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PubMed2003

Approach to cartilage injury in the anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee.

The treatment of articular cartilage lesions remains one of the great challenges facing orthopedic surgeons today. The technique of chondrocyte transplantation has opened the door for the application of biologic solutions to difficult problems. These techniques will prove the keystone of further advances into biologic joint repair and replacement. Enthusiasm, however, must be tempered by the numerous gaps in cartilage science and the overwhelming need for further long-term data to demonstrate the efficacy of these techniques in thwarting the presumed eventual progression of these lesions toward osteoarthritis. The status of the articular cartilage is of paramount importance in ACL decision-making. Every effort must be made to protect the existing hyaline articular cartilage during ACL reconstruction. Though current cartilage repair techniques are in their infancy, they remain stepping-stones to future developments. It is hoped that we will one day be able to regenerate normal hyaline cartilage without great morbidity. At present, the ACL surgeon must accept techniques that diminish symptoms and do not burn bridges to future advances. The orthopedic surgeon must increase his knowledge of the basic science of articular cartilage in order to best choose from the various cartilage treatments that evolve.

Anterior Cruciate Ligament↗
PubMed2002

Reshaping medical volumetric data for enhanced visualization.

Three dimensional volume datasets are now commonly produced in the medical sciences. These datasets are generated by observational equipment such as CT, MRI, and ultrasound. There is a significant amount of research in techniques to render these datasets quickly and more realistically. However, there is little or no work on intuitive methods to manipulate volume datasets and volume models. For example, one may want to view a colon stretched out or unraveled. While techniques exist to transform polygonal models, similar techniques are not available for volumetric data. In this work, we describe our methodology to "reshape volumes" and remap existing volumetric datasets using volumetric skeletons. We demonstrate our results by unraveling a 3D colon dataset and discuss the many potential uses of this new visualization methodology.

Anatomy, Cross-Sectional↗
PubMed1997

Pragmatics in understanding what is said.

A central claim in cognitive science is that speakers often say things which underdetermine what they imply by their use of utterances in context. For example, in uttering Jane has three children a speaker might only say that Jane has at least three children and may have more than three, but the speaker's utterance implicates that Jane has exactly three children. Many scholars following Grice have argued from such observations that pragmatics plays only a small part in determining what speakers say, as opposed to what they conversationally imply or implicate. We examined people's intuitions about the distinction between what speakers say, or what is said, and what they implicate by different indicative utterances, such as Jane has three children. The data from four experiments demonstrate that people do not equate a minimal meaning (i.e., Jane has at least three children and may have more than three) with what a speaker says, but assume that enriched pragmatics plays a significant role in determining what is said (i.e., Jane has exactly three children). People further recognize a distinction between what speakers say, or what is said, and what speakers implicate in particular contexts (e.g., Jane is married). These data lend support to theories of utterance interpretation in cognitive science that pragmatics strongly influences people's understanding of what speakers both say and communicate.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1996

The image of health sciences librarians: how we see ourselves and how patrons see us.

A survey was conducted to solicit data related to health professionals image of librarians. Physicians, residents, nurses, medical students, dentists, pharmacists, physical therapists, and occupational therapists were questioned about their experiences with and opinions of librarians, particularly the skills and characteristics needed by helpful, successful librarians. Health sciences librarians were also questioned about their own professional image and their perceptions of their patrons' impression of librarians. Librarians and health professionals alike ranked good communication as the most important skill for librarians. Computer or technological skills were ranked fourth by librarians but second by health professionals. Although librarians tended to describe themselves in slightly more positive terms than did their patrons, health professionals viewed librarians as approachable, responsive, supportive, and open to change. Health professionals also reported that they received accurate, reliable, and timely information from librarians and that this information was valuable.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1991

[Ergocalciferol Reference Standard (Control 901) of the National Institute of Hygienic Sciences].

