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PubMed1984

Mmpi characteristics of parents referred for child-custody studies.

Despite a growing trend toward, and acceptance of, joint-custody decisions, the majority of contested child placements in divorce cases are still completed through the court systems. As a result, mental health professionals remain active in assisting courts in this process through custody studies where the relative merits of each parent are established. Noticeably lacking, however, has been even descriptive data on the personality characteristics of these parents. Results from a sample (N = 38) indicated that custodial parents represented themselves in a healthier fashion, coped with feelings of anger and impulsivity more effectively, were more trusting and open toward others, and received lower alcohol use scores than noncustodial parents.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1977

Children of imprisoned fathers.

John Bowlby's influential 1951 World Health Organization monograph, Maternal Care and Mental Health, pointed to a causal relationship between loss of maternal care and disturbed personality development, and had a profound effect on psychiatrists' thinking about antisocial behavior in particular, and character formation in general. More recently, psychiatric investigators have been increasingly interested in the effects of a child separation from his father. This has been stimulated by sociological concerns for one-parent, fatherless families (Adams, 1973) and by our realizing how historically neglected has been the paternal role in theories of child development. Herzog and Sudia (1971) have recently compiled an extensive bibliography of the fatherless family. Numerous clinical studies of loss of the father, through death (Nagera, 1970; Wolfenstein, 1966; Bonnard, 1964), suicide (Cain and Fast 1966), divorce (McDermott, 1970), military service (Crumley and Blumenthal, 1973), occupations (Rosenfeld et al., 1973), desertion (Thomes, 1968), and mental hospitalization (Schiff, 1965), have all reported various adverse effects, particularly on male children. It has been difficult, however, to sort out the effects of the loss itself from more general prevailing and prior family relationships. My interest in this subject was quickened when I began to see boys brought to a neighborhood clinic for aggressive and antisocial behavior soon after their fathers were imprisoned. I was impressed by the lack of reports in the literature on this form of father separation. I am presenting here my clinical observations of six families seen over a three-year period as part of a general child psychiatric experience at a comprehensive neighborhood health center sponsored by the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston. Although there are obvious selection biases that limit generalization when families referred to psychiatrists are the only source of information, it seems a useful place to begin an examination of the consequences for children of father-separation as a result of imprisonment.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1977

Marital therapy in prison: one-partner 'couple therapy'.

The intent of this article is, first, to describe some currently available means of strengthening marital and family ties for the incarcerated offender, and to point out the inherent limitations of these processes. Second, we will describe common reactions of inmates to marital crises, especially impending divorce. Third, we will make some comments and recommendations about the conduct of 'marital therapy' when the therapist has access to only one spouse or partner. Inefficient and dysfunctional as such an approach may sound to the therapist accustomed to working with couples 'on the streets,' it is often the only alternative available to the correctional mental health professional when the imprisoned marital partner is in a state of acute pain, with both crisis intervention and follow-up treatment critical.

Communication↗

PubMed1979

The consciously rejected child: legal and social issues.

With increasing frequency, we are observing the phenomenon of the parentally abandoned or rejected child. This can in large measure be attributed to several social/historical developments in American society (Crandall and Grossberg, 1978). Important factors contributing to the phenomenon include the much publicized "breakdown" of traditional family structures; increasing divorce rates; the urbanization of the American population, which creates a cloak of social anonymity; and the establishment of a state/federal welfare bureaucracy, which in part supplants the caretaking functions traditionally carried out by parents. Children who become the victims of parental abandonment find themselves in circumstances in which they come to the attention of an remain, at least for a time, the responsiblity of the legal system and the mental health professions. The interaction of these two institutions, with their overlapping obligations of responsibility toward protecting children, often creates its own problems. Problems arise in part from the somewhat different "interests" of children whom the legal and mental health professions seek to protect and in part from a lack of mutual understanding and knowledge concerning the respective goals, duties, and professional obligations of the two professions. By becoming familiar with the complexity of legal issues which surround the topic of intrafamily relationships in general and parental rights in particular, the psychiatric practitioner can anticipate certain problems which might occur during the course of treatment and can in some instances specify conditions or introduce safeguards in order to minimize the impact of legal intrusions upon the treatment program. The following discussion is designed to help the practitioner to achieve these goals.

Child↗

PubMed1985

Joint custody awards and children: a theoretical framework and some practical considerations.

Today there is great interest in forms of custody which involve shared legal and sometimes shared physical responsibility for children. The data reviewed in this article suggest that custody arrangements arrived at through the adversarial process tend to embody the conflicts and needs of the adults involved and fall short of addressing the needs of the children. Alternately, custody arrangements that rely on mediation, which involves counseling or legal advice, may predispose toward cooperation between parents. It is recommended that a careful mental health assessment be the cornerstone for making custody decisions. A frame of reference, which is based on principles of child development and takes into consideration the realities of the post-divorce parenting relationship, is presented in an attempt to formulate criteria for selecting and modifying custody arrangements. It is hoped that over time lawyers and judges will have available improved criteria for formulating and defending their recommendations according to a child's current and changing developmental needs.

