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At least 1,747 records · Page 97Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Development and in vitro evaluation of buccoadhesive tablets using a new model substrate for bioadhesion measures: the eggshell membrane.

For oral delivery of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory drug, mucoadhesive tablets based on gelatin/hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC), gelatin/hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose (HPMC), and gelatin/sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) at different ratios were prepared by direct compression of the mixed powders. Metronidazole and benzydamine were used as model drugs. The in vitro bioadhesive properties, evaluated by a commercial tensile tester, were significantly affected by the model substrate employed, that is, a polypropylene (PP) membrane or a biological membrane (eggshell membrane). The use of the biological substrate seemed to supply more reliable data. All studied formulations showed an erosion-diffusion mechanism of release, anomalous or non-Fickian release, in agreement with the behavior of the swellable systems.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1994

Spatial stability of Aedes vigilax (Diptera: Culicidae) eggshells in southeastern Queensland salt marshes.

Sampling was done to examine whether eggshells of the saltmarsh mosquito, Aedes vigilax (Skuse), remained near the oviposition site or were dispersed by tidal flow. Few eggshells were found in the water column during tidal floodings or accumulated in the basins of small ponds when compared with pond banks, which is the oviposition site of A. vigilax. These data indicated that relatively few eggshells were flushed by rain or tides and that eggshell sampling can be used to pinpoint oviposition sites and, potentially, to focus larval control efforts within a salt marsh.

Aedes↗
PubMed1983

Normal egg hatchability requires the simultaneous administration to the hen of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and 24R,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.

A previous report [Science 201, 835-837 (1978)] presented evidence that the combined and simultaneous administration of the cholecalciferol (D3) metabolites 1 alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [1 alpha,25(OH)2D3] and 24R,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [24R,25(OH)2D3] to White Leghorn hens was necessary for embryo development and normal egg hatchability; in the absence of 24R,25(OH)2D3 none of the fertile eggs hatched. The present study extends this fundamental observation to a second species, the Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica and compares the biological actions of the two stereoisomers of the 24,25(OH)2 metabolite, namely the naturally occurring 24R,25(OH)2D3 and its unnatural epimer 24S,25(OH)2D3. Groups of 12-14 vitamin D-depleted adult female Japanese quail were mated with normal male quail and eight consecutive batches of eggs (25-41 eggs from each group) were placed in an egg incubator, and egg hatchability for the fertile eggs monitored on days 21 and 22. The egg hatchability (in percent +/- SD) for each group was: D3 (56.5% +/- 12.8); 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 (1.3% +/- 2.5); 24R,25(OH)2D3 (29.6% +/- 3.1); 24R25(OH)2D3 + 1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3 (32.8%); and 24S,25(OH)2D3 + 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 (7.2%). Also for all treatment groups the blood level of the expected vitamin D metabolites were in the normal range, and there were no significant differences in the embryo weights and eggshell thickness (of both hatched and unhatched eggs). These results indicate that the Japanese quail have the inherent capability to discriminate between the stereoisomers of 24,25(OH)2D3 and therefore strongly support the concept that only the naturally occurring 24R,25(OH)2D3 has an identifiable, unique biological role which is different from that of 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3.

24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3↗
PubMed1990

Effects of dietary minerals on acid-base balance and eggshell quality in chickens.

Three experiments were conducted in hens to determine the effects of high levels of dietary phosphorus (P, 1-1.5%), chloride (Cl, 0.8%) or both on acid-base balance and eggshell quality and to consider whether any adverse effects on eggshell quality can be attributed to alteration of blood acid-base balance. Eggshell quality and values for a blood indicator of acid-base balance were reduced by high levels of dietary P or Cl in all of the experiments. Eggshell quality and values for the blood acid-base indicator were further reduced by high dietary levels of the combination of minerals. The adverse effects associated with high levels of the combination were greater than the sum of adverse effects associated with high levels of each mineral. The effects of P and Cl on plasma levels of these minerals were inconsistent and varied among experiments. The use of pair-fed controls revealed that the adverse effects of combined P and Cl on eggshell quality and acid-base balance were independent of their effects on feed and calcium intake. Calcium excretion was increased by consumption of the high P, high Cl diet. The information obtained from these experiments suggests that the adverse effects of high levels of dietary P and/or Cl on eggshell quality may be due, at least in part, to increased Ca excretion. This, in turn, may be mediated by acidemia resulting from the dietary manipulations, although the present data were insufficient to provide a direct link between acidemia and Ca excretion.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1995

Age at sexual maturity influences the response of single comb White Leghorn pullets to marginal and low levels of dietary phosphorus.