Ergocalciferol Reference Standard for the Japanese Pharmacopoeia (JP RS) was prepared. The following analytical data were obtained: melting point 118.4 degrees C; UV and IR spectra were in agreement with both of the previous JP RS and USP RS of ergocalciferol; absorptivity at 265nm E1%lcm = 467; optical rotation [alpha]20D = 103 degrees; no impurities were detected by TLC and HPLC analyses; assay 100.1% by HPLC against the USP RS. Based on the above results, the raw material was authorized as the Reference Standard of the National Institute of Hygienic Sciences.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1987

On the use of statistics for representing the knowledge acquired from experts in a medical consulting system.

For making medical consulting systems, it is important and significant to select and devise the method for representing the knowledge acquired from professional experts. As quantities of data required for consultation are increasing according to the progress of medical science, we have to introduce some new kinds of statistics into a medical consultation system. From another point of view, since the process of diagnosis of experts is considered to be a kind of effective model for compressing (or condensing) data quantitatively and qualitatively, we discuss the use of statistics for representing the knowledge acquired from experts from the standpoint of data compression.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Naturalistic study of intramuscular ziprasidone versus conventional agents in agitated elderly patients: retrospective findings from a psychiatric emergency service.

BACKGROUND: The newer atypical antipsychotics have gained prominence as first-line oral agents to treat severe agitation, but their use in the psychiatric emergency service (PES) setting has been limited because of the unavailability of parenteral formulations. The advent of parenteral formulations of atypical antipsychotics, beginning with ziprasidone in 2002, might afford an alternative treatment option. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this article was to determine the effectiveness and tolerability of i.m. ziprasidone used to treat agitation in elderly patients. METHODS: In this data analysis, the PES database at the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, School of Medicine, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York, was searched for records of patients aged > or = 65 years who received a single 20-mg dose of i.m. ziprasidone for the treatment of acute agitation. Efficacy data from these patients were compared with those from an age- and gender-matched sample that received conventional treatment (CT group) with i.m. haloperidol, with or without lorazepam. Data were also included from a previous naturalistic outcomes study to determine the effectiveness and tolerability of i.m. ziprasidone in patients treated at the PES at Stony Brook. Additional records were identified using a search of pharmacy and restraint records for PES-treated geriatric patients who received i.m. ziprasidone over a 2.5-year period beginning in late 2002, when i.m. ziprasidone became available. In some patients in the ziprasidone group, the effects of the drug on agitation were assessed prospectively by blinded psychiatrists using the Behavioural Activity Rating Scale (BARS) (1--difficult or unable to arouse to 7--violent, requires restraint). Also included in the analysis were data concerning use of rescue medication (oral or parenteral) other than the study drug within 2 hours of initial treatment, restraint time, and adverse events (changes in vital sign measurements and electrocardiography [ECG]). RESULTS: The database revealed 15 patients who received ziprasidone (9 men, 6 women; age range, 65-87 years) and 20 patients who were included in the CT sample (13 men, 7 women; age range, 65-88 years). In the 6 cases rated on the BARS, the mean (SE) baseline score was high (6.8 [0.1]), with a decrease to 4.0 (0.4) (P < 0.05) at 45 minutes after study drug administration and to 2.8 (0.4) (P < 0.01) at 120 minutes. Rescue medication was needed in 4 ziprasidone cases and 2 CT cases (P = NS), and mean (SE) restraint times did not vary significantly between groups (ziprasidone [n = 12], 85 [15] minutes; CT [n = 17], 83 [12] minutes). No clinically significant effects on blood pressure or heart rate were noted, and no cardiac or other adverse events were reported. ECG results with ziprasidone (n = 3) or CT (n = 6) were unremarkable. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this data analysis of the effects of i.m. ziprasidone suggest that this agent was similarly effective compared with CT and was well tolerated in this geriatric population with acute agitation presenting to a PES. Ziprasidone might be an effective, well-tolerated treatment option for acute agitation in elderly patients presenting to a PES.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Statistical graphics: mapping the pathways of science.

This chapter traces the evolution of statistical graphics starting with its departure from the common noun structure of Cartesian determinism, through William Playfair's revolutionary grammatical shift to graphs as proper nouns, and alights on the modern conception of graph as an active participant in the scientific process of discovery. The ubiquitous availability of data, software, and cheap, high-powered, computing when coupled with the broad acceptance of the ideas in Tukey's 1977 treatise on exploratory data analysis has yielded a fundamental change in the way that the role of statistical graphics is thought of within science-as a dynamic partner and guide to the future rather than as a static monument to the discoveries of the past. We commemorate and illustrate this development while pointing readers to the new tools available and providing some indications of their potential.

