum sublimation technique. The mean recovery (%) of added isotope to whole blood after vacuum sublimation was 93.0 (SD 2.6) and 92.4 (SD 5.5) of the theoretical concentrations of TOH and D2O respectively. 4. Nevertheless, accurate prediction of total body water was obtained from regression equations which included live weight and isotope-dilution space. Values required logarithmic (base 10) transformation before derivation of linear and multiple linear regression equations, and the precision of prediction was determined by the residual standard deviation (RSD). 5. Total body water could be predicted with nearly equal accuracy from live weight or isotope-dilution space (RSD 0.025 and 0.020 respectively). Prediction of carcass protein was more accurate from live weight (RSD 0.033) than from TOH space (RSD 0.036), and inclusion of both variables resulted in only a marginal decrease in RSD to 0.031. 6. The prediction of carcass fat and energy was markedly improved by the inclusion of isotope-dilution space in conjunction with live weight compared with live weight alone. 7. The relations show the developmental nature of body composition of domestic fowl given diets adequate in nutrients. The prediction equations demonstrate the precision possible for studies in which estimates of body composition in poultry are required without slaughter.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Arbovirus infections in Sarawak, October 1968--February 1970 Tembusu and Sindbis virus isolations from mosquitoes.

Thirty isolations of Tembusu virus and four of Sindbis virus were obtained from approximately 280 000 mosquitoes collected between October 1968 and February 1970 in Sarawak, particularly from K. Tijirak, a Land Dyak village 19 miles South of Kuching. Twenty-two isolations of Tembusu virus and two of Sindbis virus were from Culex tritaeniorhynchus; two of Tembusu virus and two of Sindbis virus came from Culex gelidus. Tembusu virus was active throughout the year at K. Tijirak, the highest infection rates in C. tritaeniorhynchus being in January-March and May-August, when the C. tritaeniorhynchus population was declining and ageing. These results confirm that C. tritaeniorhynchus is the principal arthopod host of Tembusu virus in Sarawak. Antibody studies suggest that birds, particularly domestic fowl, are probably vertebrate maintenance hosts of Tembusu and Sindbis viruses in Sarawak.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Ultrastructural study of spermiogenesis in the turkey, Meleagris gallopavo.

1. Ultrastructural changes that take place in the spermatids of the turkey were studied. Twelve steps of spermiogenesis are described. 2. Acrosomal formation is similar to that in the domestic fowl and quail. The perforatorium develops as a dense granule in a tubular invagination of the thickened part of the nuclear membrane during the acrosomal phase of spermatid development. 3. Patchy appearances of the circular (CM) and longitudinal (LM) manchette occur concurrently for a very brief period before the complete disappearance of the former and full establishment of the latter, an indication that the CM reorganises to become the LM. 4. A chromatoid body, as found in mammals, is present in the mid-piece of the turkey spermatid, and glycogen aggregations occur in the spermatid cytoplasm, but not in the mature spermatid or spermatozoon. 5. Mitochondrial alignment around the axoneme in the mid-piece takes place only after the dissolution of the LM, unlike in the Japanese quail. 6. The merits and disadvantages of the 4-phase and step-wise systems of spermatid classification and evaluation are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Fertility and hatchability in RIR and WL breeds as functionally modified by crossing them in alternate sex combinations (Gallus domesticus).