This study was designed to determine the differences in response of early-maturing (EM) and late-maturing (LM) Single Comb White Leghorn pullets within a flock to marginal or low dietary phosphorus. Various levels of dietary phosphorus were fed to EM and LM Leghorn pullets from 18 wk of age until the age of peak egg production (24 wk). The dietary phosphorus levels were 0.40, 0.45, 0.50, 0.55 and 0.70 g total phosphorus (tP)/100 g diet, corresponding to calculated available phosphorus values of 0.18, 0.23, 0.28, 0.33 and 0.48 g/100 g, respectively. At 0.70 and 0.55 g tP/100 g, the plasma inorganic phosphorus, Ca++ and urine calcium concentrations did not differ between EM and LM pullets, whereas LM pullets had a better bone status than EM pullets as reflected by bone mineral content, bone density and bone breaking strength. As dietary phosphorus was lowered from 0.55 to 0.4 g tP/100 g, the plasma concentration of inorganic phosphorus dropped and that of Ca++ increased at greater rates in LM pullets than in EM pullets. The magnitude of decline in bone status was also greater in LM than in EM pullets when dietary phosphorus was lowered from 0.55 to 0.40 g tP/100 g. The maximum incidences of osteoporosis and mortality were observed in LM pullets fed 0.40 g tP/100 g followed by LM pullets fed 0.45 g tP/100 g diet. We conclude that when early layer diets contain marginal or low levels of phosphorus, the severity of adverse effects are greater in LM pullets than in EM pullets.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Celadon: an eggshell color mutation in Japanese quail.

A new eggshell color mutant was discovered in the Japanese quail. This trait was named "celadon" and was shown to be controlled by an autosomal recessive gene. Therefore, the gene symbol ce was proposed. This gene and an autosomal recessive gene we controlling a white eggshell trait were shown to be nonallelic. Also, ce was shown to be hypostatic to we. A spectrophotometric analysis revealed that the celadon eggshell pigments are protoporphyrin and biliverdin as in the wild-type eggshell, but the protoporphyrin content is much lower than that of the wild type. The biliverdin content was 44% of the wild type.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Effect of dietary aminoguanidine on tissue pentosidine and reproductive performance in broiler breeder hens.

Factors influencing the age-related decline in production parameters of broiler breeder hens are poorly understood. Elevated blood glucose concentrations measured in broiler breeder hens may contribute to this decline. The nonenzymatic attachment of glucose to proteins generates glycoxidation crosslinks in tissue proteins, which can ultimately impair their function. One such glycoxidation crosslink, pentosidine, has been used as a biomarker for aging studies because of its accumulation on the structural protein collagen. The objectives of these studies were to determine whether pentosidine accumulates with age in hens and whether the crosslinking inhibitor, aminoguanidine (AG), could retard this accumulation. An additional objective was to determine whether AG had any effect on production performance. In the first study, broiler breeder hens (n = 318) were randomly assigned to two groups: control and supplemented (400 ppm AG). Pentosidine was measured in the skin of the birds at 20 and 67 wk of age. Egg production was measured daily. In a second study, broiler breeder hens (n = 60) were reared as previously described. Pentosidine was measured in the skin of the birds at 20 and 68 wk of age. Results showed that pentosidine was present in the skin of the hens, and that concentrations increased with age (P < 0.001). Although pentosidine was reduced (P < 0.001) in AG-supplemented birds, production performance was not affected. In conclusion, AG retarded the rate of accumulation of pentosidine during lay in broiler breeder hens, but the reduction in pentosidine did not significantly affect production performance.

Aging↗
PubMed1997

Effects of dietary magnesium excess in White Leghorn hens.