California↗

PubMed2000

Affect and cognition in dreams: a critique of the cognitive role in adaptive dream functioning and support for associative models.

Dream affect and cognition are examined in a 4-month longitudinal study of depressed, recently divorced subjects. Several measures of cognition in dream reports were used to determine whether remitting subjects were more likely to utilize certain cognitive strategies than nonremitters. No differences were found in the cognition between those who were remitting and nonremitting subjects. Levels of cognition in dreaming were directly related to the emotional intensity of the dreams across all subjects. In subjects with higher depression scores (Beck Depression Inventory > 20), depression levels were inversely related to both dream affect and cognition. It is argued that cognition plays a secondary role in dream production. A modification of David Foulkes's model of dreaming is proposed, in which emotional intensity drives associative processes, which in turn require more elaborate cognitive devices to relate diverse activated mnemonic units.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1995

The analysis of an overstimulated child.

This paper shows how environmental and medical overstimulation affected a latency girl in all her developmental phases, leading to severe impairment of object relationships. These factors are seen against the background of an acrimonious parental divorce. Suzie's negative body image was inextricably interwoven with anxieties about her masturbation activities and castration fantasies and this was fueled by her physical condition (lichen sclerosis et atrophicis). She was in a constant state either of withdrawness or excitement. The initial task of the treatment was to provide Suzie with a holding environment so that she could find alternative means of gratification and control in order to manage within a more organized secondary process mode. When her difficulties around excitation abated, she could begin to make analytic use of verbalization, clarification, and interpretations.

Child↗

PubMed1983

A long-term follow-up study of couples treated for sexual dysfunctions.

A 5-8 year follow-up was conducted on 140 couples treated for sexual dysfunctions, of whom 88 couples (63%) actually participated. Differences between participant and nonparticipant clients were analyzed. Clients evaluated various aspects of their sexual and nonsexual functioning before and after therapy and in the follow-up period. The correlation between retrospective and original pre- and posttherapeutic data was determined. The effects of treatment for couples not divorced or given additional therapy, couples who separated, and couples given additional therapy were analyzed and compared. The treatments generally led to increased satisfaction about sexual and nonsexual interaction with the partner. The improvement was found to be fairly stable in the follow-up.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

The impact of extramarital relationships on the continuation of marriages.

Two groups of practicing therapists were asked to describe in depth a specific extramarital affair with which they were very familiar--whether as therapist, relative, or friend or were themselves involved. Of 62 cases, 21, or 34%, ended in divorce--in the therapists' judgments as a consequence of the infidelity. In 27 cases, or 43.5%, the marriages were preserved, but in an overall dysphoric or negative atmosphere. In 4 cases, or 6%, the marriages were intact but either the marriage was "blah" or empty in quality or the future of the marriage was judged as still in doubt. Only in 9 cases, or 14.5%, were the marriages reported intact and characterized by improvement and growth. Of these, 4 were cases of one-time affairs. Analysis of the direct impact of the affair on the betrayed spouses showed that the majority of the betrayed husbands and wives suffered significant damage to their self-image, personal confidence, or sexual confidence, feelings of abandonment, attacks on their sense of belonging, betrayals of trust, enraged feelings, and/or a surge of justification to leave their spouses. The judgments of the therapists reporting the cases were that fully 89% of the betrayed spouses either were consciously aware of the infidelity or, even if not acknowledging, really knew, and that even the majority of the betrayed spouses who claimed consciously that they opposed their spouses' behavior were unconsciously in collusion with them.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1980

The effect of emotional factors on football injury rates--a pilot study.

The Life Event Scale for Adolescents (LES A) was used to gather data regarding the events that had occurred during the previous year from 114 high school football players. Injuries during the season were classified according to the National Athletic Injury/Illness Reporting System (NAIRS). The findings indicated that players who experienced more family instability, particularly those who experienced parental illnesses, separations, divorces and deaths, were more likely to sustain a significant injury. It is postulated that a player's mental or emotional state may increase his risk of injury.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Fatherhood and depression: a review of risks, effects, and clinical application.

This literature review attempted to compile a complete evaluation of the presentation, risks, and subsequent effects upon a family in relation to paternal depression. Clinical applications are reviewed as well. As with women, fathers will present with a dysphoric mood, but unlike their female counterparts, depressed men often experience a change in social behavior. Withdrawal from social situations, indecisiveness, cynicism, and an irritable mood are often found as hallmark signs of depression in the adult male. Life stress, or family stress and low social support, are risk factors associated with depression among fathers. Marital difficulties may be the most common trigger for first-time depression in husbands just as divorce amplifies depressive episodes, especially when children are involved. A variety of treatments have proven effective for depressed fathers including traditional psycho-dynamic, CBT, and group therapy. Therapy is effective when it can be initiated and continued but research repeatedly showed that men seek it out far less than women. Effective outreach programs to encourage treatment among depressed fathers are recommended.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy↗

PubMed2001

American Muslim women's experiences of leaving abusive relationships.