Data Interpretation, Statistical↗
PubMed1991

[Cholecalciferol Reference Standard (Control 901) of the National Institute of Hygienic Sciences].

Cholecalciferol Reference Standard for the Japanese Pharmacopoeia (JP RS) was prepared. The following analytical data were obtained: melting point 85.8 degrees C; UV and IR spectra were in agreement with both of the previous JP RS and USP RS of Cholecalciferol; absorptivity at 265 nm E1%lcm = 476; optical rotation [alpha]20D = + 110.1 degrees; no impurities were detected by TLC and HPLC analyses; assay 100.1% by HPLC against the USP RS. Based on the above results, the raw material was authorized as the Reference Standard of the National Institute of Hygienic Sciences.

Cholecalciferol↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A nurse-statistician reanalyzes data from the Rosa therapeutic touch study.

This article presents a reanalysis of data used to support the work of Emily Rosa's Therapeutic Touch (TT) science fair project published as an article in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) in 1998. The purpose of this article is to take a closer look at the assumptions, data, statistical procedures, and conclusions of the JAMA article. This is accomplished by focusing on (1) the conclusion that there was no overall effect of TT, (2) the conclusion that TT practitioners did not perform better depending on which hand was used, and (3) the assumptions about the capability of Rosa's experiment to validate an existing skill. Reanalysis of the Rosa data suggests contradictions to the authors' conclusions. Based on this reanalysis, the authors' recommendations against the use of TT can and should be challenged because of inappropriate design and analysis as well as incorrect statistical assumptions and conclusions.

Confidence Intervals↗
PubMed2006

Compositional and sensory comparisons between normal- and high-oleic peanuts.

The high-oleic-acid trait improves the oxidative stability of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) and their products. The explicit effect of the trait on sensory quality, particularly on off-flavors associated with oil rancidity, has not been well documented. To assess the effect of the trait on off-flavors, data from two independent databases were analyzed to compare sensory quality and composition in normal- versus high-oleic peanut genotypes. In data collected using a sensory panel in the Department of Food Science at North Carolina State University, there were small differences between near-isogenic lines for intensities of the roasted peanut, astringent, over-roast, and nutty attributes, with the high-oleic lines exhibiting slightly greater intensities of those attributes. There were no differences for off-flavors such as fruity, painty, stale, moldy, or petroleum. In data collected from the multistate Uniform Peanut Performance Test and evaluated by a panel in the USDA-ARS Market Quality and Handling Research Unit (MQHRU) at Raleigh, NC, there were differences in chemical composition associated with the high-oleic trait, including differences in oil content, tocopherols, and carbohydrates in addition to the expected differences in fatty acid contents. There were small decreases in the intensities of the sensory attributes cardboard and painty associated with the high-oleic trait in the MQHRU data when all high-oleic lines were compared with all normal-oleic lines. Comparison of the near-isogenic pair NC 7 and N00090ol showed differences in oil and glucose contents, but not in sensory attributes. The high-oleic trait does not appear to have a major impact on sensory quality on average, although there were individual instances in which the trait was associated with shifts in sensory attribute intensities that may be perceptible to consumers.

Arachis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

ADHA Graduate Student/Faculty Research Project: health history.