(1) Four breeding groups of Rhode Island Red and White Leghorn domestic fowl (RIR (female) x RIR (male), RIR (female) x WL (male), WL (female) x RIR (male) and WL (female) x WL (male)) were compared for fertility, hatchability, and their post-insemination sustainability, egg weight loss during incubation and uncovered yolk in abdominal cavity of dead in shell in order to understand the problems associated with the RIR breed in these respects. (2) Crossing RIR (female) with WL (male) or in reverse sex combinations did not improve fertility in comparison to pure RIR chickens and all these groups were less fertile than the pure WL. (3) Unlike fertility, hatchability in RIR improved with the change to either sex partner of the WL breed but the WL (female) x RIR (male) combination was similar to the pure WL (97.72 and 97.12%, respectively). In contrast, crossing RIR (female) with WL (male) resulted in an improvement (86.67%) as compared to pure RIR (76.67%) but still lower than the pure WL and WL (female) x RIR (male) cross. (4) Egg weight loss during incubation was more (20.16%) in pure RIR as compared to RIR (female) x WL (male) (17.13%), followed by WL (female) x RIR (male) (10.28%) and pure WL (9.57%). (5) There were more dead-in-shell embryos with yolks outside their abdominal cavity in pure RIR and their crosses as compared to pure WL breeds. (6) Fertility was sustained for longer in WL than other combinations with post-artificial insemination using constant number of spermatozoa. Fertility after a week of insemination tended to decrease more rapidly than hatchability on a fertile egg basis. (7) It is concluded that both sexes are responsible for the poor fertility in RIR but the female is responsible for poor hatchability and this poor performance is mainly due to greater egg weight loss during incubation.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Vitamin E supplementation reduces dexamethasone-induced oxidative stress in chicken semen.

1. We examined the effects of supplemental dietary vitamin E (Vit E) on semen quality and antioxidative status in male domestic fowls exposed to oxidative stress induced by synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone (DEX) injection. 2. Thirty-six Egyptian local cross males, 42 weeks old, were housed individually in cages in an open-sided building under 16 h light:8 h dark and were provided with commercial feed and water ad libitum. Birds were divided into 4 groups: DEX (4 mg/bird/d), Vit E (200 mg/kg diet), DEX + Vit E (4 mg/bird/d + 200 mg/kg diet, respectively) and control, n = 9. All treatments lasted for 7 continuous days. 3. Oxidative stress induced by injection of DEX (4 mg/bird/d) resulted in decreased sperm count and motility correlated with an increased percentage of dead sperms. Vit E (200 mg/kg diet) enhanced sperm count and viability when supplemented to stress-induced birds, compared to DEX treatment alone. 4. In seminal plasma, low calcium concentration, high lipid peroxidation and reduced activity of glutathione peroxidase were associated with the oxidative stress. Vit E reduced lipid peroxidation in the seminal plasma. 5. In conclusion, excessive supplemental dietary Vit E improved semen quality when cockerels were subjected to stress conditions. It increased both sperm count and motility, reduced the percentage of dead sperm and enhanced the antioxidative status of seminal plasma.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Variations in the red blood cell picture during growth of goslings and chickens.

1. Haematological values have been determined in 40 goslings, aged 6 to 42 d, and in 86 chickens, aged 1 to 57 d. 2. The erythrocyte number of goslings remained virtually unchanged with age but there was a decrease in the volume of circulating blood when expressed in terms of body weight. 3. In chickens the number of erythrocytes per unit volume increased with age but the size of the erythrocytes diminished with the result that there was an increase in the red blood cell total surface area per unit volume. 4. The haemoglobin content of chicken blood also rose but the haematocrit value and the mead cell haemoglobin concentration remained constant: mean cell haemoglobin decreased significantly. 5. It seems probable that the blood of goslings has a smaller oxygen carrying capability that that of the chicken and this might be reflected with their slower metabolic rate per body weight unit. There are only a few data available on the changes in haematological values of the domestic fowl after hatching (Lange, 1919; Sandreuter, 1951; Lucas and Denington, 1957; Medway and Kare, 1959) and virtually none for the goose. In this paper various haematological values for both species are presented for the first weeks of post-embryonic life.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

The activity of avian rhodanese.

A survey of rhodanese activity (thiosulphate: cyanide sulphur transferase) in the tissues of the domestic fowl revealed that the highest activity occurred in the kidney, approximately twice that in the liver, 316 and 141 mumol SCN formed/min g protein, respectively. 2. In sparrows, pigeons and ducks, liver and kidney activities tended to be similar and increased with body size. 3. Relationships were found between enzyme activity and body weight to a fractional power, indicating relatively higher activity in smaller birds.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

A study of the growth of the alimentary tract of the young cockerel.