American Muslim women are a growing population whose experiences of abuse remain largely unstudied. To begin to amend this gap in knowledge, this article examines American Muslim women's experiences of leaving abusive partners as reported in a larger narrative study. The process of leaving as described by participants includes four stages: reaching the point of saturation, getting khula (an Islamic divorce initiated by wives), facing fimily and/or community disapproval, and reclaiming the self. Each of these stages illustrates the significance of group-oriented cultural values in shaping participants' experiences of leaving their abusers. I compare study findings with existing literature and conclude by offering suggestions for research and practice in this area.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Violence against ex-wives: anger and advocacy.

Researchers on violence against women have failed to reveal any studies that provide definitive explanations for the violent behaviors of certain males. However, violence against women has been known to occur as a result of unusually potent situational stressors, regardless of the male's propensity toward violence. Some of these situational stressors occur during the process of marital separation and divorce, particularly in relation to disputes over child custody, support, and access. In this paper I report on a second-level analysis of a set of studies in Australia aimed at examining the experience of separating parents who did not gain custody of their children. One of the dominant themes that emerged in the initial analysis from the male cohort was the real or vicarious violence that pervaded the men's interactions with their ex-spouses. These men, from a range of socioeconomic backgrounds and age groups, freely discussed episodes in which they had either planned, executed, or fantasized about violence against their spouses in retaliation for real or perceived injustices related to child custody, support, and/or access. In many cases, these thoughts and actions were reinforced by the encouragement of other males. To a lesser extent, women also reported violent inclinations induced by the situation. The implications for those advocating for women and families are clear. There is a need to understand the experience of marital separation from the perspective of both spouses as a basis for family counseling. We must also heighten awareness of the need to educate young people away from an "ownership" model of marriage and relationships, which is counterproductive to the personal development of both partners. Equally important is the need for all health professionals to advocate for changes that would help to correct injustices in the family court system, many of which are related to gender issues.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

An application of Durkheim's theory of suicide to prison suicide rates in the United States.

E. Durkheim (1897) suggested that the societal rate of suicide might be explained by societal factors, such as marriage, divorce, and birth rates. The current study examined male prison suicide rates and suicide rates for men in the total population in the United States and found that variables based on Durkheim's theory of suicide explained prison suicide rates better than suicide rates for total population. Possible reasons for these findings are discussed.

Birth Rate↗

PubMed2003

Prevalence of bruxism awareness in a Sardinian population.

1014 subjects on the island of Sardinia (Italy) were interviewed regarding the habit of clenching and grinding their teeth. They had to specify if this activity occurred during the day, during the night, or both. Other information recorded was their age, gender, marital status, and occupation. Overall prevalence of bruxism was 27.2% (276 subjects). No association was found between bruxism and age, gender and job. Even differentiating diurnal, nocturnal, diurnal and nocturnal bruxism, associations were non-significant. Marital status seems to make some difference: divorced people reported higher parafunctional activity compared to widows and widowers who reported the least. Although awareness of bruxism is not a precise measure of parafunction, based on the results we cannot support the role of stress on bruxism etiology.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

The multistate life table with duration-dependence.

"A method for generalizing the multistate, or increment-decrement, life table to include rates which depend upon duration of exposure to risk, as well as upon age, is proposed. The method is built upon the linear approximation, called the linear integration hypothesis, developed mainly by Rogers and his colleagues.... It is possible to derive several new summary indices of the life-table cohort's history, such as the mean and median time in current status, at any age. The method is illustrated using a simple four-state marital-status model which has appeared often in the literature; here, rates of divorce and widowhood vary by duration of marriage as well as age." An example is demonstrated using 1984 period data for women in Finland aged 15-50. (SUMMARY IN FRE)

Age Factors↗

PubMed1993

Sensitivity analysis in a multidimensional demographic projection model with a two-sex algorithm.

"Formulas are derived for the effect that a slight change in the occurrence/exposure rate of the multidimensional projection model has on the elements of the population vector. The projection model classifies the population by sex, age, and marital status. The model includes a two-sex algorithm in order to ensure consistency between numbers of male and female marriages, number of divorces for the two sexes, and new widows (widowers) and deceased spouses. The sensitivity functions and elasticities are applied to data from the Netherlands for the period 1980-1984. The results indicate that marriage market mechanisms, in particular competition and substitution effects, are reasonably well modelled."

Age Distribution↗

PubMed1994

Count data models for demographic data.

"This paper deals with the estimation of single equation models in which the counts are regressed on a set of observed individual characteristics such as age, gender, or nationality.... We propose a generalized event count model to simultaneously allow for a wide class of count data models and account for over- and underdispersion. This model is successfully applied to German data on fertility, divorces and mobility." (SUMMARY IN FRE)

Demography↗