PURPOSE: An American Dental Hygienists' Association (ADHA) study gathered demographic and practice data on dental hygienists in the United States. This paper describes the health history component of the survey. Specifically, this report focuses on who sees new patients first in the dental office, who collects health history information, who updates the health history and when, type of health history used, and how positive responses to health history items are investigated. METHODS: A questionnaire jointly developed by ADHA and a research firm was sent in July 1986 to a stratified random sample of 10,507 ADHA member and nonmember dental hygienists licensed and practicing in the United States. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) to determine frequency distributions, cross-tabulations, and select profiles. Results. A response rate of 49.6% was obtained. Results revealed that new nonemergency patients were scheduled first with the dental hygienist. Health histories were recorded for almost all new patients but updated irregularly. A combination of a self-administered form and verbal interview was used. Recall patients' health histories were mainly updated by an oral interview. Follow-up on positive responses was most often accomplished by asking additional questions, followed by consultation with the dentist and/or physician. Dental hygienists felt least adequately informed to follow up on positive responses to homosexual status, and i.v. and recreational drug use. Conclusions. The dental hygienist plays a significant role in health history data collection both for new and recall patients. Educational programs for entry-level and practicing dental hygienists should emphasize effective interviewing to gather patient health history data.

Dental Hygienists↗
PubMed2003

Predicting distributions of known and unknown reptile species in Madagascar.

Despite the importance of tropical biodiversity, informative species distributional data are seldom available for biogeographical study or setting conservation priorities. Modelling ecological niche distributions of species offers a potential solution; however, the utility of old locality data from museums, and of more recent remotely sensed satellite data, remains poorly explored, especially for rapidly changing tropical landscapes. Using 29 modern data sets of environmental land coverage and 621 chameleon occurrence localities from Madagascar (historical and recent), here we demonstrate a significant ability of our niche models in predicting species distribution. At 11 recently inventoried sites, highest predictive success (85.1%) was obtained for models based only on modern occurrence data (74.7% and 82.8% predictive success, respectively, for pre-1978 and all data combined). Notably, these models also identified three intersecting areas of over-prediction that recently yielded seven chameleon species new to science. We conclude that ecological niche modelling using recent locality records and readily available environmental coverage data provides informative biogeographical data for poorly known tropical landscapes, and offers innovative potential for the discovery of unknown distributional areas and unknown species.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Adoption of new guidelines and data requirements for more extensive neurotoxicity testing under FIFRA.

In 1987 the Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI) and others petitioned EPA to, "issue testing methods necessary to fully assess the neurotoxic and neurobehavioral effects of pesticide active and inert ingredients." In response OPP convened a meeting of an expert subpanel on neurotoxicity of the Scientific Advisory Panel to review its proposed response. The petitioners proposed specifically that OPP use the neurotoxicity guidelines developed by EPA's own Office of Toxic Substances. They asserted that the scope of potential neurotoxic hazards is broad and that current guidelines will neither adequately identify nor characterize these effects. A series of expert panels have endorsed the use of more extensive neuropathological evaluations, better clinical examinations, explicit unconditioned and conditioned behavioral testing, testing of prenatally exposed animals for neurological deficits, and development of a means for evaluation of the broad range of potential neurotoxic effects. In response to this petition the following additions to the assessment of pesticides were proposed by OPP and approved by the SAP: expanded functional observation neuropathology, and motor activity into an acute and subchronic screening battery; addition of tests of operant behavior or other tests of sensory or cognitive function as conditional data requirements; and addition of a conditional requirement of postnatal neurofunctional and neuropathological evaluation of offspring.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

New global communication process in thermodynamics: impact on quality of published experimental data.

Thermodynamic data are a key resource in the search for new relationships between properties of chemical systems that constitutes the basis of the scientific discovery process. In addition, thermodynamic information is critical for development and improvement of all chemical process technologies. Historically, peer-reviewed journals are the major source of this information obtained by experimental measurement or prediction. Technological advances in measurement science have propelled enormous growth in the scale of published thermodynamic data (almost doubling every 10 years). This expansion has created new challenges in data validation at all stages of the data delivery process. Despite the peer-review process, problems in data validation have led, in many instances, to publication of data that are grossly erroneous and, at times, inconsistent with the fundamental laws of nature. This article describes a new global data communication process in thermodynamics and its impact in addressing these challenges as well as in streamlining the delivery of the thermodynamic data from "data producers" to "data users". We believe that the prolific growth of scientific data in numerous and diverse fields outside thermodynamics, together with the demonstrated effectiveness and versatility of the process described in this article, will foster development of such processes in other scientific fields.