The effects of excess dietary magnesium on White Leghorn laying hens were investigated in two experiments and a third experiment looked at the effect of dietary phosphorus on excess magnesium in the diet. In Experiment 1, magnesium levels of 0.15, 0.8, and 1.2% were fed in a diet containing 2.5% calcium to hens 30 wk of age for 5 wk. A control diet with 3.5% calcium and 0.15% magnesium was also fed. In Experiment 2, hens 65 wk of age fed 3.5% calcium were fed dietary magnesium levels of 0.15, 0.36, 0.53, 0.76, and 0.91% for 4 wk. In these two experiments, excess magnesium reduced egg production, decreased feed consumption, decreased body weight, decreased percentage eggshell, reduced plasma calcium, and increased plasma magnesium and tibia magnesium but changes seen in tibia weight, percentage ash, and tibia calcium and phosphorus were variable. More changes from feeding excess magnesium were seen in the young, high producing hens in Experiment 1. In Experiment 3, hens 50 wk of age were fed a marginal calcium level (2.5%) with an excess of magnesium (0.8%) and a control level of available phosphorus (0.45%) and this was compared to a low (0.25%) and a high level (0.9%) of available phosphorus for a 4-wk experimental period. At the end of the experimental period, hens fed low phosphorus had lower egg production and lower feed consumption than the hens fed higher levels of phosphorus. Body weight was lower in the hens fed the two lower levels of phosphorus. Percentage eggshell was lower than the controls when fed low phosphorus and higher when fed high phosphorus. These results suggest that high phosphorus diets are better than low phosphorus diets when excess magnesium is fed to laying hens. Further study is needed to investigate the role of phosphorus when excess magnesium is fed.

Aging↗
PubMed1998

Effects of dietary fat and eggshell cuticle removal on egg water loss and embryo growth in broiler hatching eggs.

The effects of dietary fat and eggshell cuticle removal on egg water loss, embryo growth, and hatchability were determined in eggs from broiler breeder hens at different ages. Hens were fed isocaloric diets containing one of three different types and levels of added fat. In addition, eggs were either left intact or washed to remove the eggshell cuticle prior to set. Cuticle removal increased egg water loss between 43 and 62 wk. Cuticle removal increased relative wet embryo weight at Week 52 and relative dry embryo weight at 52 and 62 wk. Furthermore, at 62 wk, diet and day of incubation interacted to affect wet embryo weight, and diet variably affected dry embryo weight. No treatment differences were observed for cumulative hatchability, rate of hatch, and relative yolk sac weight at Day 19 of incubation. It was concluded that cuticle removal and the addition of fat to breeder diets may influence embryonic growth without having any subsequent effects on hatchability.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1999

Production and egg quality as influenced by mash or crumbled diets fed to laying hens in an aviary system.

Effects of feeding a crumbled diet compared with a mash diet on laying performance and egg quality of two hybrids of laying hens, a total of 3,204 birds, kept in an aviary system from 20 to 80 wk of age, were investigated. The two diets had the same composition and calculated nutrient content. Two hybrids, Lohmann Selected Leghorn (LSL) and SLU-1329 (a two-line cross of Leghorn x Rhode Island Red), were housed in six pens each of an aviary system with groups of 269 and 265 birds, respectively. There was a total of three replicates per treatment (diet x hybrid). Birds fed the mash diet compared with those fed the crumbled diet had a significantly higher proportion of misplaced eggs, inferior feed conversion ratio (FCR), and higher energy consumption per kilogram egg mass produced (collectable misplaced eggs included). The latter birds had higher body and egg weight, suggesting a higher nutritive value for the crumbled diet. Higher egg mass production and a more intensive yolk color were also found for the birds fed the crumbled diet compared with the mash diet. Hybrid affected production and egg quality traits the most. The LSL also showed significantly higher excreta DM compared with SLU-1329. Interactions between diets and hybrids were found regarding the proportion of misplaced eggs, dirty eggs, egg weight, and FCR. Some of the interactions may indicate other genetic and nutritional factors affecting bird performance in aviary systems more than is normally seen in cages.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2000

New insight in eggshell formation.

The matrix proteins that participate in crystalization fulfill important functions during the formation of the calcified tissues and contribute to the biomechanical properties of the mature product. We suggest that osteopontin (OPN) is part of an array of macromolecules synthesized and secreted by the cells adjacent to the mineralization front that self-assemble outside the cell and direct crystal formation. The OPN meets the theoretical requirements for involvement in the mineralization process. The phosphorylated residues of acidic phosphoprotein have been shown to exist in the protein as reactive monoesters that are available for interaction with other ions, among them crystal constituents such as calcium ions. In addition, sulfation of OPN was also found to be associated with mineralization of other tissues. In contrast to the calbindin gene, whose expression is dependent on the calcium flux, the regulation of OPN synthesis is at least in part dependent on the mechanical strain imposed by the resident egg. These results demonstrate the complexity of the regulation of the matrix genes governing eggshell formation.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

The influence of drinking water containing sodium chloride on performance and eggshell quality of a modern, colored layer strain.

