Summary of the third session of the ICPD Preparatory Committee: 4-22 April 1994.
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Congresses as Topic↗
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Results for “Economic Development”
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Growing awareness of gender in urban policies.
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Behavior↗
ICPD Plus 5 to review progress five years on.
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Congresses as Topic↗
[Analysis of formation causes of grassland degradation in Maduo County in the source region of Yellow River].
Natural and artificial factors of grassland degradation in Maduo County in source region of Yellow River were analyzed in this paper. The results showed that overgrazing was the major reason for grassland degradation. Compared with historical average, annual temperature and precipitation in Maduo had an obvious rise since the end of 1980s. Temperature rise concentrated in winter, and precipitation rise concentrated in spring and summer. Therefore, the change in water and heat condition was advantageous to grass growth there. Maduo was a county totally dependent on stock raising, and enlarging livestock population was the only choice for economic development. Together with the pressure of population growth and local Tibetan's traditional value, the number of livestock had been increased continuously, and finally reached summit in the end of 1970s. Since then, the grassland had been kept in the state of overgrazing and degradation, which also created favorable condition for the invasion of pikas, and thus sped up the process of degradation.
Animals↗
Thermodynamic analysis of the province of Ravenna (Italy).
This is a thermodynamic analysis of the Province of Ravenna (Italy) and its districts (Ravenna, Faenza and Lugo) and an evaluation of entropy waste production based on a balance sheet of greenhouse gases. The method used is energy analysis. The results show that the Province and Ravenna are characterized by a heavy exploitation of local non renewable resources, Faenza strikes a good balance between economic development and environment conservation and Lugo is less sustainable than the others. The greenhouse gas balance shows that the Province emits 10.5 times the quantity of greenhouse gases that it adsorbs and that the emissions reduction is required in the energy sector, which is responsible for 92% of the total.
Carbon Dioxide↗
A study of current infant feeding practices in rural North Malaysia as a basis for determining needs in nutrition education.
In a study of infant feeding practices in 95 infants aged three months and six months in the rural, predominantly Malay district of Kubang Pasu, which is recently undergoing rapid economic development consequent on the introduction of improved agricultural techniques in rice farming, it was found that approximately 75% of infants in both age groups were wholly or partially breast fed, modified powered milk being the milk food of most of the others. Semisolids were introduced early in the form of commercial prepacked cereals. It is suggested that medical officers of health recognising local socioeconomic and cultural changes that might affect health behavior can initiate simple studies of this type to identify local needs in health education. In circumstances such as this where a still popular beneficial traditional practice like breast feeding might be at risk of losing popularity in the face of socioeconomic development in the community it is suggested that the most useful educational effort regarding infant nutrition would be to preserve breast feeding.
Agriculture↗
[Experience of Health Protection Center on organization of medical care for coal miners in Kuzbass].
The authors present materials on activities of medical and sanitary center on contemporary phase of economic development under reforms of health care and coal industry.
Adult↗
Superstitions regarding health problems in different ethnic groups in Karachi.
OBJECTIVE: To find out the superstitions regarding health problems in different ethnic groups, their implications over the socio-economic development of that group and to what extent can those superstitions be related to their level of literacy. METHODS: The study was a questionnaire-based survey, 20 subjects from each ethnic group were selected by cluster sampling of residential areas where that particular group has its highest concentration, making a total of 100 subjects. RESULTS: It was found that most people (73%) do have some superstitious beliefs. Fifty percent of people believe in them as a part of culture and tradition, another 25% got them from their elders. No significant difference was found between different racial groups (p value = 0.9). According to literacy rate, 73.5% of literate community and 94.1% illiterate community were found to have superstitions. The occupation of the breadwinner of family didn't have a significant impact over the belief in superstitions (p value = 0.6). CONCLUSION: Majority of our population believes in superstitions, which are more common in illiterates. These superstitions not only predict health seeking behaviour of a person but also play a major role in shaping the response of a community to any health intervention program. Without the knowledge of these superstitions, effective community participation cannot be achieved.
Adolescent↗
[Current situation and trend of child growth in China].
Data of Food and Nutrition Surveillance in 1990, 1995 and 1998 was analyzed; it indicated the evident improvement of weight and height of children under 5 in the past eight years. The prevalence of underweight were reduced from 8.0% in 1990 to 2.7% in 1998 in the urban, and in the rural, the prevalence were 22.0% and 12.6% respectively. The reduction of prevalence of stunting in the urban decreased from 9.4% to 4.1%, and in the rural from 41.4% to 22.0% in the same period. During 1990-1995, weight of children under 5 went up evidently, but linear growth improvement was very slow and did not match the weigh gain. Height of children increased in a higher speed during 1995-1998. Height and weigh of age groups indicated that 6-18 month was the critical period for prevention of malnutrition of children under 5. The paper further analyzed the favorable changes of the attributable factors of malnutrition, such as diarrhea, safe drinking water, breastfeeding, education level of mothers, household diet and income during this period. The conclusion is the remarkable nutrition improvement of children under 5 in 1990s is the consequence of the rapid socio-economic development of China.
