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At least 1,747 records · Page 97Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Bromus species in winter wheat-population dynamics and competitiveness.

The infestation of Bromus species in small grains, especially in winter cereals has increased over recent years. In some areas winter wheat growers consider Bromus spp. as their worst grass weed. Besides yield reduction, Bromus spp. cause lodging and complication of harvest. In Germany the two most dominant species are Bromus sterilis (L.) and Bromus secalinus (L.). In order to develop control strategies the population dynamics of the weeds were investigated. Based on the results a deterministic mathematical model using differential and algebraic equations was used to estimate changes in the population of the two Bromus species.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1992

[Gallbladder function and the bile lipid composition in Evens and Evenki].

Gallbladder function and lipid composition of bile were examined for the first time in the indigenous population of the extreme north of the USSR. Bile from Evens and Evenki was not found to be oversaturated with cholesterol, with motor function of the gallbladder being characterized by hypermotility. This is of interest, since there are data on the protein-lipid nature of nutrition in aborigines of the North.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Symptoms in asthmatics living in cold districts during winter].

Exposure to cold is known as a potential exacerbating factor in asthmatics. However, few studies have investigated severity of symptoms during daily life in winter for asthmatics living in northern Hokkaido, the coldest region in Japan. We sent questionnaires to 126 asthmatics living in northern Hokkaido, and obtained answers from 116 patients (52 males, 64 females). Breathing difficulties during cold-air exposure were reported by 62.1% of patients. Furthermore, 19.6% of patients had experienced the need for bronchodilators following cold-air-induced attacks. Limitations to daily life in winter caused by exacerbated asthmatic symptoms were recognized by 48.3% of patients. Asthmatic exacerbation was experienced by 30% of patients in summer (May to August), compared to >35% in winter (September to April). No significant differences in results were noted between atopic and non-atopic patients. Improvements in respiratory symptoms during winter are thus necessary for better quality of life in asthmatics living in cold districts.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Evaluation of results of surgical treatment of obliterating thrombangiitis in patients living in the North Arctic].

Immediate and long-term results of surgical treatment of patients with obliterating thrombangiitis in patients living in Arctic North are analyzed. It is revealed that course of disease depends on length of patient's stay in Arctic North. These patients were younger, demonstrated more intensive progression of disease and more distal type of arterial lesion. Surgical treatment permitted to save 75.9% extremities in patients living in Arctic North with thrombangiitis and critical ischemia during 5 years after surgery that is worse than in patients living in Moscow region -- control group (86.1%). In long-term period more stable positive result was achieved after indirect revascularisation (save of extremity 78.3%).

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Cross-cultural differences in psychosocial adaptation to isolated and confined environments.

INTRODUCTION: Differences in patterns of psychosocial adaptation under conditions of prolonged isolation and confinement in Antarctica were examined to determine the extent to which they were influenced by national culture in general and the individualist-collectivist orientation of national cultures in particular. METHODS: The Profile of Mood States and measures of structural and functional social support were administered over an 8-mo period (March through October) to 13 winter-over crews from 5 nations operating research stations in the Antarctic: United States (3 crews, n = 77), Poland (3 crews, n = 40), Russia (3 crews, n = 34), China (3 crews, n = 40), and India (1 crew, n = 26). RESULTS: Americans at South Pole Station reported significant increases in fatigue and anxiety and a significant decrease in vigor over the winter. During the same period, Russians at Vostok Station reported significant decreases in depression, anxiety, and confusion, and Indians at Maitri Station reported a significant decrease in anger. A significant decrease in social interaction with fellow crewmembers occurred at South Pole Station, Vostok Station, and Poland's Arctowski Station. Several differences were also observed between the five stations in correlations between mood scores and measures of structural and functional social support. An individualistic cultural orientation was significantly associated with low social support and low negative mood. CONCLUSION: Cultural background is associated with mood and social support as well as changes in these measures during the austral winter. Cultural differences in patterns of psychosocial adaptation must be considered in the formation and training of multinational crews for long duration missions in space.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Ecological factors of hydrolytic enzyme activities in the Ob-Yenisey estuarine coastal waters in winter and their modelling].

The ice conditions at the Ob-Yenisey estuarine coastal waters with relatively diffuse ice cover have been described using the data obtained in the Kara Sea survey aboard the nuclear icebreaker Yamal in January 22-March 6, 2003. The data on the capacity and rate of enzymatic degradation of various forms of organic matter and on the associated ecological factors in the region of active sea water/continental water interaction are given. We analyzed spatial distribution of the main types of water bodies as well as the cascade structure formed by some biogeochemical barriers near the Ob-Yenisey flaw polynya. We also analyzed the correlations between the indices of extracellular biochemical activity in water and the main abiotic and biotic factors during the organotrophic phase. The processes determining the level of biochemical activity in winter water and the rates of potential degradation of various organic compounds are considered.