Hubbard ISA IsaBrown pullets were purchased from a commercial supplier at 16 wk of age and kept at a constant 18 C or a constant 30 C in temperature-controlled rooms. The purpose of our experiment was to determine the effect of ambient temperature on the eggshell quality responses of laying hens receiving saline drinking water with or without simultaneous supplementation of the diet with ascorbic acid or Zn methionine. Four treatments were investigated: 1) a basal layer diet (C) and local drinking water, 2) diet C and local drinking water containing 2 g NaCl/L, 3) diet C containing 200 mg ascorbic acid/kg and local drinking water containing 2 g NaCl/L, and 4) diet C with 360 mg Zinpro 100 (Zn methionine)/kg and local drinking water containing 2 g NaCl/L. The local drinking water contained <1 mmol Cl/ L. The pullets received a continuous daily photoperiod of 16 h from fluorescent lighting, and production measures were made between 20 and 60 wk of age. Production and eggshell quality were significantly reduced at 30 C compared with 18 C but were not significantly affected by the dietary and water treatments. The results indicated that the IsaBrown hens were relatively insensitive to intakes of NaCl from the drinking water at concentrations of 2 g/L. This lack of sensitivity in eggshell quality contrasts with the majority of published reports, including earlier work with local Australian layer strains. It is suggested that this contrasting sensitivity may relate to the concentration of dietary NaCl used during the selection of layer genotypes.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2001

Artificial incubation of Muscovy duck eggs: why some eggs hatch and others do not.

This study was designed to gain insight into the influence of spraying and cooling, during artificial incubation, on the embryo metabolic rate and hatching ability of Muscovy duck eggs. Three times a week 93 incubated eggs were sprayed and cooled for 0.5 h at room temperature. Daily embryo metabolic rate was measured in 30 eggs with a water vapor conductance ranging from 1.15 to 2.07 mg/day-kPa. Egg weight ranged from 63.73 to 84.52 g; length and breadth ranged from 59.6 to 66.4 mm and 43.2 to 48.2 mm, respectively. According to observed hatching ability, eggs were classified by three categories: eggs that hatched normally; eggs that were assisted during hatching, and nonhatched eggs. Five ducklings were assisted during hatching. Four ducklings died on Day 31, two on Day 32, and two on Day 34. Two functions were derived by discriminant analysis and accounted for 100% of the variation among the three categories of hatching ability. Collectively, these functions were able to classify 93.3% of the eggs in the correct hatching category. Egg length and metabolic rate at Days 21 and 28 of incubation were the most important predictor variables of the two functions. The results obtained in the present study indicate that an incubation temperature of 37.5 C with spraying and cooling seems to be beneficial for larger eggs.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Comparison of eggshell surface microbial populations for in-line and off-line commercial egg processing facilities.

The objective of this project was to evaluate the aerobic plate counts (APC) of eggshells at in-line and off-line egg processing facilities at selected sites, throughout the processing procedure. Samples were collected from four sites in the processing plant and five time periods during the daily processing shift. Site 1 was from the conveyor system before the eggs passed through the washing system. Site 2 was after detergent wash but before sanitizer application. Site 3 was immediately after sanitizer treatment. Site 4 was immediately before packaging. Samples were collected from the sites at five equally spaced intervals beginning 15 min after the processing shift began and ending 15 min before the processing shift ended. At each sampling time, eggs were aseptically collected from each site and placed into sterile plastic bags containing 50 mL of PBS that was serially diluted immediately. The dilutions were plated on APC agar within 8 h of collection and were incubated at 37 C for 48 h. APC counts of in-line and off-line eggs were compared within time periods across sites. As the processing shift progressed, off-line APC counts were significantly higher than in-line counts at Site 1. At Site 2, off-line APC counts were significantly higher than in-line counts for Periods 2 through 5. At Site 3, off-line APC counts were significantly higher than in-line counts for Periods 2 through 5. Site 4 off-line counts were significantly higher than in-line counts at all time periods.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Galactosaminoglycan composition in chicken eggshell.

Galactosaminoglycans, isolated from decalcified chicken eggshell by papain digestion and ion-exchange chromatography, were fractionated by selective precipitation at varying concentrations of ethanol and characterized by chemical and enzymatic methods. The eggshell contained 0.15 microg galactosaminoglycan uronic acid/mg dry weight. Most (to approximately 87% of total) galactosaminoglycans were found to be chondroitin sulfate-dermatan sulfate copolymers with iduronic acid contents being approximately 20 to 30% of uronic acid. The remaining (to approximately 12% of total) galactosaminoglycans were chondroitin sulfate-dermatan sulfate copolymers with higher iduronic acid contents averaging 59% of uronic acid. Results of chondroitinase-ABC digestion demonstrated 4-sulfated disaccharides to be the major repeating units in the chicken eggshell galactosaminoglycans.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The effect of electrolyzed oxidative water applied using electrostatic spraying on pathogenic and indicator bacteria on the surface of eggs.