1. The growth of the alimentary tract of male domestic fowl has been described from measurements of the dry weight of the whole and component parts of the tract from hatching to 10 weeks of age. 2. Quadratic regression equations were derived to express the growth of the birds and the growth of their alimentary tracts. 3. From hatching to 2 weeks there were marked alterations in the proportions which the different parts represented of the size of the whole tract.

Aging↗
PubMed1985

Pre-laying behaviour in battery cages.

The pre-laying behaviour of hens from two strains of domestic fowls housed in battery cages was studied. Hens from one strain exhibited stereotyped pacing before laying, whereas hens from the other tended to sit during the pre-laying period. Hens from both strains performed vacuum nest-building behaviour before laying. Implications of these findings in relation to the improvement of animal welfare are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Heat production by the mature male turkey (Meleagris gallopavo): preliminary measurements in an automated, indirect, open-circuit multi-calorimeter system.

The energy metabolism of mature male turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) was determined in a computer-controlled indirect multi-calorimeter system of which the design and operation are described. Daily heat production did not change significantly during an initial 6-d period in the calorimeter chambers. Food intake was at first sufficient to promote a rate of energy retention significantly greater than zero, but decreased to give negative energy retention on day 6; mean energy retention for the whole 6-day period was significantly greater than zero. Heat production was affected little by fasting for 72 h, although the respiratory quotient decreased to 0.72 within 48 h; the heat increment of feeding was therefore small (about 5% of metabolisable energy). Fasting heat production, scaled on metabolic body size (bodyweight in kg)0.75, was similar to that of mature male domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus). Heat production after refeeding was similar to that recorded during the 6 d before fasting. There was a pronounced circadian rhythmicity of heat production in both fed and fasted birds.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Packed cell volume of blood from male domestic chicks.

The packed cell volumes of blood from healthy chicks of domesticated fowl were required for studies on avian malaria and data were specially generated under standardised conditions. The mean packed erythrocyte volume for chicks 15 to 43 d old (34 males of two egg laying breeds) was 28.7% (range 23 to 39%). The 95% confidence limits for a single reading in a healthy chick were 24.6 to 32.9%. Therefore, a value of less than or equal to 24% is regarded as subnormal and a value of greater than or equal to 33% is regarded as supranormal when readings are taken to the nearest 1%.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Effect of dietary fibre and caecectomy on the excretion of endogenous amino acids from adult cockerels.

1. Eight diets based on maize starch and sucrose were prepared, containing ground maize husks or semi-purified wood cellulose, with 30, 60, 90 or 120 g fibre source/kg diet dry matter (DM). 2. The diets were precision-fed to 12 caecectomised and 12 intact adult male domestic fowls. The quantities of amino acids and faecal N excreted over the 48 h following each feeding were measured. 3. Diet had no influence on the quantities of endogenous amino acids or endogenous faecal N excreted. 4. A proportion of the amino acids and N of the maize husks and of endogenous origin appeared to be degraded or retained in the caeca of intact birds.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1989

Developmental changes in the corticosterone response to corticotrophin and in the adrenal corticosterone content of rapid and slow growing strains of chickens (Gallus domesticus).

1. The high sensitivity of the immature domestic fowl to corticotrophin (ACTH) has been confirmed. The minimal effective dose was age-dependent, and decreased from 2 IU/kg BW in 1-d-old chicks to 0.4 IU/kg BW in 12-d-old chicks. 2. Increasing doses of ACTH evoked similar maximal corticosterone responses but the time to return to basal values increased with increasing dose of ACTH in both a broiler and layer strain. 3. Maximal corticosterone responses to ACTH occurred earlier in hatched chicks compared with embryos, and were delayed in embryos and young chicks of the layer strain compared to those of the broiler strain. 4. Strain differences in basal concentrations of corticosterone as well as in the response to ACTH occurred at a time when there were differences in the corticosterone content of the adrenals.

Adrenal Glands↗