Cold Climate↗
PubMed2004

Psychrophilic prokaryote structural-functional relationships, biogeography and evolution within marine sediment.

Prokaryote diversity has been found to be surprisingly high in cold marine sediments with numerous clades detected spread throughout many phyla. Marine benthic sediment clades are largely ecotypically distinct and autochthonous. Since almost all marine sediment prokaryotic taxa have yet to be cultivated, functionality is currently overwhelmingly cryptic for most benthic prokaryotic taxa except those falling into specific lineages for which there is cultivation or detailed biogeochemical data. Multivariate statistical comparisons of 16S rRNA gene sequence and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) data show distinct distribution patterns of prokaryotic communities in sediment layers. By comparison geographical differences and differences related to the physical texture and organic content seem to result in generally smaller differences.

Archaea↗
PubMed2004

Ecophysiology of psychrophilic and psychrotolerant microorganisms.

This review describes psychrophilic and psychrotolerant microorganisms, which are abundant in different kinds of environments. Their ecophysiological properties and strategies for survival are reviewed in relation to their occurrences in marine and terrestrial environments, with special reference to the deep-sea, the sea ice and the permafrost soils.

Archaea↗
PubMed2004

Cyanobacteria in Antarctica: ecology, physiology and cold adaptation.

Cyanobacterial species composition of fresh water and terrestrial ecosystems and chemical environment of water in Schirmacher Oasis in Continental Antarctica was investigated. Over 35 species of cyanobacteria were recorded. Diazotrophic species both heterocystous and unicellular contributed more than half to the count except in lake ecosystem. The species composition varied among the fresh water as well as terrestrial ecosystems. The physico-chemical analyses of water revealed its poor nurient content which might have supported the growth of diazotrophic cyanobacteria in an Antarctic environment. Among the cyanobacteria Oscillatoria, Phormidium and Nostoc commune were the dominant flora in most of the habitats. The physiological characteristics of isolated cyanobacteria strains indicated that N2-fixation, nitrate uptake, nitrate-reduction, ammonium-uptake, GS-transferase activity and photosynthesis was unaffected at low temperature (5 degrees C) which indicated low temperature adaptation for Antarctic cyanobacteria. This phenomenon was not evident in different strains of tropical origin. The temperature optima for N2-fixation for the different Antarctic cyanobacterial strains was in the range of 15-25 degrees C, nearly 10 degrees C lower than their respective reference strains of tropical origin. Similar results were obtained for cyanobacteria-moss association. The low endergonic activation energy exhibited by the above metabolic activities supported the view that cyanobacteria were adapted to Antarctic ecosystem.

Antarctic Regions↗
PubMed2004

Matching traditional and scientific observations to detect environmental change: a discussion on Arctic terrestrial ecosystems.

Recent environmental changes are having, and are expected to continue to have, significant impacts in the Arctic as elsewhere in the world. Detecting those changes and determining the mechanisms that cause them are far from trivial problems. The use of multiple methods of observation can increase confidence in individual observations, broaden the scope of information available about environmental change, and contribute to insights concerning mechanisms of change. In this paper, we examine the ways that using traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) together with scientific observations can achieve these objectives. A review of TEK observations in comparison with scientific observations demonstrates the promise of this approach, while also revealing several challenges to putting it into practice on a large scale. Further efforts are suggested, particularly in undertaking collaborative projects designed to produce parallel observations that can be readily compared and analyzed in greater detail than is possible in an opportunistic sample.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

The Alps and the imagination.

In the late 19th century, mountaineer and essayist Sir Leslie Stephen wrote that the Alps were "Europe's Playground." His words were prescient: the Alps are today one of the continent's most valued recreation areas. However, the importance of Stephen's words can only be appreciated when set in historical context. One hundred years earlier, his remark would have been laughed at. Until the late 18th century the Alps were a source of fear to travellers and of mystery to scientists. They were an uncharted wilderness at the heart of the world's most crowded continent. Yet, within a remarkably short space of time, they were mapped, developed and exploited. Their current status as "playground" is bound intrinsically to a shift in imagination, beginning in the 16th century and accelerating dramatically between the years 1800 and 1914, that has transformed them, in popular perception, from a realm of terror and superstition to one of beauty, relaxation and contemplation. Driven by fresh perspectives in the fields of science, music, literature and aesthetics, the metamorphosis has affected our appreciation not only of the Alps but of every mountain range in the world.

Cold Climate↗