Research was conducted to compare the effectiveness of electrolyzed oxidative (EO) water applied using an electrostatic spraying system (ESS) for killing populations of bacteria that are of concern to the poultry industry. Populations of pathogenic bacteria (Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes), and the indicator bacterium Escherichia coli were applied to eggs and allowed to attach for 1 h. EO water completely eliminated all Salmonella typhimurium on 3, 7, 1, and 8 out of 15 eggs in Repetitions (Rep) 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively, even when very high inoculations were used. EO water completely eliminated all Staphylococcus aureus on 12, 11, 12, and 11 out of 15 eggs in Rep 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. EO water completely eliminated all Listeria monocytogenes on 8, 13, 12, and 14 out of 15 eggs in Reps 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. EO water completely eliminated all Escherichia coli on 9, 11, 15, and 11 out of 15 eggs in Reps 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Even when very high concentrations of bacteria were inoculated onto eggs (many times higher than would be encountered in industrial situations), EO water was found to be effective when used in conjunction with electrostatic spraying for eliminating pathogenic and indicator populations of bacteria from hatching eggs.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol has little effect on phytate phosphorus utilization in laying hen diets.

Previous research in our laboratory demonstrated marked increases in phytate P utilization when P-deficient corn-soybean meal diets were supplemented with 1a-hydroxycholecalciferol [1alpha-(OH) D3] and fed to chicks. Our objective was to determine if 1alpha-(OH) D3 would improve phytate P utilization when supplemented to vitamin D-adequate laying hen diets. The five experimental treatments were 1) P-deficient corn-soybean basal diet [17% CP, 3.8% Ca, and 0.10% nonphytate NPP)], 2) basal with 2.5 microg/kg 1alpha-(OH) D3, 3) basal with 5 microg/kg 1alpha-(OH) D3, 4) basal with 10 microg/kg 1alpha-(OH) D3, and 5) basal with 0.35% supplemental inorganic P (0.45% NPP, positive control). Diets were fed to six replicate groups of 12 HyLine W-98 White Leghorn laying hens from 44 to 52 wk of age. Hen-day egg production was significantly depressed by 47 wk of age for the basal diet treatment and by 47, 49, and 48 wk of age, respectively, for the 2.5, 5, and 10 microg/kg of 1alpha-(OH) D3 treatments compared to the positive control diet. Supplementation with 5 or 10 microg/kg 1alpha-(OH) D3 did improve (P < 0.05) egg production, but egg production for those treatments was much lower than that for the 0.45% NPP treatment. Our results indicate that 1alpha-(OH) D3 did not substantially improve P utilization in laying hens fed corn-soybean meal diets.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed2003

Evaluation of a method of ultraviolet light sanitation of broiler hatching eggs.

Sanitation of hatching eggs is an important area of research due to the need for an effective, economical, and safe method of egg sanitation. Improved hatching egg sanitation is an important part of an overall pathogen reduction program within integrated poultry operations. This must be accomplished without disturbing the cuticle of the egg, which can decrease hatchability. The ability of ultraviolet (UV) light to kill bacteria on eggshell surfaces has been well documented. To accomplish the task of treating the eggs in a method that could be commercially implemented, a cabinet was constructed in which ultraviolet lamps were placed. A conveyor system was used to carry a plastic hatching egg flat containing 42 eggs through the cabinet for a period of 3 or 4 min. Ultraviolet intensities within the cabinet reached a maximum of 14 mW/cm2. Experiments were conducted to test the impact of UV light (254 nm) exposure of hatching eggs on aerobic plate counts (APC), inoculated Salmonella typhimurium and inoculated Escherchia coli. In the first three experiments, seven eggs were sampled from a flat passed through the UV chamber. Ultraviolet-treated eggs compared to untreated eggs had APC reductions of 1.3 log, S. typhimurium had a 4 log reduction, and E. coli had a 4 to 5 log reduction. Laboratory trials were also conducted to test the effects of UV irradiation on the cuticle of the egg and hatchability. No significant differences for eggshell conductance or hatchability were found between UV-treated and control eggs. From these trials, it can be concluded that UV irradiation of hatching eggs in a prototype irradiation cabinet can effectively reduce aerobic and pathogenic bacteria on eggshell surfaces without affecting eggshell conductance or hatchability.

Animals↗