Adult↗
Annual risk of tuberculous infection in rural areas of Junagadh district.
Paucity of epidemiological data on tuberculosis in India prompted the National Tuberculosis Institute, Bangalore to embark upon a nation-wide survey to estimate the Annual Risk of Tuberculosis Infection in different parts of the country. The survey in Junagadh district, one of the 26 districts drafted under the nation-wide survey is reported here. The prevalence of infection from the analysis of 3164 children not displaying scars of the BCG vaccination was 4.16% (CI: 3.17-5.14) and from this data the ARI was computed as 0.73% (CI: 0.55-0.91). The inclusion of vaccinated children into the study group yielded similar results. The estimate of the ARI in Junagadh district is lesser than that in several other parts of India which is probably in consonance with its better socio-economic development.
BCG Vaccine↗
Clinical and radiologic investigation of the incidence, complications, and suitable removal times for fully impacted teeth in the Turkish population.
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this research was to investigate the incidence of fully impacted teeth and their complications and to recommend suitable removal times for these teeth. METHOD AND MATERIALS: One thousand patients who were referred to the Oral Surgery Clinic, Faculty of Dentistry, at Atatürk University were intraorally examined, and fully impacted teeth were determined from radiographs. The locations of fully impacted teeth and the complications they caused were recorded. A total of 110 patients with fully impacted teeth were divided into three age groups: 16 to 19 years, 20 to 35 years, and older than 35 years. RESULTS: The incidence of fully impacted teeth was found to be 11.00%. The maxillary left third molars in females and the mandibular left third molars in males were the most frequently impacted teeth. Complications, such as pain, cysts, resorption of the impacted or adjacent teeth, infection, crowding, and axial changes in the position of the adjacent teeth, were associated with 28.42% of impacted teeth. Impaction was most frequent in the 20- to 35-year-old group. CONCLUSION: Extraction of fully impacted wisdom teeth before they cause complication is the ideal approach. However, in economically developing countries, such as Turkey, extraction of these teeth after complications occur is the most suitable approach because of restrictions in governmental budgets and the patients' poor socioeconomic conditions and fear of dentistry and oral
Adolescent↗
[Abuse of psychoactive substances by adolescents in rural and urban environments].
It is well known that drug abuse is common in early adolescence with almost the same epidemiological characteristics in economical developed and undeveloped countries. Aim of this study is to compare drug abuse among adolescents in the urban and rural areas. Research covers 600 adolescents equal gender and age distribution. Distribution of participants regarding to the rural and urban type of areas, was equal, as well. It was used Q 2000 questionnaires, which was comprehensive tool for all aspects of adolescents life. Results shows that drug abuse is much more common in urban areas (alcohol 62.4%; and cannabis 70.0%; in rural areas alcohol 37.6%; and cannabis 30.0%). Regarding to age, drug abuse is the most common among adolescents aged 15-17. Alcohol is much more related to boys, but regarding to cannabis there is almost no differences.
Adolescent↗
[Biphosphonates as directed therapy in bone metastases].
UNLABELLED: The purpose of this revue is to estimate objectively the effect of bisphosphonates on the treatment of malignant bone metastases according to the literature revues. The most of malignant tumors metastases to bones, breast and prostate cancer and myeloma predominantly. The complications of these metastases, pathologic fractures, pain, immobility, spine compression, decrease the quality of life of the patients. Bisphosphonates, analogues of natural pyrophosphate, have been introduced as a standard systemic therapy modality for the treatment of bone metastases and its complications. Bisphosphonates are proved to have a palliative effect demonstrated in decrease and delay of bone metastases complications, and in such a way the increasing of patient's quality of life, but without the survival prolongation proved so far. Bisphosphonates are the best therapeutic for osteolytic hypercalcemia. Because of their still high price, bisphosphonates are limited accessible for a large use, even more in economic developed countries. For the rational use of national resources, it is advisable to accept the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) recommendations given for the use of bisphosphonates. CONCLUSION: Bisphosphonates have a considerable palliative effect in most of the patients with bone metastases, but without a survival prolongation benefit. Further investigations are needed to find out when to start, and when to stop with the therapy, how to integrate it with the other modalities of the treatment, the use of bisphosphonates in an adjuvant setting for the prevention of bone metastases, accounting cost-benefit ratio.