Chemistry↗
PubMed2026

Exploring the dose-response relationship between prenatal exercise and postpartum depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

IMPORTANCE: Postpartum depression (PPD) is a hidden and widespread global public health crisis affecting millions of mothers and infants annually. Prenatal exercise is a potentially accessible nonpharmacological strategy for PPD prevention, but its optimal dose remains uncertain. OBJECTIVE: To explore the dose-response relationship between prenatal exercise and the incidence of PPD through meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). DATA SOURCES: Systematic searches were conducted in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library using MeSH terms and keywords related to "pregnant women," "prenatal exercise," and "postpartum depression," up to June 23, 2025. STUDY SELECTION: RCTs included examined prenatal exercise interventions in pregnant women without a history of depression, with PPD incidence reported using validated depression scales (such as EPDS, CES-D). Non-RCT studies, duplicate publications, and studies with insufficient data were excluded. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Two researchers independently extracted data according to the PRISMA guidelines. A random-effects model was used to pool odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI). Linear and nonlinear dose-response models were employed to analyze and evaluate the relationship between exercise dose (measured in METs-min/week) and the incidence of PPD. MAIN OUTCOME(S) AND MEASURE(S): The primary outcome is the incidence of PPD, analyzing its relationship with prenatal exercise dose. RESULTS: Eight RCTs involving 2231 pregnant women were included. The pooled analysis showed that prenatal exercise was associated with a potential reduction in PPD incidence, although the overall effect did not reach statistical significance (OR=0.58, 95% CI [0.33, 1.02]). In dose-stratified analysis, exercise doses &#x2265;500 METs-min/week were associated with significantly lower PPD incidence (OR=0.44, 95% CI [0.24, 0.78]). Subgroup analyses suggested trends toward greater benefits among women aged &#x2265;30 years and those initiating exercise between 14 and 28 weeks of gestation; however, subgroup differences did not reach statistical significance. The linear dose-response trend did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.0533), and neither the overall spline association (p = 0.1704) nor the test for nonlinearity (p = 0.6361) was statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Prenatal exercise may be associated with a lower risk of PPD, but the overall pooled effect did not reach statistical significance. Findings concerning &#x2265;500 METs-min/week and the apparent flattening of the dose-response curve should be considered exploratory and require confirmation in larger trials.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Scope and impact of financial conflicts of interest in biomedical research: a systematic review.

CONTEXT: Despite increasing awareness about the potential impact of financial conflicts of interest on biomedical research, no comprehensive synthesis of the body of evidence relating to financial conflicts of interest has been performed. OBJECTIVE: To review original, quantitative studies on the extent, impact, and management of financial conflicts of interest in biomedical research. DATA SOURCES: Studies were identified by searching MEDLINE (January 1980-October 2002), the Web of Science citation database, references of articles, letters, commentaries, editorials, and books and by contacting experts. STUDY SELECTION: All English-language studies containing original, quantitative data on financial relationships among industry, scientific investigators, and academic institutions were included. A total of 1664 citations were screened, 144 potentially eligible full articles were retrieved, and 37 studies met our inclusion criteria. DATA EXTRACTION: One investigator (J.E.B.) extracted data from each of the 37 studies. The main outcomes were the prevalence of specific types of industry relationships, the relation between industry sponsorship and study outcome or investigator behavior, and the process for disclosure, review, and management of financial conflicts of interest. DATA SYNTHESIS: Approximately one fourth of investigators have industry affiliations, and roughly two thirds of academic institutions hold equity in start-ups that sponsor research performed at the same institutions. Eight articles, which together evaluated 1140 original studies, assessed the relation between industry sponsorship and outcome in original research. Aggregating the results of these articles showed a statistically significant association between industry sponsorship and pro-industry conclusions (pooled Mantel-Haenszel odds ratio, 3.60; 95% confidence interval, 2.63-4.91). Industry sponsorship was also associated with restrictions on publication and data sharing. The approach to managing financial conflicts varied substantially across academic institutions and peer-reviewed journals. CONCLUSIONS: Financial relationships among industry, scientific investigators, and academic institutions are widespread. Conflicts of interest arising from these ties can influence biomedical research in important ways.

Academies and Institutes↗