Bone Neoplasms↗
Epidemiology of reflux disease and CLE in East Asia.
Geoprevalence and chronoprevalence of reflux esophagitis were studied from a literature survey, which showed that the prevalence of reflux esophagitis seems to be correlated with economical development. In East Asia, prevalence of reflux esophagitis is between that of Western Europe and Africa. The prevalence of columnar-lined esophagus (CLE) was surveyed in East Asia and in Sendai, with reference to Helicobacter pylori infection. Prevalence of CLE was 0.9% in East Asia and 1.2% in Sendai, and H. pylori infection was 4% and 20%, respectively. Patient mean age was 63 years, and 73% were male. Endoscopic severity of esophagitis was mild. Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus has increased in Japan in the past 25 years, but the ratio to squamous cell carcinoma is low and no significant changes have been identified. Further observation is required because the prevalence of reflux esophagitis is increasing in Japan and East Asia.
Adenocarcinoma↗
Contributions to Cancer Prevention of Non-Governmental Organizations 1. Establishment of the UICC and its Activities.
The objectives of the UICC declared at the outset were of an essential nature for preventive oncology and have very slowly been carried forward. Activities have rapidly expanded with progress in medicine and biology. Strengthening of the International cooperative network since 1980 has accelerated this trend. Most of the initial aims of the Union have now been achieved, I believe, but there appear many further problems to be resolved in cancer prevention, not only in economically developed areas but also in developing regions. Obtaining finance continues to be a big task with regard to accomplishing the many objectives of the UICC. Personal donations from individuals joining the Roll of Honor have provided part support for many projects, but the efforts of the Finance Committee, in coordination with member organizations, are still keys to maintaining activities and reaching the final goal of effective cancer control.
Journal Article↗
Straight talk. New approaches in healthcare. Hospital/physician partnerships are key to growth of market share.
UNLABELLED: Do you know who your biggest competitor is? It's probably your most loyal physician group. That's because up to 80% of hospitals are competing with their own medical staffs, according to PricewaterhouseCoopers' research. Physicians are launching revenue enhancement and diversification strategies to combat declining reimbursement and respond to the surge in demand for outpatient services. THE SOLUTION: Hospital administrators need to aggressively develop economic partnerships with their medical staff. In this installment of Straight Talk, we discuss how two institutions have crafted viable hospital and physician ventures. Modern Healthcare and PricewaterhouseCoopers present Straight Talk. The session on growth strategies was held on May 6, 2003. Charles S. Lauer, publisher of Modern Healthcare, was the moderator.
Attitude of Health Personnel↗
Thriving locally in the global economy.
More and more small and midsize companies are joining corporate giants in striving to exploit international growth markets. At the same time, civic leaders worry about their communities' economic future in light of the impact of global forces on the operation and survival of business. How can communities retain local vitality yet still link their business to the global economy? Harvard professor Rosabeth Moss Kanter addresses that question in this classic HBR article, orginally published in 1995. To avoid a clash between international economic interests and local political interests, globalizing business must learn how to be responsive to the communities in which they operate, Kanter says. And communities must determine how to create a civic culture that will attract and retain footloose companies. The author surveyed five U.S. regions with direct connections to the global economy--Boston, Cleveland, Miami, Seattle, and the Spartanburg-Greenville region of South Carolina--to determine their business and civic leader's strategies for improving their constituent's quality of life. She identified ways in which the global economy can work locally by capitalizing on the resources that distinguish one place from another. Kanter argues that regions can invest in capabilities that connect their local populations to the global economy in one of three ways: as thinkers, makers, or traders. She points to the Spartanburg-Greenville region as a good example of a world-class makers, with its exceptional blue-collar workforce that has attracted more than 200 companies from 18 countries. The history of the economic development of this region is a lesson for those seeking to understand how to achieve world-class status and bring local residents into the world economy.
Commerce↗
[Molecular epidemiology of infections caused by methicillin-resistant staphylococci].
The review deals with the periodicity of the spread of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains during the last 40 years, the mechanism of their resistance to methicillin and other beta-lactamic antibiotics, the genetic control of methicillin resistance, the genome organization of mec DNA and its possible cause, as well as the organization of epidemiological surveillance on MSRA in hospitals. The problem of changes in the epidemiology of staphylococcal infections due to the appearance of MRSA in the absence of contacts with carriers, treatment with antibiotics or stay in a hospital is discussed. The concern of public health authorities in connection with the emergence of MRSA strains, moderately resistant or resistant to vancomycin, is also discussed. The most promising programs of the MRSA study, as well as the optimum programs introduced in economically developed counties for the control of hospital infections caused by MRSA, are considered.
Adult↗